I Technical Memorandum 80704
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Information Summaries
TIROS 8 12/21/63 Delta-22 TIROS-H (A-53) 17B S National Aeronautics and TIROS 9 1/22/65 Delta-28 TIROS-I (A-54) 17A S Space Administration TIROS Operational 2TIROS 10 7/1/65 Delta-32 OT-1 17B S John F. Kennedy Space Center 2ESSA 1 2/3/66 Delta-36 OT-3 (TOS) 17A S Information Summaries 2 2 ESSA 2 2/28/66 Delta-37 OT-2 (TOS) 17B S 2ESSA 3 10/2/66 2Delta-41 TOS-A 1SLC-2E S PMS 031 (KSC) OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatories) Lunar and Planetary 2ESSA 4 1/26/67 2Delta-45 TOS-B 1SLC-2E S June 1999 OSO 1 3/7/62 Delta-8 OSO-A (S-16) 17A S 2ESSA 5 4/20/67 2Delta-48 TOS-C 1SLC-2E S OSO 2 2/3/65 Delta-29 OSO-B2 (S-17) 17B S Mission Launch Launch Payload Launch 2ESSA 6 11/10/67 2Delta-54 TOS-D 1SLC-2E S OSO 8/25/65 Delta-33 OSO-C 17B U Name Date Vehicle Code Pad Results 2ESSA 7 8/16/68 2Delta-58 TOS-E 1SLC-2E S OSO 3 3/8/67 Delta-46 OSO-E1 17A S 2ESSA 8 12/15/68 2Delta-62 TOS-F 1SLC-2E S OSO 4 10/18/67 Delta-53 OSO-D 17B S PIONEER (Lunar) 2ESSA 9 2/26/69 2Delta-67 TOS-G 17B S OSO 5 1/22/69 Delta-64 OSO-F 17B S Pioneer 1 10/11/58 Thor-Able-1 –– 17A U Major NASA 2 1 OSO 6/PAC 8/9/69 Delta-72 OSO-G/PAC 17A S Pioneer 2 11/8/58 Thor-Able-2 –– 17A U IMPROVED TIROS OPERATIONAL 2 1 OSO 7/TETR 3 9/29/71 Delta-85 OSO-H/TETR-D 17A S Pioneer 3 12/6/58 Juno II AM-11 –– 5 U 3ITOS 1/OSCAR 5 1/23/70 2Delta-76 1TIROS-M/OSCAR 1SLC-2W S 2 OSO 8 6/21/75 Delta-112 OSO-1 17B S Pioneer 4 3/3/59 Juno II AM-14 –– 5 S 3NOAA 1 12/11/70 2Delta-81 ITOS-A 1SLC-2W S Launches Pioneer 11/26/59 Atlas-Able-1 –– 14 U 3ITOS 10/21/71 2Delta-86 ITOS-B 1SLC-2E U OGO (Orbiting Geophysical -
Appendix C: Insar
Dirty Little Secrets about InSAR [EarthScope 2009] C-band interferograms are decorrelated over most of the SAF and Cascadia except urban areas. Envisat is almost out of fuel and the C-band replacement is a few years away. L-band ALOS has almost no data on descending tracks. L-band ALOS has ionospheric phase variations are +/- 10 cm on some interferograms. L-band ALOS has poor orbit control (but excellent orbit occuracy). Less than 2% of the 17 Tbytes of GeoEarthScope data has been downloaded. DESDYNI the US InSAR mission will launch in 2019 (40 years after Seasat). Open source InSAR software is not of “geodetic” quality. Dirty Little Secrets about InSAR [Today] C-band interferograms are decorrelated over most of the SAF and Cascadia except urban areas. Sentinel-1A and B are both functioning. They operate in TOPS mode which is a nightmare! < 10 cm accuracy orbits are essential. L-band ALOS-1 has almost no data on descending tracks. L-band ALOS-/2 has ionospheric phase variations are +/- 100 cm on some interferograms. L-band ALOS has poor orbit control (but excellent orbit occuracy). ALOS-2 data ree morerestricted than ALOS-1 NISAR the US InSAR mission will launch in 2021 (43 years after Seasat). NISAR is only a 3-year mission! Open source InSAR software is getting better but contains some ugly code. Need a programmer to remove the deadwood and streamline the installation and testing. X-band 3 cm TerraSAR COSMO-SkyMed interferogram using data from 19 February 2009 and 9 April 2009. Perpendicular baseline is 480 m, and the satellite’s right-looking angle is 37 degrees. -
Report of the Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
A/CONF.101/10 REPORT OF THE SECOND UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE EXPLORATION AND PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE Vienna, 9-21 August 1982 UNITED NATIONS [Original: English] [31 August 1982] CONTENTS Paragraphs Page ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • viii PART ONE: DECISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE CONFERENCE ..... 1 7 438 1 INTRODUCTION 1 f 15 1 I. STATE OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 16 ~ 144 6 A. Space science 20-47 6 B. Experiments in space environment . 48-61 12 C. Telecommunications 62 - 77 15 D. Meteorology 78 - 90 20 E. Remote sensing 91 ~ i07 23 F. Navigation, global positioning and geodesy 108 * 126 27 G. Space transportation and space platform technologies . 127 - 144 30 II. APPLICATIONS OF SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 145 - 312 35 A. Current and potential applications of space technology 145 - 189 35 1. Telecommunications 146 - 153 35 2. Mobile communications 154 37 3. Land-mobile communications 155 - 156 37 4. Maritime communication 157 - 158 38 5. Aeronautical communication 159 39 6. Satellite-to-satellite links 160 39 7. Future communications applications 162 39 8. Satellite broadcasting 162 - 164 39 9. Remote sensing 165 - 174 40 10. Meteorology 175 -r 182 43 11. Navigation, global positioning and geodesy 183 - 188 45 12. Future applications 189 47 B. Choices and difficulties in the use of space technology 190 - 206 47 1. Choices 190 - 194 47 -iii- CONTENTS (continued) 2. Difficulties 195 - 206 48 C. Possibilities and mechanisms for enabling all States to benefit from1space technology 207 - 233 52 D. Facilitating access, use and development of space technology 234 - 246 59 E. -
