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Home , Han Feizi, Shen Dao

The Man and the Work

BERTIL LUNDAHL

Stockholm East Asian Monographs No. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii PREFACE ix ABBREVIATIONS xi

1: HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1 Xia, Shang, and Zhou 2 Towards a new administrative system 5 Economic changes 6 The development of a legal system 7 PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND 9 The Confucians 10 The Mohists 12 TheDaoists 16 The teachings of Huang-Lao (|f =£) 20 The Legalists 21 H # 24 ZiChan ^flg 25 DengXifflf/f 26 LiKui^ 27 WuQi^gl 28 fi& 29 ShenBuhaiE^lF 33 j£f IJ 38 Characteristics of Legalist thought 40

2: THE BIOGRAPHY OF 42 The year of his birth 44 Han Fei and his relationship to Xun Zi 46 Han Fei's mission to 51 The situation for the state of Han 54 The King of Han's situation 56 Han Fei's situation 57 The reason for his death 62 The year of his death 66

3: THE WORK HAN FEI ZI 69 The compiler and the amount of juan and pian 73

ill The name of the work 74 The editions 75 The Qiandao f^jtt edition - copied and printed by Wu Zi ^pjE 77 The Qiandao edition - copied by Zhang Dunren JjtffciZ 77 The Qiandao edition - copied by Qian Zeng |§ |f (Shugu tang j£"£j|£ ) 78 A comparison of the different copies of the Qiandao edition 78 The Daozang jUJIs edition 79 The Yongxian jfg^ W and Yuping jtjf^ editions 80 Other editions 81 Fragments preserved in other works 82 Chinese commentaries and translations 83 Japanese commentaries and translations 86 Translations into European languages 89 Bibliographies and indices 90

4: THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE WORK 92 THE AUTHENTICITY DEBATE 93 HuShi #]jg 94 Liang Qichao %&£M 95 Towards more systematic studies 96 Chen Qianjun W^^ 97 RongZhaozu^H?§ 98 Zhang Xincheng 3g/L>$( 10° Kimura Eiichi if.i&1$L— 101 Chen Qitian W&R 102 Pan Chonggui &MM 1 04 Other works from the 1960s up to the present times 105 SOME GENERAL PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE WORK 107 What is meant by authentic? 107 The role of the disciples and the followers of Han Fei's school 108 Inconsistencies 110 Terms that have been considered dubious 113 Purpose, form, and style 122 Different stages in the development of Han Fei's thought? 124 Were some chapters written during early Han? 125 The quotations from the Lao Zi in the two works 128 The fusion of Legalist and Daoist thought 129

IV Grammar 131 Rhymes 132 Taboos 134 Han Fei's relationship to Daoism 136 The Shiji and the Han Fei Zi 137

5: THE AUTHENTIC CHAPTERS 139 CHAPTERS FOR WHICH THERE IS EXTERNAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT HAN FEI'S AUTHORSHIP 139 Wu du 2L§J 139 Xian xue $jtl|§ 141 Gufen Hifft 142 Shui nan |j£ij£ 143 Nei wai chushuo $J^H§fg% 146 Shuolinf&jvfc 153 The four "Nan" chapters: W~~ » WL— * W=- » 18123 154 HAN FEI'S PREDECESSORS AND THE CENTRAL IDEAS IN HIS SYSTEM OF THOUGHT 158 Ding ^& 158 Nan shi |ilf£ 161 THE DIFFICULTIES IN PERSUADING THE RULER 163 Nan J$|]tf 163 He shi fa j& 165 SELF-DEFEATING BEHAVIOR AND DOUBLE STANDARDS 167 Guishi HHUi 167 Liu fan AS 167 Bashuo Ai£ 169 Wenbian f&Sffifc 170 DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR PRAISED BY THE WORLD 171 Zhong xiao JS^ 171 THE THREATENED RULER AND THE WAY HE SHOULD COPE WITH THE THREATS 173 Ai chen 3?E 174 Youdu 'ffilc 175 Er bing —^ 179 Bajian A^ 182 Jian jie shi chen ^S]^E 184 San shou H^ 185 Bei nei Hi ft 186 Nan mian ^® 187 Chi xie ^fe5FB 189 Bajing A.M. 192 194

PORTENTS OF RUIN TO BE OBSERVED BY THE RULER 197 Wang zheng "£f& 197 CHAPTERS HAVING A DAOIST TONE WHICH ARE WRITTEN BY HAN FEI 198 Zhudao ijf 198 Yang quan WiM (Yang que £&) 202 CHAPTERS COMPILED BY FOLLOWERS OF HAN FEI 207 Renzhu A£ 207 WenTian f^ffl 208 A CHAPTER CONTAINING HAN FEI'S WORDS BUT PROBABLY NOT COMPILED BY MEMBERS OF HIS SCHOOL 209 CunHan^fl 209

6: CHAPTERS THAT ARE NOT AUTHENTIC 210 ChujianQin^J!^ 210 Shi guo +3® 215 CHAPTERS 20-21 218 219 235 CHAPTERS 24-29 241 Guanxing ||^T 246 Anwei^jg; 247 Shoudao^jf 250 Yongren^A 25° Gongming jtjig 255 Dating 257 Conclusive remarks 258 CHAPTERS 53-55 260 Chi Ling ft^ 260 263 264 CONCLUSION 265

BIBLIOGRAPHY 268 APPENDIX 290 INDEX 296

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