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Medicinal Plant Biotechnology the Gayatri Mantra

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Medicinal Plant Biotechnology the Gayatri Mantra Medicinal Plant Biotechnology The Gayatri Mantra 3G3E9 : 9: +<J9+E96 ;5> 3J -;9 5 ..4A=, ..56 56 /: \!6-5-+ Aum Bhur Bhuvah Swah, Tat Savitur Varenyam Bhargo Devasya Dhimahi, Dhiyo Yo Nah Prachodayat Aum: Symbol of the Para Brahman; The primeval sound Bhur: Physical plane Bhuvah: Astral plane Swah: Celestial plane, spiritual world Tat: Transcedent Parmatman Savitur: The Sun, Creator, Preserver Varenyam: Fit to be worshipped; most adorable, enchanting Bhargo: Remover of sins and ignorance; Glory Effulgence Devasya: Resplendent; shining Dheemahi: We meditate upon Dhiyo: The Intellect; Understanding Yo: May this light Nah: Our Prachodyat: Enlighten; Guide; Impel, Inspire “We meditate on the Divine Mother’s glory, Who is the Protector, the basis of all life, Who is self-existent, Who is free from all pains and Whose very contact frees the soul from all troubles, Who pervades the Universe and sustains all, the Creator and Energizer of the whole Universe, the Giver of happiness, Who is the embodiment of Knowledge and Light, Who is Pure and the Purifier of all, let us embrace the Divine Mother, so that She may enlighten our intellects.” This book is dedicated with love to Her children Tanmay and Geetansh Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Editor Rajesh Arora, PhD Scientist Defence Research and Development Service Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (Defence Research and Development Organization) Delhi, India CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Office CABI North American Nosworthy Way Office Wallingford 875 Massachusetts Avenue Oxfordshire OX10 8DE 7th Floor UK Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +1 617 354 6875 Website: www.cabi.org E-mail: [email protected] © CAB International 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Medicinal plant biotechnology / editor: Rajesh Arora. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-678-5 (alk. paper) 1. Medicinal plants--Biotechnology. I. Arora, Rajesh. II. C.A.B. International. III. Title. TP248.27.P55M436 2011 615'.32--dc22 2010016962 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 678 5 CABI South Asia Edition: 978 1 84593 855 0 Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutts Production editor: Fiona Chippendale Printed and bound in the UK from copy supplied by the authors by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham Contents Contributors viii Preface xi Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xiv About the Editor xv SECTION I Plant Biotechnology and Medicine 1. Emerging Trends in Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Rajesh Arora, Archana Mathur and Ajay K. Mathur 1 2. Medicinal Compounds Produced in Plant Cell Factories Suvi T. Häkkinen and Anneli Ritala 13 SECTION II Natural Resource Management (Biodiversity Conservation and Genetic Diversity Screening) 3. Biotechnological Characterization of Different Populations of an Endangered Medicinal Herb– Podophyllum hexandrum Royle. Hemant Lata and Suman Chandra 36 4. Traditional and Biotechnological Strategies for Conservation of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle– A Case Study Amit C. Kharkwal, Dharam Singh, Om Prakash, Deepshikha Pande Katare, Ajit Varma, Amita Bhattacharaya and Paramvir Singh Ahuja 48 5. Microsatellite Markers: Potential and Opportunities in Medicinal Plants Atul Grover, Ankit Jain and P.C. Sharma 71 SECTION III Micropropagation (Quality Assurance and Quality Control) v vi Contents 6. In vitro Propagation of Medicinal Plants for Conservation and Quality Assurance Chris Wawrosch 93 7. Propagation of Elite Cannabis sativa L. for the Production of %9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) using Biotechnological Tools Suman Chandra, Hemant Lata, Ikhlas A. Khan and Mahmoud A. ElSohly 98 SECTION IV In Vitro Secondary Metabolite Production 8. In Vitro Saponin Production in Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures Archana Mathur and Ajay K. Mathur 115 9. Podophyllotoxin and Related Lignans: Biotechnological Production by In Vitro Plant Cell Cultures Iliana Ionkova 138 SECTION V Harnessing the Potential of Hairy Root Cultures and Plant–Microbe Interactions 10. Hairy Root Culture: