DOCSLIB.ORG

Soldiers and Stereotypes: Mountaineers, Cultural Identity, and World War II

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Soldiers and Stereotypes: Mountaineers, Cultural Identity, and World War II Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2009 Soldiers and stereotypes: Mountaineers, cultural identity, and World War II C. Belmont Keeney West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Keeney, C. Belmont, "Soldiers and stereotypes: Mountaineers, cultural identity, and World War II" (2009). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 2936. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/2936 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Soldiers and Stereotypes: Mountaineers, Cultural Identity, and World War II C. Belmont Keeney Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Ronald L. Lewis, Ph.D., Chair Katherine Aaslestad, Ph.D. Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Ph.D. Kenneth Fones-Wolf, Ph.D. Frances Hensley, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2009 Keywords: Appalachia, World War II, Soldiers, West Virginia, Cultural Identity, Stereotypes, Mountaineers, Combat ABSTRACT SOLDIERS AND STEREOTYPES: MOUNTAINEERS, CULTURAL IDENTITY, AND WORLD WAR II C. BELMONT KEENEY To what extent are Appalachian stereotypes true and how much is pure fabrication? This study seeks to answer this question by examining the experiences of West Virginia soldiers during World War II. Appalachian hillbillies, believed to be culturally backward, uncivilized, isolated, and prone to violence, were often sent straight to the infantry because it was believed that their wild mountain heritage made them inherently better fighters. Using interviews, letters, and a collection of over 1,200 firsthand written accounts of Appalachian veterans collected by West Virginia University in 1946, this study traces the evolution of the cultural and individual identities of mountaineers throughout their time in the United States military. These West Virginia narratives are also compared and contrasted with those of other soldiers in the United States and around the world. Because every single ethnicity and race in the world fought and was exposed to many similar circumstances, the war itself is the ultimate litmus test for the validity of cultural stereotypes. If stereotypes associated with Appalachians are true, then their wartime narratives will reflect different reactions to soldiering and war based on their own inherent cultural traits. If not, then their reactions to war will be similar to those of other soldiers from different regions and nations. This study endeavors to demonstrate what the Second World War reveals about the changing identity of West Virginia soldiers, and more specifically, the culture and stereotypes associated with them. For my parents, C.B. and Patsy Keeney iii Acknowledgments Every scholar is the product of history because we each stand upon the shoulders of those who have come before. I am exceedingly grateful for the guidance of my committee. Ron Lewis has been indispensible in advising me and aiding in the development of my writing and research skills while simultaneously affording me the freedom to explore the ideas and subjects that are of great interest to me. The remainder of my committee, Ken Fones-Wolf, Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, Katherine Aaslestad, and Frances Hensley, has also helped me mold my arguments into sharper focus and clarity. A number of other friends and colleagues have also donated their time in order to read rough drafts and proofread texts. Among them are Mike Buseman, Jim DePalma, Amber DePalma, Amanda Cummings, and Polly Smith. I also wish to thank the staffs at the West Virginia and Regional History Collection at West Virginia University and the State Department of Archives and History in Charleston, West Virginia for their assistance in finding good primary sources. My students at West Virginia University should also be commended for interviewing numerous World War II veterans and preserving them, not only for my research, but for the West Virginia Veterans Project and for future generations. I would like to thank my parents for the example that they have set and for the faith that they have had in me. Lastly, I would like to thank God for giving me the abilities that I have and providing me the opportunity to reach my full potential as a scholar. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………. iv Introduction: From Humans to Stereotypes…………………………………… 1 Chapter One: From Peace to War……………………………………………... 23 Chapter Two: From Local to Appalachian……………………………………. 54 Chapter Three: From Appalachians to Americans……………………………. 99 Chapter Four: From Americans to Humans…………………………………… 150 Conclusion: From Humans to Stereotypes……………………………………. 