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Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany

Volume 6 | Issue 4 Article 6

1968 Synopsis of a Putatively Phylogenetic Classification of the Flowering Robert F. Thorne Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons

Recommended Citation Thorne, Robert F. (1968) "Synopsis of a Putatively Phylogenetic Classification of the Flowering Plants," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 6: Iss. 4, Article 6. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol6/iss4/6 ALISO

VoL. 6, No. 4, pp. 57-66 APRIL 30, 1968

SYNOPSIS OF A PUTATIVELY PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS

ROBERT F. THORNE

Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Claremont, California

INTRODUCTION The classification of the class Angiospermae ptesented here is the culmination of more than 15 years effort to express as accurately as present knowledge per­ mits the phylogenetic relationships among the higher taxa of flowering plants. In the course of 30 years of floristic and other phytogeographic studies, consider­ able botanical collecting and observation on all the continents, and visits to many of the world's major botanical gardens, I have had the good fortune to collect or observe in living condition representatives of all but 44 of the 312 families accepted here. I have studied preserved or dried herbarium materials of representatives of the 44 missed families, mostly monogeneric taxa of and . In more than 10 years of library research I have gleaned from numerous publications data relevant to a better understanding of the rela­ tionships, origins, and classification of the angiosperms. Particularly helpful have been reports of original research on vegetative anatomy, floral morphology, palynology, embryology, phytochemistry, cytology, phytogeography, and paleo­ botany. Many of these publications are too recent to have been available to the earlier phylogenists. Feeling strongly that new systems of classification should be published only with accompanying thorough documentation and explanation, I have resisted until now the many requests to publish my system. I am completing a book in which the system will be discussed at considerable length and will be thoroughly documented with the listing of extensive bibliography, keyed by author's name and date of publication cited after each involved and . However, it will probably be a year or two before the book is in print, and the pressure of requests for the system from authors of floras, teachers of , stu­ dents of various botanical disciplines, and members of the Editorial Committee of the Flora North America Project makes immediate publication of even this naked synopsis seem desirable. Although this system of classification has not had wide exposure in the taxo­ nomic community, it and earlier versions of it have been studied by a good many taxonomy students at the Universities of Iowa, Hawaii, and California at Riverside, the Claremont Graduate School, and perhaps other institutions. I have sent it to or discussed it at length with many botanical colleagues in this country [57] 58 ALISO [VoL. 6, No. 4 and abroad. An earlier version was used experimentally in my annotated check list of the vascular plants of Johnson County, Iowa ( 1955), though I now much prefer an alphabetical arrangement, at least within classes or subclasses, for florulas. At the Tenth International Botanical Congress at Edinburgh ( 1964) I presented my realignment of the "ranalian" families in the Annonales, Berberi­ dales, Nymphaeales, and Hamamelidales. More recently ( 1966) I used my classi­ fication in the rather esoteric journal Rio-Philately to list the families and sub­ families of flowering plants represented on postage stamps of the world. At that time, incidentally, there were 225 families and subfamilies (or composite tribes) of 144 different angiosperm families so represented. I have also published ( 1958, 1963), with some discussion and examples, the guiding principles that I have followed in developing this classification.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the construction of this classification I am indebted deeply to all the phylog­ enists and numerous other botanists who have published before me on the various taxa of Angiospermae. I am particularly indebted to such morphologists as Carl Wilson, A. J. Eames, C. R. Metcalfe, and my esteemed Claremont colleague Sherwin Carlquist for their invaluable suggestions and their encourage­ ment of my phylogenetic efforts. I am also most grateful to the United States Educational Foundation and the National Science Foundation for making possible extensive field research in Australasia and Malesia and study of critical groups and literature at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the British Museum (Natural History), London, through their generous awards in 1959 and 1960 of Fulbright Research Scholarships to the University of Queensland, a Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship, and N. S. F. Grant No. 6484. Without these two years of botanical travel and study I would not feel competent to present this system of classification.