Copying Nature in New Bioprocesses M. Georgiev, Jutta Ludwig-Müller and Thomas Bley 156 11. Genetic Transformation of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. for Augmenting Secondary Metabolite Production Rajesh Arora, Archana Mathur, Ajay K. Mathur and C.M. Govil 176 12. Podophyllum Endophytic Fungi John R. Porter 197 13. Biotechnology of Himalayan Vinca major and V. minor Rajesh Arora, Ajay K. Mathur, Archana Mathur and C.M. Govil 207 SECTION VI Metabolomics and Metabolic Engineering 14. Analytical Platforms and Databases Ranging from Plant Transcriptomics to Metabolomics Tetsuya Sakurai, Kenji Akiyama and Kazuki Saito 222 Contents vii SECTION VII Bioinformatics: Interfacing Biotechnology and Bioinformatics 15. Docking-based Virtual Screening of Anticancer Drugs Feroz Khan, Abha Meena and Ashok Sharma 244 SECTION VIII Molecular Characterization of Medicinal Plants 16. Population Structure and Molecular Characterization of Podophyllum hexandrum of the Northwestern Himalayas Pradeep K. Naik, Shri Ram and Harvinder Singh 267 SECTION IX Molecular Farming 17. Plant Virus Vector Systems for the Production and Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals Rofina Yasmin Othman and Noor Hasima Nagoor 277 18. Novel Medicinal Plants for the Production and Delivery of Vaccines Simone Reichwein and H. Warzecha 287 SECTION X Leads from Chemistry, Nanotechnology and Pharmacology for Future Biotechnological Interventions 19. Noscapinoids: a New Class of Anticancer Drugs Demand Biotechnological Intervention Harish C. Joshi, Asmita Salil, Usha Bughani and Pradeep K. Naik 303 20. Recent Developments in Biotechnology and Chemistry of Podophyllum Abha Chaudhary, Bikram Singh and Paramvir Singh Ahuja 321 21. Plant-expressed Recombinant Griffithsin: a Protein with Potent Broad Spectrum Inhibitory Effects against Enveloped Viruses J. Calvin Kouokam and Kenneth E. Palmer 334 22. Camptothecins: SAR, QSAR and Biotechnology Rajeshwar P. Verma 346 Index 358 Contributors Paramvir Singh Ahuja, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India Kenji Akiyama, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Japan Rajesh Arora, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110009, India Amita Bhattacharya, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India Thomas Bley, Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Dresden University of Technology, Bergstrasse 120, D-01069 Dresden, Germany Usha Bughani, Laboratory of Drug Discovery, Design and Research, Department of Cell Biology, 455 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA-30322-3030, USA Suman Chandra, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA Abha Chaudhary, Natural Plant Products Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur-176061, India Mahmoud A. ElSohly, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA. Milen I. Georgiev, Department of Microbial Biosynthesis and Biotechnologies– Laboratory in Plovdiv, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria C.M. Govil, Department of Botany, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut-250005, India Atul Grover, University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110403, India Suvi Häkkinen, Plant Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland Iliana Ionkova, Biotechnology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria Ankit Jain, University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110403, India Harish C. Joshi, Laboratory of Drug Discovery, Design and Research, Department of Cell Biology, 455 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA-30322-3030, USA Deepshikha Pande Katare, Amity Institute of Pharmacy (AIP), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector 44, Noida-201303, India Ikhlas A. Khan, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA Feroz Khan, Metabolic and Structural Biology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow 226015, India viii Contributors ix Amit C. Kharkwal, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology (AIMT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Block 'E-3', IVth Floor, Sector 125, Noida-201303, India J. Calvin Kouokam, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Owensboro Cancer Research Program, 1020 Breckenridge Street, Suite 201, Owensboro, Kentucky 42303, USA Hemant Lata, National
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