199 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………211 v Introduction From Humans to Stereotypes In 1947, Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a convocation address at West Virginia University before a crowd of approximately 18,000 students, faculty, and others at Mountaineer Field. One of the main themes of Eisenhower’s speech centered around the contribution of West Virginia soldiers to the Allied victory in the Second World War. This contribution was aided, he said, by a longstanding cultural tradition: The mountains have been the home of liberty. Among them men sought refuge from the despotism and pursued a way of life whose spiritual core was individual freedom. Mountaineers have ever been valiant defenders of liberty . West Virginians, for more than two centuries, have enriched the mountain traditions and were urged on to great achievement by the spiritual heritage of the West Virginia mountains. in our generation, you of this state have proved yourselves the spiritual heirs of the pioneers who saw, in the valleys of this region, paths to a more secure freedom and in its mountains a refuge for the oppressed. 1 To the certain delight of the crowd, the famous general went on to praise the mountaineers for doing their duty in the Second World War. The language he used is, of course, familiar to anyone well-versed in Appalachian scholarship. Eisenhower embellished old stereotypes of the rugged, freedom loving mountaineer; characteristics which, inevitably made the mountaineer an effective player in Roosevelt’s great Arsenal of Democracy. It is not the first time such 1 Eisenhower Convocation Address, transcript, West Virginia and Regional History Collection, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (hereafter cited as WVRHC). stereotypical features have been used to explain performance in combat from an Appalachian. In the First World War, Sergeant Alvin York, from the mountains of East Tennessee, became an American hero and legend because, according to media and military publicity, his wild mountain heritage enabled him to perform with great courage and distinction in Europe. Being Appalachian, it seems, makes one a better soldier. 2 One of the cornerstones of the conceptualization of Appalachia as a distinct and exceptional culture is the idea of the inherently violent mountaineer. There are two versions of the mountain man in the American popular consciousness. First is the noble mountaineer, with his rugged individualism, braving the frontier to carve a land of freedom and opportunity out of the barren wilderness. The second is the hillbilly or redneck, isolated from the rest of society; backward, ignorant, and savage. A violent culture is the common characteristic of both of these caricatures of the Appalachian people. The noble mountaineer is violent because violence is simply a harsh fact of life on the frontier. The hillbilly is violent because he is clinging to a long-gone, uncivilized age (the frontier) in an increasingly civilized world. Historical examples of violence in Appalachia range from the Whisky Rebellion and the Greathouse Massacre in the revolutionary period to the Hatfield- McCoy Feud and the West Virginia Mine Wars of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Who can forget the famous pictures of William Anderson 2 John Alexander Williams, Appalachia: A History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 221-223. 2 “Devil Anse” Hatfield, with his long beard, jug of moonshine, and Civil War musket? Such an image is firmly imprinted in American popular culture as the embodiment of the Appalachian hillbilly. 3 According to historians Allan Batteau and Henry Shapiro, these stereotypes were a literary creation of urban America during the Industrial Age that, among other things, provided an explanation to mainstream Americans for these violent episodes. Writers such as John Fox Jr., Mary Noailles Murfree, Berea College President William Goodell Frost, John C. Campbell, and a host of northern journalists wrote about the “strange and peculiar” culture found in the Appalachian Mountains. 4 A key component to this
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Subcultural Appropriations of Appalachia and the Hillbilly Image, 1990-2010
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2019 The Mountains at the End of the World: Subcultural Appropriations of Appalachia and the Hillbilly Image, 1990-2010 Paul L. Robertson Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the American Popular Culture Commons, Appalachian Studies Commons, Literature in English, North America Commons, and the Other Film and Media Studies Commons © Paul L. Robertson Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5854 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Robertson i © Paul L. Robertson 2019 All Rights Reserved. Robertson ii The Mountains at the End of the World: Subcultural Appropriations of Appalachia and the Hillbilly Image, 1990-2010 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. By Paul Lester Robertson Bachelor of Arts in English, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2000 Master of Arts in Appalachian Studies, Appalachian State University, 2004 Master of Arts in English, Appalachian State University, 2010 Director: David Golumbia Associate Professor, Department of English Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May 2019 Robertson iii Acknowledgement The author wishes to thank his loving wife A. Simms Toomey for her unwavering support, patience, and wisdom throughout this process. I would also like to thank the members of my committee: Dr. David Golumbia, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Consequences of Appalachian Representation in Pop Culture
