PRICE VARIATION OF VEGETABLES IN DIFFERENT SEASONS WITH REFERENCE TO ORGANIZED RETAILERS Doctoral Thesis Submitted In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In MANAGEMENT By SHAKIL ANWAR SIDDIQUE Under the guidance of Dr. Amar Eron Tigga Dr. Birendra Goswami (Research Co-Supervisor) (Research Supervisor) Professor Assistant Professor XISS, Ranchi, ICFAI University Jharkhand Jharkhand, India Ranchi, India ICFAI UNIVERSITY JHARKHAND RANCHI JULY, 2019 THESIS COMPLETION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research thesis titled – “Price Variation of Vegetables in Different Seasons with reference to Organized Retailers” submitted by Mr. Shakil Anwar Siddique, in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management by the ICFAI University Jharkhand is an original work carried out by him under our joint guidance. It is certified that the work has not been submitted anywhere else for the award of any other Degree or Diploma of this or any other University. We also certify that he complied with the Plagiarism Guidelines of the University. Dr. Amar Eron Tigga Dr. Birendra Goswami Professor Assistant Professor Xavier Institute of Social ICFAI University Jharkhand Service (XISS) Ranchi, India Ranchi, India (Research Supervisor) (Research Co-Supervisor) ii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I declare that this thesis entitled “Price Variation of Vegetables in Different Seasons with reference to Organized Retailers” submitted by me in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the ICFAI University Jharkhand, Ranchi is my own work. It contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. I further state that I complied with the plagiarism guidelines of the university, while preparing the thesis. (Shakil Anwar Siddique) UID No. 14JU11300023 Date: Place: iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is really a matter of pleasure for me to get an opportunity to thank all the persons who contributed directly or indirectly for the successful completion of the Theses, ―Price Variation of Vegetables in Different Seasons with reference to Organized Retailers‖. At first, I would like to thank Dr. Birendra Goswami, my Ph.D. supervisor and Dr. Amar Eron Tigga, my Ph.D. Co supervisor. Both of them have been inspiring, challenging and supportive in equal measure, and I consider myself very privileged to have worked under their guidance and support. I am indebted to the Research Board of the ICFAI University Jharkhand headed by honorable Vice-Chancellor of the University that contributed in enabling a quality research by way of its suggestions in the various half- yearly progress reviews and would like to specifically thank our respected Vice Chancellor (Prof. O R S Rao)for his constant support and encouragement. I would like to thank Dr. B. M. Singh, Dr. Rumna Bhatcharraya, Dr. K. K. Nag, Dr. Hari Haran, Dr. Raj Kumar, Dr. Mridanish Jha, and Dr. Sudipto Majumdar, Dr. Pallavi Kumari for their constant support. I would also like to thank all the staff-members of ICFAI University Jharkhand, my colleagues and my fellow research scholars for their help all throughout the journey of my Ph.D. I would also thank to my department colleagues, college colleagues for their endless support and cooperation throughout the journey of my PhD. iv Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Vanshi Dhar for his kind effort and cooperation. My deepest gratitude to God Almighty for his grace and blessings in completing my Ph.D. Program. Last but not the least I am particularly grateful to all my relatives, I would like to thank My Mom and Dad, my Wife, my Sons (Tamjid & Tanzeel), my Brother, Sister-in-law, My niece and nephew (Tasneem & Tahmeed) who had scarified and contributed a lot throughout my Ph.D. journey. I would not have been able to do this without their constant encouragement and support. (Shakil Anwar Siddique) UID No. 14JU11300023 Date: Place: v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY After China the second largest in population with various socio economical groups of peoples is India. Similar to dialects, their food habits also vary with every kilometer. The vegetables are basic piece of the day by day diet in India. From the most sections of the population, the vegetables are in great demand throughout the year. As the vegetables constitute of major source of minerals and vitamins it was found that globally there are around 2.7 million annually deaths happen because of low consumption of vegetables, Sachdeva et al, (2013). The vegetables are perishable products under the natural conditions. The changing socio-economic scenario of Indian consumers and also change in processing and pattern of trade, the commercial value of vegetables has risen substantially. In India the average monthly expenditure per capita on vegetables was Rs.87.33 (rural) and Rs. 112.44 (urban) which has increased manifold in present time [NSSO Survey 2009 -10]. Their financial significance has additionally expanded and high work force in the generation of most vegetable creation likewise makes them significantly from the business edge. Sharma, (1991). Increment in regional distribution under plant crops - proposed as a measure for horticultural broadening, expanded business and pay. Malik (1998) In light of these problems, this research hopes to assess the economic situation for vegetables from farmers to organized sector. This topic itself becomes very important as stable price helps both the consumers and farmer. This also helps in economic growth and development of a region/country. vi The findings of the study may help to provide a better path in terms of quality and price of green vegetables. In light of these problems, this study seeks to assess the market environment for vegetables in the organized retail sector. It will examine various aspects of vegetable marketing such as market infrastructure, marketing practices, marketing costs etc. in the wholesale markets in the selected area. The study will further attempt to identify the prevailing value chain and the variation of price of the vegetables from the Farmer → The Mahajans → The Agent → The Wholesaler → The Retailer → The Consumer in terms of costs, prices and their shares in the selected markets. Prices of vegetables are governed by the law of supply and demand. When the supply of any vegetable exceeds the demand for that product, prices tend to be lower than average. If we talk about the perishable product it very sensitive regarding the price and that due to following reasons: 1. Very short shelf- life 2. Local production system 3. Import and export are very limited 4. These perishable products i.e. vegetables consumed locally 5. Very low influences are there by the distant consumers 6. Consumers also prefer the local products due to its freshness and quality 7. These products are sensitive to production due to environmental and climate factor. 8. Other factors are also important in price influence. The farmers are the only reason why an organized retail are in vegetables business and providing fresh vegetables to their end users, so satisfying the vii farmers will ultimately make retail business like Reliance Fresh, Big Bazaar, Vegfresh more profitable in terms of Perishable food products. There is a need to feature the significance of a farmer‘s administration in worth arrangement. An atmosphere that accentuates graciousness, ability and a workplace that advances solid working relationship and strengthening. The goal of this Research is to get help from farmer's input for not just recognize issue zones with respect to the development of vegetables yet in addition give the most ideal cost to their work. This examination will likewise show to farmers that we give it a second thought and are proactive in searching for approaches to improve the administration. The present research was gone through different phrases which are following: STAGE -1: Visit to the different area of Ranchi city like Brambe, Mandar, Chanho, Bero and Pithoria know about the total presence of farmers. The second side was known since it is regarding the organized retail stores in Ranchi which are in limited numbers. STAGE 2: The next stage was to interact with the farmers and take their feedback on the questionnaire regarding the production of vegetables, kind of land they use for the cultivation, the total area of cultivation of different vegetables, the seasons variety of vegetables, the cost of production of these vegetables, the post harvest losses if any, who fixes the prices of these vegetables, major constraints regarding the marketing and production of these vegetables. On the second hand of the stage-2, the organized retailer were interviewed regarding the processing of these vegetables, purchasing and selling of these vegetables, cost of transportation, packaging, merchandising, reprocessing, viii or any other cost. Other than the cost they are also interviewed regarding the storage facilities and availability of distributors/intermediaries in this business. STAGE-3: Analysis was done on the basis of the questionnaire filled up and the suggestions made by the respondents. Further analyzing the researcher found that this research named ―Price Variation of Vegetables in Different Seasons With Reference To Organized Retailers‖ was really the worthwhile