EXPLANATION OF THE SYNOPSIS I have carried the synopsis down to the subfamily category, and in the Asteraceae down to the since in that huge family it is quite possible that the tribes will ultimately be treated as subfamilies. In this age of taxonomic inflation, my treatment of orders, families, and perhaps other taxa will probably seem rather inclusive and conservative. I think, however, that phylogeny is better served and teaching of taxonomy made easier by avoiding unnecessary fragmentation. I have tried to be as consistent as possible throughout the system in the size of the discontinuities that I accept to separate related groupings of each major category. This has led to the demotion of some familiar families, such as the , Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, etc. No new family names have needed proposal here. The names chosen for the various taxa are accord­ ing to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( 1966), although I have extended the principle of priority up to the class. My point of departure for ordinal names is Lindley's Nixus Plantarum ( 1833). I have avoided use of synonyms except where the names or my circumscriptions of families or sub­ families deviate considerably from those in A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzen­ familien, Ed. 12, Vol. 2, edited by Melchior ( 1964). APRIL 30, 1968] ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION 59

SYNOPSIS OF A CLASSIFICATION OF THE CLASS ANGIOSPERMAE

Subclass: DICOTYLEDONEAE

Superorder: Annoniflorae Family: Berberidaceae Order: Annonales Subfamily: Berberidoideae Suborder: Winterineae Subfamily: Nandinoideae Family: Winteraceae Subfamily: Epimedioideae Suborder: Illicineae Subfamily: Podophylloideae Family: Illiciaceae Suborder: Papaverineae Family: Schisandraceae Family: Papaveraceae Suborder: Magnoliineae Subfamily: Platystemonoideae Family: Magnoliaceae Subfamily: Chelidonioideae Subfamily: Magnolioideae Subfamily: Eschscholzioideae Subfamily: Liriodendroideae Subfamily: Papaveroideae Family: Degeneriaceae Subfamily: Pteridophylloideae Family: Eupomatiaceae Subfamily: Hypecoideae Family: Himantandraceae Subfamily: Fumarioideae Suborder: Annonineae Superorder: Nymphaeiflorae Family: Annonaceae Order: Nymphaeales Subfamily: Annonoideae Family: Nymphaeaceae Subfamily: Monodoroideae Subfamily: Nymphaeoideae Family: Myristicaceae Subfamily: Nelumbonoideae Family: Canellaceae Subfamily: Cabomboideae Suborder: Aristolochineae Family: Ceratophyllaceae Family: Aristolochiaceae Superorder: Sarraceniiflorae Suborder: Laurineae Order: Sarraceniales Family: Austrobaileyaceae Family: Sarraceniaceae Family: Chloranthaceae Superorder: Theiflorae Family: Amborellaceae Order: Theales Family: Trimeniaceae Suborder: Dilleniineae Family: Monimiaceae Family: Dilleniaceae Subfamily: Hortonioideae Subfamily: Tetraceroideae Subfamily: Atherospermatoideae Subfamily: Dillenioideae Subfamily: Monimioideae Family: Paeoniaceae Subfamily: Siparunoideae Suborder: Theineae Family: Calycanthaceae Family: Actinidiaceae Family: Lactoridaceae Subfamily: Actinidioideae Family: Gomortegaceae Subfamily: Saurauioideae Family: Lauraceae Subfamily: Clematoclethroideae Subfamily: Lauroideae Family: Stachyuraceae Subfamily: Cassythoideae Family: Family: Hernandiaceae Subfamily: Theoideae Family: Gyrocarpaceae Subfamily: Ternstroemioideae Suborder: Piperineae Subfamily: Bonnetioideae Family: Piperaceae Subfamily: Asteropeioideae Family: Saururaceae Subfamily: Tetrameristoideae Order: Berberidales Subfamily: Pellicieroideae Suborder: Berberidineae Family: Aquifoliaceae Family: Lardizabalaceae Family: Marcgraviaceae Family: Sargentodoxaceae Family: Family: Menispermaceae Suborder: Clethrineae Family: Ranunculaceae Family: Clethraceae Subfamily: Hydrastoideae Family: Cyrillaceae Subfamily: Helleboroideae Family: Pentaphylacaceae Subfamily: Ranunculoideae Suborder: Scytopetalineae Subfamily: Kingdonioideae Family: 60 ALISO [VoL. 6, No. 4

