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Panorama's Coverage of 9/11 and the 'War on Terror'

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Panorama's Coverage of 9/11 and the 'War on Terror' Panorama's coverage of 9/11 and the ‘War on Terror' David McQueen Introduction The BBC requires its journalists to ‘report acts of terror quickly, accurately, fully and responsibly’ (BBC, 2012: 1) yet the Corporation’s flagship current affairs series Panorama’s investigation of the 11 September atrocities and the ensuing ‘War on Terror’ was narrow, factually-flawed and served to amplify hawkish policy prescriptions that ultimately led to ruinous wars against Afghanistan and Iraq. Evidence for this view emerges through an examination of four major investigations into Al-Qaeda and the events of 9-11 broadcast between September 2001 and July 2002. Study of these key episodes shows how Panorama’s coverage lacked investigative depth and drew unfounded links between the 9-11 leader Mohamed Atta and Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq, whilst contributing to an information vacuum around the attacks that helped feed far-fetched conspiracy theories that sprang up in their aftermath. Other Panorama episodes dealt with the broad subject of terrorism and ‘the War on Terror’ within this period, including three studio debates (‘Britain on the Brink’; ‘War on Terrorism’ and ‘Clash of Cultures’) which have been written about elsewhere (see Cottle, 2002). The focus here, however, is on the quality of the investigative reports that dealt with the traumatic events of September 2001 and their aftermath, events which led to a profound shift in US 1 foreign and security policy, with far-reaching consequences for Britain and the rest of the world (see Norris, Kern and Just, 2003; Moeller, 2004). Context for the Investigations: the Events of 11 September On the morning of 11 September 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group Al-Qaeda hijacked four American airliners armed with nothing more sophisticated than Stanley knives. These hijackings and the attacks on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon led to around three thousand deaths, billions of dollars in destruction and triggered unprecedented military, economic and political developments both in America and around the globe. In less than two hours the United States had been transformed physically and psychologically by the biggest peacetime attack on the American mainland in the country’s history. The image of the second passenger jet penetrating the south tower and the collapse of the two tallest buildings in New York was played on televisions around the world in heavy rotation (up to 30 times per hour). Yet destruction on this scale was difficult to fully comprehend, except perhaps in relation to many Hollywood disaster movies. Slavoj Zizek (2002) compared the ‘theatrical spectacle’ of the attacks to high budget disaster scenes familiar from Hollywood films arguing that: For the large majority of the public, the World Trade Centre explosions were events on the TV screen, and when we watched the oft-repeated shot of frightened people running towards the camera ahead of the giant cloud of dust from the collapsing tower, was the framing of the shot itself not reminiscent of 2 the spectacular shots in catastrophe movies, a special effect which outdid all others […]? (Zizek 2002: 11) Zizek was one of many commentators to note that Hollywood had fantasised such destruction countless times. Other writers and media pundits noted grotesque ‘intertextual’ similarities with films such as Independence Day, Escape from New York, Armageddon and a host of disaster movies (see discussion below of Panorama’s ‘September 11th: A Warning From Hollywood’ ). In the days that followed images of the second passenger jet penetrating the south tower, the spectacular collapse of the twin towers and the extensive damage to the Pentagon were played repeatedly on British television screens, as rolling news broadcasts on a number of channels pieced together events and suggested various explanations. Bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda network were strongly suspected and terrorist experts were called in to give background and provide possible explanations – explanations that became more credible as the huge investigation quickly uncovered the names of the nineteen hijackers. For the relatively well-resourced BBC current affairs series Panorama, an opportunity presented itself to investigate and provide context to the attacks in ways which news was not capable of doing. As Cottle notes of the current affairs form: Of all TV genres, current affairs programming has traditionally been charged with going behind the imagery and event-orientation of TV news. Because of its longer production gestation, it can provide a temporally longer view and deeper contextualisation of the events in question […] (Cottle, 2002: 179) 3 However, Panorama’s initial response to the attacks in