330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 321 320 319 318 317 316 315 314 313 312 311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299

RRC (Crawford) number 1 2

5th-4th century BC - AES Rude (unmarked lumps of bronze)

AES Signatum (marked bronze ingots) AES Signatum (marked bronze ingots) 3.29g 6.6g after 326

KEY TO METALLIC COMPOSITION

GOLD TIMELINE of ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE

SILVER

COPPER & BRASS

BC Second Samnite War 330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 321 320 319 318 317 316 315 314 313 312 311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 292 291 290 289 288 287 286 285 284 283 282 281 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 272 271 270 269 268 267

13,14Anonymous 15,16Anonymous 17Anonymous

289 BC Insitution of tresviri monetales established

Didrachm 7.41g 7.21g 7.05g

AES Signatum (marked bronze ingots) of various weights, based on a 5 As ingot of c. 1600g

AES Grave c. 280-211 Semi-Libral weight standard

Libral weight standard denominational relationships As 1 As 'I' 322g As 'I'

Semis 1/2 Semis 'S' 161g 1/2 As, 6 Uncia Semis 'S'

Triens 1/3 Triens '****' 107g 1/3 As, 4 Uncia Triens '****'

Quadrans 1/4 Quadrans '***' 81g 1/4 As, 3 Uncia Quadrans '***'

Sextans 1/6 Sextans '**' 54g 1/6 As, 2 Uncia Sextans '**'

Uncia 1/12 Uncia '*' 27g 1/12 As Uncia '*' 22g

Semuncia 1/24 Semuncia S 13.5g 1/24 As, 1/2 Uncia

Double Litra 9.57g The Litra is probably related to the Didrachm Litra 4.79g AE Litra 5.17g Third Samnite War Pyrric War 298 297 296 295 294 293 292 291 290 289 288 287 286 285 284 283 282 281 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 272 271 270 269 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250 249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 Anonymous 24Anonymous 25

6.75g Didrachm 6.75g

Drachm 3.38g

Tressis 'III' 810g 3 Asses

Dupondius 'S' 540g 2 Asses

265g As 'I' 272g

132g Semis 'S' 135g

88.3g Triens '****' 90g

66g Quadrans '***' 67g

44.2g Sextans '**' 45g

Uncia '*' 22.5g

Litra 3.38g

First Punic War 266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250 249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 231 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208 207 206 205 204 203

26Anonymous 27Anonymous 28Anonymous 38 41Anonymous Manlius Vulso Aelius Cornelius Dolabella Aurunculeius 125Q. Lutatius Catalus or Cerco Stater 6.75g 60 As 'VX' 3.35g

Half Stater 3.38g 40 As 'XXXX' 2.23g

20 As 'XX' 1.12g

Didrachm-Quadrigatus 6.75g Debased by up to 70% Double Victoriatus (15 Asses) 6.75g

Denarius (10 Asses) 'X' 4.5g 4.2g

1/2 Drachm-Quadrigatus 3.38g Victoriatus (7.5 Asses) 3.4g 3.15g

Quinarius (5 Asses) 'V' 2.25g

1/2 Victoriatus (3.25 Asses) 1.7g

Sestertius (2.5 Asses) IIS' 1.13g Weights nominal - more than one standard applies Cast Decussis 'X' (10 Asses) 1320g

Cast Quincussis 'V' (5 Asses) 660g weights vary according to mint Cast Tressis 'III' (3 Asses) 396g Sextantal weight standard Cast Dupondius 'II' (2 Asses) 264g Dupondius 2 Asses 27g

266g As 'prow' 'I' 251g Cast As 132g As 44g 36g

133g Semis 'prow' 'S' 122g Cast/struck Semis 66g Semis 20.3g 18g

89g Triens 'prow' '****' 94g Cast Triens 44g Triens 13.8g 12g

66g Quadrans 'prow' '***' 72g Cast Quadrans 33g Quadrans 9.7g 9g

44g Sextans 'prow' '**' 40g Struck Sextans 22g Sextans 6.9g 6g

22g Uncia 'prow' '*' 20.5g Struck Uncia 11g Uncia 4.4g 3g

Double Litra 6.75g Struck Semuncia 5.5g Semuncia 2.2g

Struck Quartuncia 3-4g Dextans 10 Uncia 37.5g

1/2 Litra 1.69g Quincunx 5 Uncia 18.75g First Illyrian War 2nd Punic (Hannibalic) War 234 233 232 231 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208 207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 194 193 192 191 190 189 188 187 186 185 184 183 182 181 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171

