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Masarykova Univerzita V Brně MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Filozofická fakulta Ústav evropské etnologie Studijní obor: Etnologie JIŘÍ MAĈUDA IDEOLOGIE RODNOVĚŘÍ V NÁZORECH A PRAXI JEHO ČELNÍCH PŘEDSTAVITELŮ (se zaměřením na genezi a proměny obřadu) Disertaĉní práce Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Martina Pavlicová, CSc. 2012 Prohlańuji, ņe jsem disertaĉní práci vypracoval samostatně s vyuņitím uvedených pramenŧ a literatury. …………………………………. 2 Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval doc. PhDr. Martině Pavlicové, CSc., za pomoc i cenné rady poskytnuté během zpracování disertaĉní práce. Dále bych chtěl poděkovat příznivcŧm rodnověří v Ruské federaci, na Ukrajině, v Bělorusku i u nás, díky nimņ jsem byl schopen zajistit informace nezbytné pro tuto práci. Na prvém místě patří dík Bogumilovi Murinovi, volchvovi obninské obĉiny Triglav – souĉásti Velesova kruhu. 3 OBSAH OBSAH ....................................................................................................................................... 4 ÚVOD ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Kapitola I. – GENEZE NOVOPOHANSTVÍ NA ÚZEMÍ BÝVALÉHO SOVĚTSKÉHO SVAZU .................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.1. Ruská federace a Bělorusko ........................................................................................ 12 1.2. Ukrajina ....................................................................................................................... 28 1.3. Pobaltské země ............................................................................................................ 33 1.4. Kavkaz a Povolņí ........................................................................................................ 39 Kapitola II. – PŘÍČINY VZNIKU RODNOVĚŘÍ A JEHO IDEOLOGIE ................................. 44 2.1 Příĉiny vzniku rodnověrského hnutí ........................................................................... 44 2.2 Formování ideologie ruského jazyĉství a její prameny .............................................. 50 2.2.1 Prameny ideologie ............................................................................................................................. 50 2.2.2 Učení – stručný náčrt ......................................................................................................................... 56 2.2.3 Panteon .............................................................................................................................................. 64 2.2.4 Symbolika ........................................................................................................................................... 79 2.3 Velesova kniha ............................................................................................................ 81 Kapitola III. – TYPY ORGANIZACE V RUSKÉM JAZYČSTVÍ A JEHO KRITIKA ZVENČÍ . 85 3.1 Typy organizace a osobní přesvědĉení soudobých jazyĉníkŧ .................................... 85 3.2 Vŧdĉí osobnosti a vŧdcovský typ ............................................................................... 89 3.3 Vztahy mezi jednotlivými obĉinami a mezinárodní spolupráce ................................. 92 3.4 Ruské jazyĉství oĉima majoritní spoleĉnosti .............................................................. 96 3.5 Kritika ze strany Ruské pravoslavné církve ................................................................ 97 3.6 Literatura ke studiu ruského rodnověří ..................................................................... 102 Kapitola IV. – PŘEHLED VYBRANÝCH RODNOVĚRSKÝCH ORGANIZACÍ NA ÚZEMÍ RUSKÉ FEDERACE .............................................................................................................. 108 4.1 Svaz slovanských obĉin slovanské rodné víry .......................................................... 108 4.2 Kruh jazyĉských tradic ............................................................................................. 112 4.3 Přehled vybraných obĉin pŧsobících v Moskvě a jejím okolí .................................. 115 4.4 Přehled vybraných obĉin pŧsobících v Petrohradě a jeho okolí ............................... 120 4.5 Staroruská církev pravoslavných starověrcŧ – inglingŧ ........................................... 123 Kapitola V. – ČELNÍ PŘEDSTAVITELÉ JAKO NOSITELÉ VZNIKAJÍCÍ TRADICE ......... 127 5.1 Nositelé vznikající tradice ......................................................................................... 127 5.2 Úloha rodnověří v kaņdodenním ņivotě jeho následovníkŧ ...................................... 130 5.3 Medailony význaĉných představitelŧ ruského jazyĉství ........................................... 