NASA's Earth Science Data Systems Program
NASA's Earth Science Data Systems Program Program Executive for Earth Science Data Systems Earth Science Division (DK) Science Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters February 16, 2016 5/25/2016 1 NASA Strategic Plan 2014 • Objective 2.2: Advance knowledge of Earth as a system to meet the challenges of environmental change, and to improve life on our planet. – How is the global Earth system changing? What causes these changes in the Earth system? How will Earth’s systems change in the future? How can Earth system science provide societal benefits? – NASA’s Earth science programs shape an interdisciplinary view of Earth, exploring the interaction among the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, land surface interior, and life itself, which enables scientists to measure global climate changes and to inform decisions by Government, organizations, and people in the United States and around the world. We make the data collected and results generated by our missions accessible to other agencies and organizations to improve the products and services they provide… 5/25/2016 2 Major Components of the Earth Science Data Systems Program • Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) – Core systems for processing, ingesting and archiving data for the Earth Science Division • Competitively Selected Programs – Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) – Advancing Collaborative Connections for Earth System Science (ACCESS) • International and Interagency Coordination and Development – CEOS Working Group on Information -
The Space-Based Global Observing System in 2010 (GOS-2010)
WMO Space Programme SP-7 The Space-based Global Observing For more information, please contact: System in 2010 (GOS-2010) World Meteorological Organization 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland www.wmo.int WMO Space Programme Office Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 85 19 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 84 74 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/ WMO-TD No. 1513 WMO Space Programme SP-7 The Space-based Global Observing System in 2010 (GOS-2010) WMO/TD-No. 1513 2010 © World Meteorological Organization, 2010 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate these publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0)22 730 84 03 P.O. Box No. 2300 Fax: +41 (0)22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] FOREWORD The launching of the world's first artificial satellite on 4 October 1957 ushered a new era of unprecedented scientific and technological achievements. And it was indeed a fortunate coincidence that the ninth session of the WMO Executive Committee – known today as the WMO Executive Council (EC) – was in progress precisely at this moment, for the EC members were very quick to realize that satellite technology held the promise to expand the volume of meteorological data and to fill the notable gaps where land-based observations were not readily available. -
Improved Quality Control for Quikscat Near Real-Time Data
JP4.6 Improved Quality Control for QuikSCAT Near Real-time Data S. Mark Leidner, Ross N. Hoffman, and Mark C. Cerniglia Atmospheric and Environmental Research Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts Abstract errors. We will illustrate the types of errors that occur due to rain contamination and ambiguity removal. SeaWinds on QuikSCAT, launched in June 1999, We will also give examples of how the quality of the provides a new source of surface wind information retrieved winds varies across the satellite track, and over the world’s oceans. This new window on global varies with wind speed. surface vector winds has been a great aid to real- SeaWinds is an active, Ku-band microwave radar time operational users, especially in remote areas operating near ¢¤£¦¥¨§ © and is sensitive to centimeter- of the world. As with in situ observations, the qual- scale or capillary waves on the ocean surface. ity of remotely-sensed geophysical data is closely These waves are usually in equilibrium with the wind. tied to the characteristics of the instrument. But Each radar backscatter observation samples a patch remotely-sensed scatterometer winds also have a of ocean about . The vector wind is re- whole range of additional quality control concerns trieved by combining several backscatter observa- different from those of in situ observation systems. tions made from multiple viewing geometries as the The retrieval of geophysical information from the raw scatterometer passes overhead. The resolution of satellite measurements introduces uncertainties but the retrieved winds is . also produces diagnostics about the reliability of the Backscatter from capillary waves on the ocean retrieved quantities. -
