ARABS IN HISTORY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Bernard Lewis | 256 pages | 23 May 2002 | Oxford University Press | 9780192803108 | English | Oxford, United Kingdom Arabs - Wikipedia Further information: Lakhmids , Ghassanids , and Kindites. Further information: Caliphate and Early Muslim conquests. Main article: Rashidun Caliphate. Main article: Umayyad Caliphate. Main article: Abbasid Caliphate. Main article: Fatimid Caliphate. Main articles: Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Caliphate. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. December DNa inscription Line The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. Bowersock, G. Cambridge, Mass. CS1 maint: extra text: authors list link Cameron, Averil 29 April Greenspahn In Lindsay Jones ed. Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan Reference USA. Ishmael's mother was Hagar, an Egyptian slave girl whom Sarah gave to Abraham because of her own infertility; in accordance with Mesopotamian law, the offspring of such a union would be credited to Sarah Gn. Ishmael was circumcised at the age of thirteen by Abraham and expelled with his mother at the instigation of Sarah, who wanted to ensure that Isaac would be Abraham's heir Gn. In the New Testament, Paul uses this incident to symbolize the relationship between Judaism, the older but now rejected tradition, and Christianity Gal. In the Genesis account, God blessed Ishmael, promising that he would be the founder of a great nation and a "wild ass of a man" always at odds with others Gn. He is credited with twelve sons, described as "princes according to their tribes" Gn. The Ishmaelites, vagrant traders closely related to the Midianites, were apparently regarded as his descendants. The fact that Ishmael's wife and mother are both said to have been Egyptian suggests close ties between the Ishmaelites and Egypt. According to Genesis , Ishmael lived to the age of Islamic tradition tends to ascribe a larger role to Ishmael than does the Bible. He is considered a prophet and, according to certain theologians, the offspring whom Abraham was commanded to sacrifice although surah Judaism has generally regarded him as wicked, although repentance is also ascribed to him. According to some rabbinic traditions, his two wives were Aisha and Fatima, whose names are the same as those of Muhammad's wife and daughter Both Judaism and Islam see him as the ancestor of Arab peoples. Bibliography A survey of the Bible's patriarchal narratives can be found in Nahum M. Sarna's Understanding Genesis New York, Postbiblical traditions, with reference to Christian and Islamic views, are collected in Louis Ginzberg's exhaustive Legends of the Jews, 2d ed. Frederick E. Greenspahn and Noegel, Scott B. April Scarecrow Press. Terrorism, Jihad, and the Bible. Thomas Nelson Inc. Grant, Christina Phelps Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Archived from the original on 21 December Retrieved 16 December Arabs and Iran pre-Islamic — Encyclopaedia Iranica". Retrieved 7 August A history of the Arab peoples 1st Harvard Press pbk. Archived from the original on 3 September Islam: The Religion and the People. Pearson Prentice Hall. Retrieved 21 August At the time of the Prophet's birth and mission, the Arabic language was more or less confined to Arabia, a land of deserts, sprinkled with oases. Surrounding it on land on every side were the two rival empires of Persia and Byzantium. The countries of what now make up the Arab world were divided between the two of them—Iraq under Persian rule, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa part of the Byzantine Empire. They spoke a variety of different languages and were for the most part Christians, with some Jewish minorities. Their Arabization and Islamization took place with the vast expansion of Islam in the decades and centuries following the death of the Prophet in CE. The Aramaic language, once dominant in the Fertile Crescent, survives in only a few remote villages and in the rituals of the Eastern churches. Coptic, the language of Christian Egypt before the Arab conquest, has been entirely replaced by Arabic except in the church liturgy. Archived from the original on Retrieved Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. The National Interest. Top Ten Lists. Belknap Press. Schsenwald, William L. Retrieved on 28 April Princeton University Press. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing. Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Univ of California Press. Categories : Arab history. Hidden categories: CS1 maint: extra text: authors list CS1 maint: uses authors parameter Harv and Sfn no-target errors Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Arabic-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March Articles to be expanded from December All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Ancient Arab States Kingdom of Qedar. Nabataean Kingdom. Emesan dynasty. Kingdom of Hatra. Arab Empires Rashidun. Eastern Dynasties Emirate of Armenia. Emirate of Tbilisi. Emirate of Crete. Emirate of Sicily. Arabian Peninsula Imammate of Oman. Sharifate of Mecca. Muscat and Oman. Emirate of Beihan. Mutawakkilite Kingdom. East Africa Makhzumi dynasty Shewa. Nabahani dynasty Pate Island. Mahdali dynasty Kilwa. Skip to main content. Log In Sign Up. Download Free PDF. Bernard Lewis The Arabs in History. Attiq Zafar. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Rather than compress so vast a subject into a bare outline of dates and events, I have sought to isolate and examine certain basic issues—the place of the Arabs in h u m a n history, their identity, their achievement, and the salient characteristics of the several ages of their development. In a work of this nature it is not possible nor indeed desirable to acknowledge the sources of every point of fact and interpretation. Orientalists will recognize at once my debt to the masters, past and present, of Islamic historical studies. For the rest, I can only express my general indebtedness to my predecessors, teachers, colleagues, and students who have all helped, in different ways, to form the view of Arab history set forth in these pages. Heyd and D. Rice for reading and criticizing my manuscript, to Miss J. Bridges for preparing the index, and to Professor A. Hatto for many useful suggestions. Thereafter, it went through five editions and many reprints, both in Britain and in the United States. Translations were published in eleven languages, four of them—Arabic, Turkish, Malay, and Indonesian—in Muslim countries. The Arabic version was made by two distinguished Arab historians and was praised by such eminent Arab scholars as Shafiq Ghorbal in Egypt. This did not save it from being banned in Pakistan, because of a disrespectful reference to the Prophet which I had quoted from Dante as an example of medieval European prejudice and bigotry. More recently, it has been attacked, principally by the exponents of the new school of epi- stemology. Despite such strictures, the book was widely used and frequently reprinted in many countries, presumably because of the shortage of alternative works treating Arab history with the same brevity and at the same level of analysis and generalization. It has, however, in several respects become out of date, and when I was asked to prepare yet another new edition, it seemed to me that a more thorough overhaul was necessary. My original intention was to confine this overhaul in the main to the final chapter dealing with more recent events, where extensive revision and additions were obviously required. But in rereading the text which I wrote almost forty-five years earlier, I soon realized that many more changes would be needed before I could publish this as a revised and updated edition. These changes are of several kinds. Some are primarily verbal, to take account of changes of usage that have occurred during the past half century. In the induction form of the British Army, when I joined in , a recruit was asked to state his race, the expected answer being English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish, and the choice entirely his own. To use the word 'racial' in this sense at the present day would be offensive and, more important, misleading. There are other words that have changed or lost their meanings; others again that have become unacceptable. Even in a number of places where I had no desire to change the meaning of the words which I used in , I have nevertheless found it necessary to change the words themselves in order to convey that same meaning accurately to the present-day reader. Of greater importance are the revisions which affect not merely the wording, but the substance. These changes are of two kinds. The first might be described as corrections— changes the purpose of which is to bring the text into line with the current state of knowledge and climate of opinion among scholars. Since this book was originally published, many scholars in many countries have worked on the subjects discussed in it, and, through the discovery of new evidence and the achievement of new insights, have in significant respects transformed our perception of the Arab past. The second group of revisions derive not so much from the advancement of scholarship in general as from the evolution of my own views. There are many things in Arab history, as in other topics, which I no longer see as I did when I wrote this book. It would be self-defeating and ultimately pointless to try and rewrite the book as I would write it at the present time.