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--English English 2017 STRANGERS WITH CAMERAS: THE CONSEQUENCES OF APPALACHIAN REPRESENTATION IN POP CULTURE Chelsea L. Brislin University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2017.252 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brislin, Chelsea L., "STRANGERS WITH CAMERAS: THE CONSEQUENCES OF APPALACHIAN REPRESENTATION IN POP CULTURE" (2017). Theses and Dissertations--English. 59. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/english_etds/59 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the English at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--English by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural Appalachia: Internet Usage in the Mountains Jacob J
    Informing Science InSITE - “Where Parallels Intersect” June 2003 Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural Appalachia: Internet Usage in the Mountains Jacob J. Podber, Ph.D. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA [email protected] Abstract This project looks at Internet usage within the Melungeon community of Appalachia. Although much has been written on the coal mining communities of Appalachia and on ethnicity within the region, there has been little written on electronic media usage by Appalachian communities, most notably the Melun- geons. The Melungeons are a group who settled in the Appalachian Mountains as early as 1492, of apparent Mediterranean descent. Considered by some to be tri-racial isolates, to a certain extent, Melungeons have been culturally constructed, and largely self-identified. According to the founder of a popular Me- lungeon Web site, the Internet has proven an effective tool in uncovering some of the mysteries and folklore surrounding the Melungeon community. This Web site receives more than 21,000 hits a month from Melungeons or others interested in the group. The Melungeon community, triggered by recent books, films, and video documentaries, has begun to use the Internet to trace their genealogy. Through the use of oral history interviews, this study examines how Melungeons in Appalachia use the Internet to connect to others within their community and to the world at large. Keywords : Internet, media, digital divide, Appalachia, rural, oral history, ethnography, sociology, com- munity Introduction In Rod Carveth and Susan Kretchmer’s paper “The Digital Divide in Western Europe,” (presented at the 2002 International Summer Conference on Communication and Technology) the authors examined how age, income and gender were predictors of the digital divide in Western Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Appalachia
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Appalachian Studies Arts and Humanities 2-28-2001 A History of Appalachia Richard B. Drake Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Drake, Richard B., "A History of Appalachia" (2001). Appalachian Studies. 23. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_appalachian_studies/23 R IC H ARD B . D RA K E A History of Appalachia A of History Appalachia RICHARD B. DRAKE THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this volume was made possible in part by grants from the E.O. Robinson Mountain Fund and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copyright © 2001 by The University Press of Kentucky Paperback edition 2003 Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kenhlcky Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com 12 11 10 09 08 8 7 6 5 4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Drake, Richard B., 1925- A history of Appalachia / Richard B.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Real and Virtual Communities Among the Melungeons of Appalachia by Jacob J
    127 Jacob J. Podber Creating Real and Virtual Communities Among the Melungeons of Appalachia by Jacob J. Podber While the growth of the American “Sunbelt South” has become somewhat of a symbol of United States economic progress, Appalachia is often overlooked. As R. Eller writes in Confronting Appalachian Stereotypes (1999), “Always part of the mythical South, Appalachia continues to languish backstage in the American drama, still dressed, in the popular mind at least, in the garments of backwardness, violence, poverty and hopelessness once associated with the South as a whole. No other region of the United States today plays the role of the ‘other America’ quite so persistently as Appalachia” (p. ix). This article examines how the inception of the Internet into this region of the country has altered people’s lives. Oral history interviews illuminate ways that the Melungeon community, a tri-racial group in rural Appalachia that historically has been perceived as “other,” has begun to use the Internet to define itself, as well as reach out beyond its geographical borders to form an electronic virtual community. The interviews raise the question, does this redefining of Melungeon identity mean that they have actually recreated a larger, electronically—rather than geographically—defined Melungeon community? In the 1960s, Marshall McLuhan predicted that we were at the dawn of a new era of global communications where electronic technology would bring mankind into a “seamless web of kinship and interdependence” (McLuhan, 1964, p. 50). In the 1990s, the rapid expansion of the Internet seemed to suggest that this vision had already been realized.