the US quickly became the subject of some controversy. Various press accounts indicate unhappiness by veteran reporter Tom Mangold about his Editor Mike Robinson’salleged instructions not to cover the story immediately (Mangold was within an hour’s drive of New York at the time). It has been claimed that Mangold was ordered to fly back to the UK while BBC journalists were flown out to the US on a specially chartered plane, only to be grounded for several days in Canada amidst the massive security clampdown (Cran, 2002; Lindley, 2003). A major difficulty with researching Panorama’s coverage of 9-11 has been the reluctance of many journalists and producers to go on the record or be interviewed at all about behind-the-scenes events. This author’s off-the-record discussions with a person who was in the BBC’s newsroom at the time of the attacks confirms press accounts of why there was no immediate Panorama coverage and suggests there was disagreement between the Head of Current Affairs, Peter Horrocks, and Robinson in terms of what they saw the role of Panorama to be: Horrocks wanted the Panorama team to do a fast turnaround for that evening’s news programmes to record what was happening [while] Mike wanted to do a more thoughtful programme after the event, instead of on the evening of the event. So basically he wouldn’t give over anybody to work on it, so other people in current affairs went off and did this ‘Special’. What happened then, there was a war between Mangold and Corbin, because Mangold usually dealt with the CIA and DEA in the States, that was all his baby, [..] and Jane [Corbin] usually did, or had done, Middle East stuff on Bin Laden. (to author, 2007) Corbin, according to this source, reportedly told Robinson, ‘That’s my gig. I don’t care where Mangold is.’ So, despite Tom Mangold being within a short drive of New York and having 4 good US intelligence contacts, Robinson used Corbin on the programme with a promise that Mangold would be given an opportunity to report on events at a later date. The World’s Most Wanted Consequently, as a result of this alleged ‘compromise’ the first Panorama that covered the 9- 11 attacks was ‘The World’s Most Wanted’ transmitted five days later on 16 September, which was presented by Jane Corbin. Corbin’s polished and informative report, which represented a major improvement on much of the highly repetitive news coverage, is structured by interleaving an account of Bin Laden’s life and career as a ‘terrorist mastermind’, using footage from her previous investigations going back to 1998 with new images of the attacks on the World Trade Centre and interviews with survivors. The opening shot, played over Corbin’s voiceover (below), is stock aerial film of the Twin Towers which cuts to a rapidly edited sequence of shots of the passenger jet crashing into the south tower filmed from different angles. This is followed by news footage of President Bush: JANE CORBIN: It stood proud on the New York skyline, a symbol of the American dream. On Tuesday it was shattered. Within hours suspicion fell on one man. PRESIDENT BUSH: There is no question he is what we would call a prime suspect. CORBIN: The prime suspect is Osama Bin Laden whose murderous campaign against America had already earned him a place on the FBI's most wanted list. 5 The camera pulls out from a grainy black and white still image of Osama’s face on an FBI ‘most wanted’ notice (echoing the title of the programme). The crude black and white photocopy closely resembles a wanted poster from a western - a stereotypical American image perhaps deliberately selected to accompany the blunt message delivered in George W. Bush’s Texan drawl: BUSH: And if he thinks he can hide and run from the United States or allies, he will be sorely mistaken. Corbin’s concluding line to the introduction plays over a close up of a colour photographic portrait of Bin Laden which zooms in to an extreme close up of his eyes: CORBIN: Tonight Panorama investigates the terrorist, Osama Bin Laden, the world's most wanted man. Significantly, Corbin departs here from the BBC’s editorial guidelines to avoid the term ‘terrorist’ (BBC 2012) a label which she employs five more times in the programme to refer to Osama Bin Laden and his associates. While this designation would seem to be uncontroversial given Bin Laden’s later praise for the crimes against humanity of 11 September, it does, nevertheless, threaten to compromise the BBC’s ability to report ‘impartially’. As Moeller notes: After September 11, it was a short step for many media to first source the terms of the ‘war on terror’ and ‘terrorist’ to the president and other administration 6 officials, then as the term slipped into common usage to begin applying the terms to the Bush foreign policy goals without attribution. (2004: 69) The use of the term ‘terrorist’, (rather than, say, ‘criminal’) is not in itself remarkable given the scale of civilian casualties on 11 September.
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