Watching the Winds Where Sea Meets Sky 14 August 2014, by Rosalie Murphy
Watching the winds where sea meets sky 14 August 2014, by Rosalie Murphy the speed and direction of wind at the ocean's surface. "Before scatterometers, we could only measure ocean winds on ships, and sampling from ships is very limited," said Timothy Liu of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, who led the science team for NASA's QuikScat mission. Scatterometry began to emerge during World War II, when scientists realized wind disturbing the ocean's surface caused noise in their radar signals. NASA included an experimental scatterometer in its The SeaWinds scatterometer on NASA's QuikScat first space station in 1973 and again when it satellite stares into the eye of 1999's Hurricane Floyd as launched its SeaSat satellite in 1978. During its it hits the U.S. coast. The arrows indicate wind direction, three-month life, SeaSat's scatterometer provided while the colors represent wind speed, with orange and scientists with more individual wind observations yellow being the fastest. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech than ships had collected in the previous century. The ocean covers 71 percent of Earth's surface and affects weather over the entire globe. Hurricanes and storms that begin far out over the ocean affect people on land and interfere with shipping at sea. And the ocean stores carbon and heat, which are transported from the ocean to the air and back, allowing for photosynthesis and affecting Earth's climate. To understand all these processes, scientists need information about winds A JPL team then designed a mission called near the ocean's surface. -
Nimbus-7 Earth Radiation Budget Calibration History--Part I: the Solar Channels
NASA Reference Publication 1316 1993 Nimbus-7 Earth Radiation Budget Calibration History--Part I: The Solar Channels H. Lee Kyle Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Douglas V. Hoyt Brenda J. Vallette Research and Data Systems Corporation Greenbelt, Maryland John R. Hickey The Eppley Laboratories Newport, Rhode Island Robert H. Maschhoff Gulton Industries Albuquerque, New Mexico National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACRIM Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor A/D analog to digital convertor APEX Advanced Photovoltaic Experiment CZCS Coastal Zone Color Scanner DSAS Digital Solar Aspect Sensor ERB Earth Radiation Budget ERBS Earth Radiation Budget Satellite FOV field of view H-F Hickey-Frieden Cavity Radiometer IPS International Pyrheliometric Standard JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory LDEF Long Duration Exposure Facility LIMS Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NIP Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer NSSDC National Space Science Data Center PEERBEC Passive Exposure Earth Radiation Budget Experiment Components ppm parts per million RSM reference sensor model SEFDT Solar Earth Flux Data Tapes SMM Solar Maximum Mission SMMR Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite UV ultraviolet WRR World Radiometric Reference iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 o THE HICKEY-FRIEDEN (H-F) CAVITY RADIOMETER .................. -
Seasat—A 25-Year Legacy of Success
Remote Sensing of Environment 94 (2005) 384–404 www.elsevier.com/locate/rse Seasat—A 25-year legacy of success Diane L. Evansa,*, Werner Alpersb, Anny Cazenavec, Charles Elachia, Tom Farra, David Glackind, Benjamin Holta, Linwood Jonese, W. Timothy Liua, Walt McCandlessf, Yves Menardg, Richard Mooreh, Eni Njokua aJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States bUniversitaet Hamburg, Institut fuer Meereskunde, D-22529 Hamburg, Germany cLaboratoire d´Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanographie Spatiales, Centre National d´Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse 31401, France dThe Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90009, United States eCentral Florida Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States fUser Systems Enterprises, Denver, CO 80220, United States gCentre National d´Etudes Spatiales, Toulouse 31401, France hThe University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1840, United States Received 10 June 2004; received in revised form 13 September 2004; accepted 16 