Suborder: Scytopetalineae (cont.) Subfamily: Plumbaginoideae Family: Subfamily: Staticoideae Family: Scytopetalaceae Superorder: Raffiesiiflorae Family: Sarcolaenaceae Order: Raffiesiales Family: Strasburgeriaceae Family: Raffiesiaceae Family: Dipterocarpaceae Subfamily: Cytinoideae Subfamily: Dipterocarpoideae Subfamily: Apodanthoideae Subfamily: Monotoideae Subfamily: Raffiesioideae Family: Subfamily: Mitrastemonoideae Suborder: Hypericineae Family: Hydnoraceae Family: Superorder: Cistiftorae Subfamily: Kielmeyeroideae Order: Cistales Subfamily: Calophylloideae Suborder: Cistineae Subfamily: Clusioideae Family: Flacourtiaceae Subfamily: Moronoboideae Family: Dipentodontaceae Subfamily: Lorostemonoideae Family: Subfamily: Hypericoideae Family: Scyphostegiaceae Family: Family: Violaceae Suborder: Lecythidineae Subfamily: Violoideae Family: Lecythidaceae Subfamily: Leonioideae Subfamily: Planchonioideae Family: Bixaceae Subfamily: Lecythidoideae Subfamily: Bixoideae Subfamily: Napoleonoideae Subfamily: Cochlospermoideae Order: Nepenthales Family: Cistaceae Family: Nepenthaceae Suborder: Caricineae Order: Ericales Family: Suborder: Ericineae Family: Malesherbiaceae Family: Ericaceae Family: Subfamily: Rhododendroideae Family: Subfamily: Vaccinioideae Family: Caricaceae Subfamily: Arbutoideae Suborder: Cucurbitineae Subfamily: Ericoideae Family: Cucurbitaceae Subfamily: Pyroloideae Subfamily: Cucurbitoideae Subfamily: Monotropoideae Subfamily: Zanonioideae Family: Epacridaceae Suborder: Begoniineae Suborder: Empetrineae Family: Begoniaceae Family: Empetraceae Family: Datiscaceae Order: Ebenales Suborder: Loasineae Suborder: Sapotineae Family: Loasaceae Family: Ebenaceae Subfamily: Mentzelioideae Family: Sapotaceae Subfamily: Loasoideae Subfamily: Sideroxyloideae Subfamily: Gronovioideae Subfamily: Omphalocarpoideae Order: Salicales Subfamily: Sapotoideae Family: ( Achradoideae) Order: Tamaricales Subfamily: Madhucoideae Family: Tamaricaceae Subfamily: Sarcospermatoideae Family: Frankeniaceae Suborder: Styracineae Order: Capparidales Family: Symplocaceae Family: Capparidaceae (incl. Family: Lissocarpaceae Oceanopapaver, Tovaria) Family: Styracaceae Subfamily: Capparidoideae Order: Primulales Subfamily: Cleomoideae Family: Myrsinaceae Family: Moringaceae Subfamily: Myrsinoideae Family: Resedaceae Subfamily: Maesoideae Family: Brassicaceae Subfamily: Aegiceratoideae Superorder: Malviiflorae Family: Theophrastaceae Order: Malvales Family: Primulaceae Family: Sterculiaceae Order: Plumbaginales Family: Sphaerosepalaceae Family: Plumbaginaceae Family: Elaeocarpaceae APRIL 30, 1968] ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION 61

