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Asparagus Densiflorus SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk (Kunth) Jessop

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Asparagus Densiflorus SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk (Kunth) Jessop TAXON: Asparagus densiflorus SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk (Kunth) Jessop Taxon: Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop Family: Asparagaceae Common Name(s): asparagus fern Synonym(s): Asparagopsis densiflora Kunth foxtail fern Asparagus myriocladus Baker plume asparagus Protasparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Oberm. regal fern Sprenger's asparagus fern Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 16 Feb 2021 WRA Score: 15.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tuberous Geophyte, Naturalized, Environmental Weed, Dense Cover, Bird-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans Creation Date: 16 Feb 2021 (Asparagus densiflorus Page 1 of 18 (Kunth) Jessop) TAXON: Asparagus densiflorus SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk (Kunth) Jessop Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 y -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 16 Feb 2021 (Asparagus densiflorus Page 2 of 18 (Kunth) Jessop) TAXON: Asparagus densiflorus SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk (Kunth) Jessop Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. "Several cultivars are recognized based on differences in branching Timber Press, Portland, OR and habit." [No evidence of domestication] 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Africa Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources SOUTHERN AFRICA: Lesotho, Eswatini, South Africa [KwaZulu- Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Natal, Free State, Eastern Cape, Northern Cape, Gauteng, Limpopo, Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Mpumalanga]" https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 11 Feb 2021] 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 11 Feb 2021] Creation Date: 16 Feb 2021 (Asparagus densiflorus Page 3 of 18 (Kunth) Jessop) TAXON: Asparagus densiflorus SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk (Kunth) Jessop Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Gilman, E.F., Klein, R.W., and Hansen, G.Gilman, E.F. (2018). Asparagus densiflorus ͚Myers͛Myers Asparagus Fern. FPS-52. Revised. IFAS, University of Florida, "USDA hardiness zones: 9B through 11" Gainesville. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/. [Accessed 12 Feb 2021] Missouri Botanical Garden. (2021). Asparagus densiflorus 'Myersii'. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. "Zone: 9 to 11" [Accessed 12 Feb 2021] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop New island record Commonly cultivated, this taxon was first reported as a naturalized species in Hawai͚i by Lorence & Flynn (1999: ϰʹϱͿ͕who cited specimens collected on the island of Kaua͚i. Later, it was reported from West Maui (Oppenheimer & Bartlett, 2000: 6). It has also escaped Oppenheimer, H. L. (2003). New plant records from Maui cultivation and is naturalized on the Big Island, and has been and Hawai͚i Counties. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. observed to be spreading from plantings at Mänele Bay, Läna͚i into 73: 3-30 irrigated, landscaped areas nearby, and will likely become established there in the near future as well. Material examined: HAWAI͚I: S. Kohala Dist, ͚Anaeho͚omalu, 12 m, edge of landscaped area in Prosopis thicket, 11 Mar 2001, Oppenheimer & S. Holt H30119." Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd "Preferred Climate/s: Mediterranean, Subtropical, Tropical" Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Weber, E. 2017. Invasive Plant Species of the World, 2nd "The plant is widely used in horticulture as a ground cover, and Edition: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI several cultivars have been developed." Publishing, Wallingford, UK 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 16 Feb 2021 (Asparagus densiflorus Page 4 of 18 (Kunth) Jessop) TAXON: Asparagus densiflorus SCORE: 15.0 RATING: High Risk (Kunth) Jessop Qsn # Question Answer "Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop New island record Commonly cultivated, this taxon was first reported as a naturalized species in Hawai͚i by Lorence & Flynn (1999: ϰʹϱͿ͕who cited specimens collected on the island of Kaua͚i. Later, it was reported from West Maui (Oppenheimer & Bartlett, 2000: 6). It has also escaped Oppenheimer, H. L. (2003). New plant records from Maui cultivation and is naturalized on the Big Island, and has been and Hawai͚i Counties. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. observed to be spreading from plantings at Mänele Bay, Läna͚i into 73: 3-30 irrigated, landscaped areas nearby, and will likely become established there in the near future as well. Material examined: HAWAI͚I: S. Kohala Dist, ͚Anaeho͚omalu, 12 m, edge of landscaped area in Prosopis thicket, 11 Mar 2001, Oppenheimer & S. Holt H30119." "Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop New island record Previously reported from Kaua͚i (Lorence & Flynn, 1999) and Maui (Oppenheimer & Bartlett, 2000), this widely planted ornamental Kraus, F. (2003). New records of alien plants and animals native to southern Africa is common at its newly reported locality on in Hawai͚i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 74: 76-78 O͚ahu. Material examined: O͚AHU: Honolulu: Makiki, eastern slope of east side of Maunalaha Trail, 30 Mar 2001, F. Kraus, Kraus 02 (BISH)." "Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop New island record This South African species (Neal, 1965: 209) is widely planted in resort and home landscaping and was first reported as naturalized by Lorence & Oppenheimer, H.L. & Bartlett, R.T. (2000). New plant Flynn (1999: ϰʹϱͿ͘It is naturalized on Maui as well. The voucher is records from Maui, O͚ahu, and the Hawai͚i Islands. Bishop referable to cultivar ͚Sprengeri͛͘Material examined: MAUI: West Museum Occasional Papers 64: 1-10 Maui, Lahaina District, Honokahua, near Häwea Pt, on coastal bluffs and in clay soil in Scaevola coastal shrubland, 12 m, 12 Sep 1999, Oppenheimer H99909." "Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop New island record. Popular in cultivation and recently documented as a naturalized element of the Hawaiian flora from the islands of Kaua͚i (Lorence & Flynn 1999: ϰʹ ϱͿ͕O͚ahu (Kraus 2003: 76), Maui (Oppenheimer & Bartlett 2000: 6), Oppenheimer, H. (2007). New plant records from and Hawai͚i (Oppenheimer 2003: 14), A. densiflorus was observed at Moloka͚ŝ͕>ĈŶĂ͚i, Maui, and Hawai͚i for 2006. Bishop least as early as 2000 to be escaping from cultivation on Läna͚i, and Museum Occasional Papers 96:17-34 can now be considered naturalized there.
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