133 Kapitola VI. – OBŘAD A JEHO PROMĚNY V JEDNOTLIVÝCH OBČINÁCH .................. 143 6.1 Kalendář .................................................................................................................... 143 6.2 Obřady a svátky ........................................................................................................ 144 6.3 Obřadní kalendář v podání Velesova kruhu .............................................................. 149 6.4 Obĉina Kupala .......................................................................................................... 181 6.5 Koljada Vjatiĉej ........................................................................................................ 186 6.6 Obřadní kalendář v podání A. A. Dobrovolského (Dobroslava) .............................. 194 6.7 Svaz slovanských obĉin ............................................................................................ 198 6.8 Velesŧv kruh ............................................................................................................. 210 6.9 Svaz Venedŧ ............................................................................................................. 226 6.10 Schoron jeņ slověn .................................................................................................... 230 6.11 Obĉina ekologického uvědomění „Krina“ ................................................................ 236 6.12 Romuva – obřadní kalendář litevských jazyĉníkŧ .................................................... 243 Kapitola VII. – O OBŘADU TROCHU JINAK ..................................................................... 252 ZÁVĚR .................................................................................................................................... 268 ANOTACE .............................................................................................................................. 273 4 SEZNAM PRAMENŮ A LITERATURY .................................................................................. 274 RÉSUMÉ ................................................................................................................................ 283 РЕЗЮМЕ ............................................................................................................................... 286 PŘÍLOHY ............................................................................................................................... 289 Seznam vybraných webových stránek ruských rodnověrců .................................................... 289 OBRAZOVÁ PŘÍLOHA .......................................................................................................... 293 5 ÚVOD Rodnověří (jazyĉství)1 je unikátní předevńím ve své rŧznorodosti, a právě tato skuteĉnost vede mnohé z badatelŧ k tomu, aby jej zkoumali z pozice svých oborŧ. Sociologové k němu přistupují jako k subkultuře ĉi světonázoru, religionisté v něm vidí nové náboņenské hnutí, politologové a historikové jej naopak popisují jako nové spoleĉenské hnutí nacionálně- vlasteneckého charakteru. Etnologové se problémem novopohanství2 prozatím zabývají spíńe okrajově. Je to ovńem ńkoda, jelikoņ toto hnutí v sobě nese urĉité rysy, které stojí za to pozorovat právě z úhlu pohledu této vědní disciplíny. Rodnověří i jeho vývoj je totiņ dŧleņité zachytit také pohledem lidí, kteří jej spoluvytvářejí, pohybují se v něm a podílí se na jeho aktivitách. Jde o komplexní a kulturotvorný jev se svébytnými folklorními projevy reprezentovanými zejména obřadností, a opomenout proto nemŧņeme ani jeho srovnání s kulturou uvnitř majoritní spoleĉnosti, ĉi porovnat jeho folklorní projevy s kalendářním cyklem obřadŧ a obyĉejŧ zachycených v lidovém prostředí devatenáctého století. Rodnověří je velice nesourodý a dynamicky se rozvíjející proud,3 který nelze vymezit jen jako nové náboņenské, politické ĉi obĉanské hnutí, nedá se zcela přijmout ani tvrzení sociologŧ, kteří v něm hledají pouze svébytnou subkulturu. Pod termínem rodnověří, jazyĉství, ruské (slovanské) novopohanství, tradice, přírodní ĉi etnické náboņenství nebo tzv. hlubinná ekologie4 je nutno vnímat substrát náboņenských, paranáboņenských, spoleĉensko- politických i historicko-kulturních jevŧ vlastních rŧzným obĉinám a organizacím ztotoņņujících se s předkřesťanskými duchovními praktikami a zabývajícími se jejich obnovou a rekonstrukcí. Souĉasné jazyĉství rovněņ navazuje na dávné tradice, které ve své pŧvodní formě zanikaly během období christianizace Rusi. Rodnověrńtí ideologové se tedy musí vyrovnávat s touto skuteĉností a nově vznikající náboņenství v podstatě rekonstruovat a vytvářet s pomocí historických materiálŧ a reliktŧ dochovaných v lidové kultuře. Rodící se jazyĉská ideologie
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