Order: Malvales (cont.) Subfamily: Leschenaultioideae Family: Tiliaceae Subfamily: Dampieroideae Subfamily: Brownlowioideae Subfamily: Brunonioideae Subfamily: Tetralicoideae Superorder: Santaliflorae Subfamily: Tilioideae Order: Santalales Subfamily: Neotessmannioideae Suborder: Celastrineae Family: Bombacaceae Family: Family: Subfamily: Celastroideae Order: Urticales Subfamily: Tripterygioideae Family: Ulmaceae Subfamily: Cassinoideae Subfamily: Ulmoideae Subfamily: Hippocrateoideae Subfamily: Celtidoideae Subfamily: Goupioideae Family: Moraceae Subfamily: Siphonodonoideae Subfamily: Moroideae Family: Stackhousiaceae Subfamily: Cannabinoideae Subfamily: Macgregorioideae Family: Urticaceae Subfamily: Stackhousioideae Subfamily: Conocephaloideae Suborder: lcacinineae Subfamily: Urticoideae Family: lcacinaceae Order: Rhamnales Family: Cardiopteridaceae Family: Rhamnaceae Family: Medusandraceae Family: Elaeagnaceae Suborder: Santalineae Order: Euphorbiales Family: Olacaceae Family: Subfamily: Schoepfioideae ( incl. Picrodendron) Subfamily: Olacoideae Subfamily: Phyllanthoideae Family: Opiliaceae Subfamily: Oldfieldioideae Family: Santalaceae Subfamily: Euphorbioideae Family: Misodendraceae Family: Family: Loranthaceae Family: Aextoxicaceae Family: Didymelaceae Family: Viscaceae Family: Family: Balanophoraceae Family: Subfamily: Mystropetaloideae Subfamily: Gonystyloideae Subfamily: Dactylanthoideae Subfamily: Aquilarioideae Subfamily: Sarcophytoideae Subfamily: Gilgiodaphnoideae Subfamily: Helosidoideae Subfamily: Thymelaeoideae Subfamily: Lophophytoideae Family: Subfamily: Balanophoroideae Order: Solanales Suborder: Cynomoriineae Suborder: Solanineae Family: Cynomoriaceae Family: Solanaceae Order: Oleales Subfamily: Nolanoideae Family: Salvadoraceae Subfamily: Solanoideae Family: Oleaceae Subfamily: Duckeodendroideae Subfamily: Jasminoideae Family: Convolvulaceae Subfamily: Oleoideae Subfamily: Humbertioideae Superorder: Geraniiflorae Subfamily: Dichondroideae Order: Geraniales Subfamily: Convolvuloideae Suborder: Linineae Subfamily: Cuscutoideae Family: Suborder: Polemoniineae Subfamily: Humirioideae Family: Polemoniaceae Subfamily: Linoideae Suborder: Fouquieriineae Subfamily: Ctenolophonoideae Family: Fouquieriaceae Subfamily: Ixonanthoideae Order: Campanulales Family: Pentaphragmataceae Family: Ancistrocladaceae Family: Campanulaceae Family: Subfamily: Campanuloideae Family: Zygophyllaceae Subfamily: Cyphioideae Subfamily: Peganoideae Subfamily: Lobelioideae Subfamily: Chitonioideae Subfamily: Sphenocleoideae Subfamily: Tetradiclidoideae Family: Goodeniaceae Subfamily: Augeoideae Subfamily: Goodenioideae Subfamily: Zygophylloideae 62 ALISO [VoL. 6, No. 4