    [Show full text]
  • “A People Who Have Not the Pride to Record Their History Will Not Long
    STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE i “A people who have not the pride to record their History will not long have virtues to make History worth recording; and Introduction no people who At the rear of Old Main at Bethany College, the sun shines through are indifferent an arcade. This passageway is filled with students today, just as it was more than a hundred years ago, as shown in a c.1885 photograph. to their past During my several visits to this college, I have lingered here enjoying the light and the student activity. It reminds me that we are part of the past need hope to as well as today. People can connect to historic resources through their make their character and setting as well as the stories they tell and the memories they make. future great.” The National Register of Historic Places recognizes historic re- sources such as Old Main. In 2000, the State Historic Preservation Office Virgil A. Lewis, first published Historic West Virginia which provided brief descriptions noted historian of our state’s National Register listings. This second edition adds approx- Mason County, imately 265 new listings, including the Huntington home of Civil Rights West Virginia activist Memphis Tennessee Garrison, the New River Gorge Bridge, Camp Caesar in Webster County, Fort Mill Ridge in Hampshire County, the Ananias Pitsenbarger Farm in Pendleton County and the Nuttallburg Coal Mining Complex in Fayette County. Each reveals the richness of our past and celebrates the stories and accomplishments of our citizens. I hope you enjoy and learn from Historic West Virginia.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Reality: How Reality Television Portrayals of Appalachian People Impact Their View of Their Culture
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Community & Leadership Development Community & Leadership Development 2016 Rural Reality: How Reality Television Portrayals of Appalachian People Impact Their View of Their Culture Ivy Jude Elise Brashear University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2016.112 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brashear, Ivy Jude Elise, "Rural Reality: How Reality Television Portrayals of Appalachian People Impact Their View of Their Culture" (2016). Theses and Dissertations--Community & Leadership Development. 22. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cld_etds/22 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Community & Leadership Development at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Community & Leadership Development by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ethnographic Case Study of College Pathways Among Rural, First-Generation Students
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eScholarship@BC Country Roads Take Me...?: An Ethnographic Case Study of College Pathways Among Rural, First-Generation Students Author: Sarah Elizabeth Beasley Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1827 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2011 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE Lynch School of Education Department of Educational Administration and Higher Education Program in Higher Education COUNTRY ROADS TAKE ME…?: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC CASE STUDY OF COLLEGE PATHWAYS AMONG RURAL, FIRST- GENERATION STUDENTS Dissertation by SARAH ELIZABETH BEASLEY submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May, 2011 © Copyright by Sarah Elizabeth Beasley 2011 Country Roads Take Me…?: An Ethnographic Case Study of College Pathways among Rural, First-Generation Students by Sarah Elizabeth Beasley Dr. Ted Youn, Dissertation Chair ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine college pathways or college access and success of rural, first-generation students. Most research on college pathways for low- and moderate-income students focuses on those students as a whole or on urban low- socioeconomic status (SES) students. (Caution is in order when generalizing the experiences of low-SES urban students to those of low-SES rural students.) The literature reveals that rural students attend college at lower rates than their urban and suburban counterparts and are likely to have lower college aspirations. Why such differences exist remains highly speculative in the literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyzing Representations of and Responses to Appalachia in Popular Culture
