PalynologicalPalynologicalSociety Society of Japan

108 Japanese Journal ofPalynology 58 (Special Issue) (2012)

Kcyivertts:high-resolution-analysis, Kepvords:palaeobotany,mesofossils,bryophytes, climate-vegetation-interaction,dinoflagellates,pollen,solar Carboniferous. cycles.

237Comparative

236Carboniferous morphelogy ofLilium and - pollen bryophytes perspectiyes ef a hidden Cketechertus(Liliaceae) world? 2,AhmadMajd' SamiraKianii,SSgygd!ugba!!upag-!Y!gsgg!piadhmrnadM ',MarenHUbers2,OlafGlosny` !H!gps-!!g!pK i Sbience andResearch Branch, lslamic Aiad U}iivet:sity, ] forschungsstelleflr Paldobotanik institttt.filr Geelogie Z?hran. han 2Razi undPaldentologie, Pfesdiiische Mlhelms-U}ziversitdt, Uhiversity, Klennanshah, fran, smohammad@maiLru Schlossplatz 9, 48143 uansteL Germarty,

[email protected] The Liliaceae, or the lily family, is a family of 2 Geologischer Dienst INCRM De-GretfitSt,zlBe1P5,47803 monecotyledons in the order Liliales. In this study, pollen K}'ojZil4 Gennaay grains of 8 species of Cblochortus from subfamily Calochorteideae and 11 species ofLilium from subfamily

With -20,OOO extant species. bryophytesare thesecond most Lilioideae from this family, was examined with LM, SEM diverse of after the fiowering group plants plants,and and TEM, Comparative palynomorphological constituents ofmost terresnial important ecosystems, from characteristics of the studied spocies with the help of LM the tropics to boreal regions. In many modern wetland and SEM showed sigriificant differences between species. ecosystems bryophytes play a rnajor role in nutrient cycling, They differ in size ofpollen grains, the shape and size of water retention, and water availability. Peat begs can only Lurnina, thickness of muri. Size of pollen grain in exist due to the enormous water storage capacity of peat Cltlocorthus is medium, but in Lilium is 1arge and very mosses (Sphagnales). Unlike vascular land plants, 1arge. Exine omamentation in Calochortus is striate er bryophytes are predeminantly poikilohydric, which means tuberculate or microreticulate, but in Lilium is reticulate or thattheirstate ofhydration is controlled by the environment macroreticulate. Our results showed that pollen grains efall and net by the itselfMoreover, the free-swimming plant the studied species of Liliutn is single (only the pollen sperm require water for the fertilization. Most bryophytes grains from Liiium candidum L. collected in the dyad), are bound to constantly moist habitats. Some can survive in heteropolar, bilatera11y syrnmetrical, dista1-monesulcate, temporarily drier habitats, but they must complete their life flattened-spheroidal, usually boat-shaped form, in outline cycle to the productionof dorrnant,desiccation-resistantwith a pole rounded-elliptical, with the equator - flattened. spores to seasen, prior the dry or be desiccationtolerant. Sulcus is long (almost equal to the equatorial diameter). Recent molecular clock -･449 estimates indicate an age of With the help of TEM it was revealed, that these species Ma for the --420 origin of liverwortsand Ma forthe differ frem each other by the shape and thickness of divergence of messes, predating vascular land plants. Tectum, shape and diameter ofCaput, height and width of Despite their widespread occurTence today and the fact that Colunielleg thickness of Foot Layer, the presence or bryophytes were among the earliest land plants, their fossil abserice of Endexine, the thickness of Intine in the Sulcus Tecord is extremely poor. IIhe extensive paleo-equatorial zone and below the Exine in a zone without the Sulcus, and wetland environments of theCarboniferouscoal basinswith the position of various layers of Intine and their thickness. their unequalled accumulation ef plant biomass likely Microrelief of sculptural elements in Lilium provided ideal habitats for bryophytes. Nevenheless, the kesselringianum Mishchenko and Lilium duvidi Duch. is fossil record of Carbonifhrous bryophytes is remarkahly rough and tuberculate, while microrelief in other meagre, although the very rich floras from this time interval, investigated species ofLilium is smooth or almost smooth. consisting of cernpressions primarily and anatomically In addition, exine ornamentation in CZilochortus.euiJ,catpus fossils, e.g. in coal balls, have been studied preserved in Wats. is simi1ar to Amana latgfotia (Makino) and report three types ofmosses great detail. We from the upper Erythronium denscanis L. from Tulipeae tribe from Mississippian of Germany, being the oldest unequivocal subfamily Lilioideae, and also size and form ofpollen grain mosses known to date. In addition, we present moss and in subfatnily Calochortoideae almost is simi1ar to Lloydieae liverwort remains from the upper Westphalian of Germany. uibe, and different from in Lilieae tabe from subfamily These bryophyte remains were obtained bybulk maceration, Lilioideae in Liliaceae fatnily, lhus, our research shows a method that is not commonly used for studying that rrruch difference between these two genera. Carboniferous fioras. Although the material is fragmentary, these finds show that messes formed part of Carboniferous Kcyivords: Calochortaceae, Calochortoideae, exine, exine ecosystems. We anticipate that applying this method on ornamentation, intine, Lilioideae. material from other Cafboniferous localities will show that mosses were more widespread in the late Paleezoic than previously thought and that it wi11 operi perspectives te an inrportant part of the ecosystem that rernained hidden so far,

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