Family: Zygophyllaceae (cont.) Family: Myricaceae Subfamily: Nitrarioideae Order: Leitneriales Suborder: Geraniineae Family: Leitneriaceae Family: Oxalidaceae Superorder: Chenopodiiflorae Family: Geraniaceae Order: Chenopodiales Family: Balsaminaceae Suborder: Chenopodiineae Family: Tropaeolaceae Family: Phytolaccaceae Suborder: Limnanthineae Subfamily: Phytolaccoideae Family: Limnanthaceae Subfamily: Stegnospermatoideae Suborder: Polygalineae Subfamily: Microteoideae Family: Subfamily: Achatocarpoideae Subfamily: Hiraeoideae Family: Gyrostemonaceae Subfamily: Malpighioideae Family: Nyctaginaceae Family: Polygalaceae Family: Aizoaceae Family: Krameriaceae Subfamily: Molluginoideae Family: Subfamily: Aizooideae Family: Vochysiaceae Subfamily: Tetragonioideae Superorder: Rutiflorae Family: Cactaceae Order: Rutales Subfamily: Pereskioideae Suborder: Rutineae Subfamily: Opuntioideae Family: Rutaceae Subfamily: Cactoideae Subfamily: Rutoideae Family: Didiereaceae Subfamily: Dictyolomatoideae Family: Portulacaceae Subfamily: Flindersioideae Subfamily: Portulacoideae Subfamily: Spathelioideae Subfamily: Montioideae Subfamily: Toddalioideae Family: Basellaceae Subfamily: Aurantioideae Family: Chenopodiaceae Subfamily: Rhabdodendroideae (incl. Dysphania) Family: Simaroubaceae Family: Halophytaceae Subfamily: Simarouboideae Family: Amaranthaceae Subfamily: Kirkioideae Subfamily: Amaranthoideae Subfamily: Irvingioideae Subfamily: Gomphrenoideae Subfamily: Balanitoideae Suborder: Caryophyllineae Subfamily: Picramnioideae Family: Subfamily: Alvaradoideae Subfamily: Paronychioideae Family: Surianaceae Subfamily: Alsinoideae Family: Cneoraceae Subfamily: Caryophylloideae Family: Meliaceae Family: Polygonaceae Subfamily: Cedreloideae Subfamily: Eriogonoideae Subfamily: Swietenioideae Subfamily: Polygonoideae Subfamily: Melioideae Subfamily: Coccoloboideae Family: Burseraceae Order: Batidales Family: Anacardiaceae Family: Batidaceae ( incl. J ulianaceae) Superorder: Hamamelidiflorae Suborder: Sapindineae Order: Hamamelidales Family: Sapindaceae Suborder: Trochodendrineae Subfamily: Dodonaeoideae Family: Trochodendraceae Subfamily: Sapindoideae Family: Tetracentraceae Family: Sabiaceae Family: Eupteleaceae Family: Melianthaceae Family: Cercidiphvllaceae Family: Akaniaceae Suborder: Eucommineae Family: Aceraceae Family: Eucommiaceae Family: Hippocastanaceae Suborder: Hamamelidineae Family: Bretschneideraceae Family: Hamamelidaceae Suborder: Juglandineae Subfamily: Disanthoideae Family: Rhoipteleaceae Subfamily: Hamamelidoideae Family: Juglandaceae Subfamily: Rhodoleioideae Subfamily: Pterocaryoideae Subfamily: Symingtonioideae Subfamily: Juglandoideae Subfamily: Liquidambaroideae Order: Myricales Family: Platanaceae APRIL 30, 1968] ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION 63