    University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2015 “The Hard Work is Done in the Looking”: Analyzing Representations of and Responses to Appalachia in Popular Culture Elizabeth Rose Barnes Trollinger University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Trollinger, Elizabeth Rose Barnes, "“The Hard Work is Done in the Looking”: Analyzing Representations of and Responses to Appalachia in Popular Culture" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 884. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/884 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “THE HARD WORK IS DONE IN THE LOOKING”: ANALYZING REPRESENTATIONS OF AND RESPONSES TO APPALACHIA IN POPULAR CULTURE A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Southern Studies The University of Mississippi by ELIZABETH TROLLINGER April 2015 Copyright Elizabeth Trollinger 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT For many Americans, the concept of Appalachia as a singular place has been created through images in popular culture, often stereotypical. This thesis presents an evolution of Appalachian representations—or, more appropriately, a chronology of images in stasis, as they seem to have remained fairly unchanged over time. Responses to those images, however, have changed greatly. Most importantly, responses from within Appalachia have transformed, with regional people gaining power over the types of images of the region in popular culture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Moore Family1 the First Moore We Are Sure About Was John Moore G9
    Chapter 1 The Moore Family1 The first Moore we are sure about was John Moore G9. (See Charts 3) His father almost certainly was William Moore G10, who received a patent for 300 acres on a branch of the Nansemond River in Virginia on the 6 of December 1652. The records of the Isle of Wight show that in 1667, William Smelley patented land on the western branch of the Nansemond River adjoining John Moore. In 1668. Thomas Cullen also is listed as patented 400 acres adjoining John Moore in the Upper Parish of Nansemond Co. The property being referred to must certainly be the same as that patented by William Moore in 1652. The fact that John Moore owned property on the Nansemond River makes the likelihood very high that William was John’s father. I believe it is also significant that a William Moore (More) was a member of the Virginia Company of London.2 He is one of the signers of the May 23,1609 Second Charter. Many of those members sailed to Virginia to become planters; some, however, were only investors. There is no evidence that William Moore of London ever came to America. Nothing is really known about either William Moore of London or the one who patented land in 1652 beyond what is described above. It is plausible that the William Moore who was a member of the Virginia Company of London was father to William Moore (G10) who patented land in 1652. Members bought shares hoping to earn profits but also possibly land.
    [Show full text]
  • Eighteenth Session, Commencing at 2.30 Pm ORDERS, DECORATIONS
    Eighteenth Session, Commencing at 2.30 pm ORDERS, DECORATIONS & MEDALS BRITISH SINGLES 4932* South Africa Medal 1879, with modifi ed suspender with silver suspension clasp engraved 1879 & 1880. Corpl. P.Besserve. Natal Native Contgt. Engraved. Incorrect ribbon, a few small edge nicks, otherwise nicely toned good very fi ne. $200 4930* The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Offi cer (OBE type 2) (Civil) breast badge. In case of issue, with instructions for wearing card, toned uncirculated. $150 4931 Crimea Medal 1854-56, - clasp - Sebastopol. E.Green 11th Regt. 3 Batn. Engraved and renamed. Light scuffi ng and hairlines, otherwise nearly very fi ne. $100 4933* Egypt Medal, 1882-89, undated reverse, - clasp - Suakin 1885. Pte C.Gould T.Supr R. Engraved. Renamed, contact marks in fi elds, otherwise fi ne. $150 418 4934 Khedives Star, 1884-6, reverse impressed Berks 950. Very fi ne. $150 4937* India Medal 1895-1902, (VRI), - two clasps - Relief of Chitral 1895, Tirah 1897-98. Cook Sudh Singh 34th Bl Infy. Engraved in running script. Some contact marks and one 4935* time cleaned, otherwise very fi ne. British South Africa Company's Medal, 1890-97, Rhodesia $120 1896 reverse. Tpr. A.J.Browne. B.S.A.P. Renamed, engraved. Ex Trevor Bushell Taylor Collection. Contact marks, otherwise good very fi ne. $150 Ex M.M.Andrews Collection. 4936 Africa General Service Medal 1902-56, (EVIIR), - clasp - Somaliland 1902-04, Somaliland 1908-10. 175847. F.Hussey, Sto. H.M.S.Fox. Impressed. Hairlines, otherwise good very fi ne. $120 Ex Trevor Bushell Taylor Collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Music and the Seamier Side of the Rural South Cecil Kirk Hutson Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1995 The ad rker side of Dixie: southern music and the seamier side of the rural South Cecil Kirk Hutson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Folklore Commons, Music Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Hutson, Cecil Kirk, "The ad rker side of Dixie: southern music and the seamier side of the rural South " (1995). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10912. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10912 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthiough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproductioiL In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]