September 2004 Abstract Thousands of scientific publications and dozens of textbooks include data from instruments derived from NASA’s Seasat. The Seasat mission was launched on June 26, 1978, on an Atlas-Agena rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base. It was the first Earth-orbiting satellite to carry four complementary microwave experiments—the Radar Altimeter (ALT) to measure ocean surface topography by measuring spacecraft altitude above the ocean surface; the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS), to measure wind speed and direction over the ocean; the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) to measure surface wind speed, ocean surface temperature, atmospheric water vapor content, rain rate, and ice coverage; and the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), to image the ocean surface, polar ice caps, and coastal regions. -
Aerospace Facts and Figures 1979/80 Lunar Landing 1969-1979
Aerospace Facts and Figures 1979/80 Lunar Landing 1969-1979 This 27th annual edition of Aero space Facts and Figures commem orates the 1Oth anniversary of man's initial landing on the moon, which occurred on July 20, 1969 during the Apollo 11 mission. Neil Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin were the first moonwalkers and their Apollo 11 teammate was Com mand Module Pilot Michael Collins. Shown above is NASA's 1Oth anni versary commemorative logo; created by artist Paull Calle, it de picts astronaut Armstrong pre paring to don his helmet prior to the historic Apollo 11 launch. On the Cover: James J. Fi sher's cover art symboli zes th e Earth/ moon relationship and man's efforts to expl ore Earth 's ancien t sa tellite. Aerospace Facts and Figures m;ji8Q Aerospace Facts and Figures 1979/80 AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC. 1725 DeSales Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 Published by Aviation Week & Space Technology A MCGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York, N.Y. 10020 (212) 997-3289 $6.95 Per Copy Copyright, July 1979 by Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog No. 46-25007 Compiled by Economic Data Service Aerospace Research Center Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. 1725 De Sales Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 347-2315 Director Allen H. Skaggs Chief Statistician Sally H. Bath Acknowledgments Air Transport Association Civil Aeronautics Board Export-Import Bank of the United States Federal Trade Commission General Aviation Manufacturers Association International Air Transport Association International Civil Aviation Organization National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation U. -
China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States
China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦,航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 -
Appendix a Missions and Sensors
Appendix A Missions and Sensors This appendix contains descriptive and technical information on satellite and aircraft missions and the characteristics of their sensors. It commences by looking briefly at those programs intended principally for gathering weather information, and proceeds to missions for earth observational remote sensing, including hyperspectral and radar platforms and sensors. Sufficient detail is given on data characteristics so that implications for image processing and analysis can be understood. In most cases mechanical and signal handling properties are not given, except for a few historical and illustrative cases. A.1 Weather Satellite Sensors A.1.1 Polar Orbiting and Geosynchronous Satellites Two broad types of weather satellite are in common use. One is of the polar orbiting, or more generally low earth orbit, variety whereas the other is at geosynchronous altitudes. The former typically have orbits at altitudes of about 700 to 1500 km whereas the geostationary altitude is approximately 36,000 km (see Appendix B). Typical of the low orbit satellites are the current NOAA series (also referred to as Advanced TIROS-N, ATN), and their forerunners the TIROS, TOS and ITOS satellites. The principal sensor of interest from this book’s viewpoint is the NOAA AVHRR. This is described in Sect. A.1.2 following. The Nimbus satellites, while strictly test bed vehicles for a range of meteoro- logical and remote sensing sensors, also orbited at altitudes of around 1000 km. Nimbus sensors of interest include the Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) and the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR). Only the former is treated below. 390 A Missions and Sensors Geostationary meteorological satellites have been launched by the United States, Russia, India, China, ESA and Japan.