Superorder: Hamamelidifioreae (cont.) Family: Order: Casuarinales Subfamily: Tristichoideae Family: Casuarinaceae Subfamily: Podostemoideae Order: Fagales Family: Diapensiaceae Family: Fagaceae Suborder: Cunoniineae Subfamily: Fagoideae Family: Cunoniaceae (incl. Bauera) Subfamily: Castaneoideae Family: Brunelliaceae Family: Betulaceae Family: Davidsoniaceae Order: Balanopales Family: Eucryphiaceae Family: Balanopaceae Family: Medusagynaceae Superorder: Rosiflorae Family: Staphyleaceae Order: Rosales Subfamily: Staphyleoideae Suborder: Rosineae Subfamily: Tapiscioideae Family: Rosaceae Family: Corynocarpaceae Subfamily: Spiraeoideae Suborder: Coriariineae Subfamily: Rosoideae Family: Coriariaceae Subfamily: Maloideae Order: Pittosporales Subfamily: Neuradoideae Suborder: Daphniphyllineae Subfamily: Prunoideae Family: Daphniphyllaceae Subfamily: Chrysobalanoideae Suborder: Pittosporineae Family: Crossosomataceae Family: Pittosporaceae Family: Connaraceae Family: Byblidaceae Subfamily: Jollydoroideae Family: Tremandraceae Subfamily: Connaroideae Suborder: Brunineae Family: Fabaceae Family: Roridulaceae Subfamily: Mimosoideae Family: Bruniaceae Subfamily: Caesalpinoideae Family: Geissolomataceae Subfamily: Faboideae Family: Grubbiaceae Suborder: Saxifragineae Family: Myrothamnaceae Family: Family: Hydrostachyaceae Subfamily: Sedoideae Superorder: Proteiflorae Subfamily: Sempervivoideae Order: Proteales Subfamily: Echeverioideae Family: Proteaceae Subfamily: Cotyledonoideae Subfamily: Proteoideae Subfamily: Kalanchoideae Subfamily: Grevilleoideae Subfamily: Crassuloideae Superorder: Myrtiflorae Family: Cephalotaceae Order: Myrtales Family: Saxifragaceae Family: Lythraceae Subfamily: Penthoroideae (incl. Sonneratiaceae) Subfamily: Saxifragoideae Family: Punicaceae Subfamily: Ribesioideae Family: Crypteroniaceae Subfamily: Vahlioideae Family: Trapaceae Subfamily: Francooideae Family: Combretaceae Subfamily: Eremosynoideae Family: Oliniaceae Subfamily: Lepuropetaloideae Family: Penaeaceae Subfamily: Parnassioideae Family: Subfamily: Pterostemonoideae Subfamily: Leptospermoideae Subfamily: Hydrangeoideae Subfamily: Myrtoideae Subfamily: Tetracarpaeoideae Family: Melastomataceae Subfamily: Iteoideae Subfamily: Melastomatoideae Subfamily: Brexioideae Subfamily: Astronioideae Subfamily: Escallonioideae Subfamily: Memecyloideae Subfamily: Columellioideae Family: Onagraceae Subfamily: Montinioideae Superorder: Gentianiflorae Subfamily: Phyllonomoideae Order: Gentianales Family: Stylidiaceae Family: Loganiaceae Subfamily: Donatioideae Subfamily: Loganioideae Subfamily: Stylidioideae Subfamily: Desfontainioideae Family: Droseraceae Subfamily: Buddlejoideae Family: Greyiaceae Family: Rubiaceae 64 ALISO [VoL. 6, No. 4 Family: Rubiaceae (cont.) Subfamily: Aralioideae Subfamily: Cinchonoideae Subfamily: Hydrocotyloideae Subfamily: Guettardoideae Subfamily: Saniculoideae Subfamily: lxoroideae Subfamily: Apioideae Subfamily: Rubioideae Order: Dipsacales Subfamily: Henriquezioideae Family: Caprifoliaceae Family: Apocynaceae Family: Adoxaceae Subfamily: Plumerioideae Family: Valerianaceae Subfamily: Cerberoideae Family: Dipsacaceae Subfamily: Apocynoideae Family: Calyceraceae Subfamily: Periplocoideae Superorder: Lamiiflorae Subfamily: Secamonoideae Order: Lamiales Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae Suborder: Boraginineae Family: Gentianaceae Family: Hydrophyllaceae Family: Menyanthaceae Family: Boraginaceae Order: Bignoniales Subfamily: Cordioideae Family: Bignoniaceae Subfamily: Ehretioideae Family: Pedaliaceae Subfamily: Heliotropoideae Family: Martyniaceae Subfamily: Boraginoideae Family: Myoporaceae Subfamily: Wellstedioideae Family: Scrophulariaceae Family: Lennoaceae (incl. Globulariaceae) Family: Hoplestigmataceae Family: Plantaginaceae Suborder: Lamiineae Family: Orobanchaceae Family: Verbenaceae Family: Lentibulariaceae Subfamily: Viticoideae Family: Acanthaceae Subfamily: Chloanthoideae Subfamily: Nelsonioideae Subfamily: Verbenoideae Subfamily: Thunbergioideae Subfamily: Phrymatoideae Subfamily: Mendoncioideae Subfamily: Nyctanthoideae Subfamily: Acanthoideae Subfamily: Caryopteridoideae Family: Gesneriaceae Subfamily: Stilboideae Subfamily: Cyrtandroideae Subfamily: Symphorematoideae Subfamily: Gesnerioideae Subfamily: Avicermioideae Superorder: Corniflorae Family: Callitrichaceae Order: Co males Family: Lamiaceae Suborder: Rhizophorineae Subfamily: Prostantheroideae Family: Subfamily: Ajugoideae Suborder: Vitineae Subfamily: Prasioideae Family: Vitaceae Subfamily: Ocimoideae Subfamily: Vitoideae Subfamily: Catopherioideae Subfamily: Leeoideae Subfamily: Lavanduloideae Suborder: Cornineae Subfamily: Scutellarioideae Family: Nyssaceae Subfamily: Lamioideae Subfamily: Davidioideae ( Stachyoideae) Subfamily: Nyssoideae Subfamily: Tetrachondroideae Family: Cornaceae Superorder: Asteriflorae Subfamily: Mastixioideae Order: Asterales Subfamily: Curtisioideae Family: Asteraceae Subfamily: Helwingioideae Tribe: Mutisieae Subfamily: Torricellioideae Tribe: V ernonieae Subfamily: Cornoideae Tribe: Eupatorieae Family: Alangiaceae Tribe: Cardueae Family: Garryaceae Tribe: Arctoteae Tribe: Cichorieae Suborder: Haloragidineae Tribe: lnuleae Family: Haloragidaceae Tribe: Heliantheae Subfamily: Haloragidoideae ( incl. Helenieae) Subfamily: Gunneroideae Tribe: Astereae Family: Hippuridaceae Tribe: Anthemideae Suborder: Araliineae Tribe: Senecioneae Family: Araliaceae Tribe: Calenduleae APRIL 30, 1968] ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION 65

Subclass: MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

Superorder: Alismiflorae Suborder: lridineae Order: Alismales Family: lridaceae (incl. Geosiris) Family: Butomaceae Family: Family: Alismaceae Subfamily: Burmannioideae Subfamily: Limnocharitoideae Subfamily: Corsioideae Subfamily: Alismoideae Suborder: Orchidineae Family: Hydrocharitaceae Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Hydrocharitoideae Subfamily: Apostasioideae Subfamily: Vallisnerioideae Subfamily: Cypripedioideae Subfamily: Thalassioideae Subfamily: Neottioideae Subfamily: Halophiloideae Subfamily: Orchidoideae Order: Zosterales Subfamily: Epidendroideae Suborder: Aponogetonineae Superorder: Ariflorae Family: Aponogetonaceae Order: Arales Suborder: Potamogetonineae Suborder: Arineae Family: Scheuchzeriaceae Family: Araceae Subfamily: Scheuchzerioideae Subfamily: Acoroideae Subfamily: Juncaginoideae Subfamily: Pothoideae Family: Potamogetonaceae Subfamily: Monsteroideae Family: Posidoniaceae Subfamily: Calloideae Family: Zaonichelliaceae Subfamily: Lasioideae Suborder: Zosterineae Subfamily: Philodendroideae Family: Zosteraceae Subfamily: Colocasioideae Order: Najadales Subfamily: Aroideae Family: Najadaceae Subfamily: Pistioideae Superorder: Triuridiflorae Family: Lemnaceae Order: Subfamily: Lemnoideae Family: Triuridaceae Subfamily: Wolffioideae Superorder: Liliiflorae Suborder: Typhineae Order: Family: Sparganiaceae Suborder: Liliineae Family: Typhaceae Family: Order: Arecales Subfamily: Melanthioideae Family: Arecaceae Subfamily: Herrerioideae Subfamily: Coryphoideae Subfamily: Subfamily: Phoenicoideae Subfamily: Dracaenoideae Subfamily: Borassoideae Subfamily: Xanthorrhoeoideae Subfamily: Caryotoideae Subfamily: Wurmbaeoideae Subfamily: Lepidocaryoideae Subfamily: Lilioideae Subfamily: Cocosoideae Subfamily: Subfamily: Arecoideae Subfamily: Subfamily: Phytelephantoideae Subfamily: Alstroemerioideae Subfamily: Nypoideae Subfamily: Ixiolirioideae Order: Cyclanthales Subfamily: Family: Cyclanthaceae Subfamily: Agavoideae Subfamily: Carludovicoideae Subfamily: Hypoxidoideae Subfamily: Cyclanthoideae Subfamily: Haemodoroideae Order: Subfamily: Cyanastroideae . Family: Pandanaceae Subfamily: Asparagoideae Superorder: Commeliniflorae Subfamily: Ophiopogonoideae Order: Commelinales Subfamily: Aletroideae Suborder: Bromeliineae Subfamily: Luzuriagoideae Family: Bromeliaceae Subfamily: Smilacoideae Subfamily: Pitcairnioideae Family: Roxburghiaceae Subfamily: Tillandsioideae Family: Dioscoreaceae Subfamily: Bromelioideae Family: Taccaceae Family: Rapateaceae Family: Velloziaceae Subfamily: Saxofridericioideae 66 ALISO [VoL. 6, No. 4

Family: Rapateaceae (cont.) Suborder: Poineae Subfamily: Rapateoideae Family: Family: Xyridaceae Subfamily: Streptochaetoideae Suborder: Pontederiineae Subfamily: Bambusoideae Family: Pontederiaceae Subfamily: Parianoideae Family: Philydraceae Subfamily: Suborder: Juncineae Subfamily: Micrairoideae Family: Juncaceae (incl. Thurnia) Subfamily: Family: Cyperaceae Subfamily: Centothecoideae Subfamily: Cyperoideae Subfamily: Eragrostoideae Subfamily: Caricoideae Subfamily: Suborder: Commelinineae Order: Zingiberales Family: Commelinaceae Family: Musaceae Family: Mayacaceae Subfamily: Strelitzioideae Suborder: Eriocaulineae Subfamily: Musoideae Family: Eriocaulaceae Subfamily: Heliconioideae Subfamily: Eriocauloideae Family: Lowiaceae Subfamily: Paepalanthoideae Family: Zingiberaceae Suborder: Flagellariineae Subfamily: Zingiberoideae Family: Flagellariaceae Subfamily: Costoideae Family: Restionaceae Family: Cannaceae Family: Centrolepidaceae Family: Marantaceae

REFERENCES CITED International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature. 1966. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Utrecht, 399 p. Lindley, J. 1833. Nixus Plantarum. London, 28 p. Melchior, H. (Ed.) 1964. A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 12th Ed., Vol. 2, Berlin, 666 p. Thorne, R. F. 1955. The flora of Johnson County, Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 62: 155-196. -----. 1958. Some guiding principles of angiosperm phylogeny. Brittonia 10: 155-196. -----. 1963. Some problems and guiding principles of angiosperm phylogeny. Am. Naturalist 97: 287-305. -----. 1964. Some realignments in the Angiospermae as suggested by a synthesis of botanical information. In Tenth International Bot. Cong. Abstracts, Edinburgh, p. 302. -----. 1966. Families and subfamilies of flowering plants represented on postage stamps. Bio-Philately 16(2): 48-60.