126Terentius Varro 132 Metellus Caecilius 133(Baebius)Tamphilus 134Plautius Hypsaeus 138P. Maenius 141Todus 143Maenius 144L. Furius Philus 146L. Autronius 147Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus 148Q. Marius 149L. Mamilius 150Titinius + S. Furius 152Sextus Quinctilius + Calpurnius Piso 154L. Coelius 155Furius Purpurio 161(Iuventius) Thalna 162Matienus 151 153 Coloured sections indicate a span of years

Denarius 3.9g

Victoriatus 2.9g

As 31.5g

Semis 15.6g

Triens 10.5g

Quadrans 7.9g

Sextans 5.3g

Uncia

Semuncia 1.3g

2nd Macedonian War Roman-Syrian War 3rd Macedonian War 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 194 193 192 191 190 189 188 187 186 185 184 183 182 181 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139

173 C. Cluvius Saxula 174A. Caecilius 176Pae(tus) 178 (L. Cornelius) Cinna 180 C. (Cluvius) Sax(ula)? 185(A. Terentius) Varro 187 (Furius) Purpurio 188Q. Opeimius 189P. Cornelius Blasio 191Valerius 193 Turdus (Papirius) Anonymous Anonymous 199Sextus Atilius? + Pinarius Natta? 201 C. Scribonius? + Thalna? 203 C. Maianius 204L. Saufeius 205P. Cornelius Sulla 206 Safra + (Decimius) Flavus 208Pinarius Natta + L. Iteius + C. Iunius 214 Saranus + Marcius Libo + Semronius 217Terentius Lucanus + L. Cupienius 219 C. Antestius 220M. Iunius 221T. Annius Rufus 222Anonymous 223 C. Curiatius Trigeminus 224Ivlius + Nomentanus +Titinius 227Audidius Rusticus + Valerius Flaccus 229Aurelius Cotta + A. Spurius 200 202 209 215 218 225 228 230 210 216 226

211 Q. Caecillius Metulus Macedonicus 155-149 BC (As)

revaluation Denarius =16 Asses XVI mark

As 31.5g

Semis 15.6g Semis

Triens 10.5g

Quadrans 7.9g Quadrans

Sextans 5.3g

Uncia 2.6g Uncia 2.6g Uncia 2.5g

4th Macedonian War Lusitanian War 3rd Macedonian War 3rd Punic War 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 Cn. Gellius + P. (Aelius) Paetus Trio + Gragulus +Servilius Augurinus +Aburius +M. Marcius Maenius Antias +Aburius +Fabrinius Postumius Albinus +M. L.Opimius & Acilius +Metellus +Vargunteius Sextus Ivlius Caesar +Q. Philippus T. Cloelius +Cn. Domitius Metellus +Servilius +Q.Vatia Maximus M. Porcius Laeca +Metellus + Balbus Q. Fabius Labeo C. Porcius Cato +Fannius M. Papirius Carbo +Q. Minucius Rufus T. Veturius T. +Sex. Pompeius+Tampilus Tregeminus+ Trebanius Tregeminus+ Trebanius +Minucius Augurinus +Calpurnius Numitorius +Minucius Cassius Longinus Q. +T. Flaminus +Pictor C. Plautius +Cn. Papirius Carbo Tullius M. Furius Philus M. L. Licinius Crassus and Dom. Ahenobarbus Marcius Q. Cipius Cetegus +M. +Mn. C. Fonteius Aemilius Lepidus +Philippus Nerva +T. Didius +Torquatus Quinctilius Blasio +Ti. +L. Caesius Pulcher & Manlius Mancinus & Urbinus Claudius Pulcher +Porcius Laeca Chilo +Aquillius +Memmius +Cerco FlaccusFonteius +Mn. Herennius +M. 232 234 237 240 243 246 249 252 255 258 260 263 266 269 273 274 276 278 280 281 282 283 284 Curtius Domitius, Calidius, Silus +M.Sergius 287 290 292 296 299 300 302 306 233 235 238 241 244 247 250 253 256 259 261 264 267 270 275 277 279 285 288 291 293 297 301 303 307 236 239 242 245 248 251 254 257 262 265 268 271 286 289 294 298 304 308 295 305

Star mark

As

Semis 9g Semis

Triens Triens c. 6.5g Quadrans c. 6.5g

Sextans ?g Sextans 2.1g Sextans ?g

Uncia 2.8g Uncia Uncia

Semiuncia

Dodrans = (9/12 As) 'S***' 12.7g

Bes =(8/12 As) 'S**' 10.3g Tiberius Gracchus killed Jururthine War 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 Cotta +Tubulus Cotta +Thorius Balbus Saturninus Appuleius +Coelius Caldus L. Iulius Caesar Cassius+L. Caecianus Cassius Caecianus Hadrianus +Fabius L. Iulius +Lucilius Rufus +Fundanius Sentius +L. P. (Vettius) Sabinus T. Cloelius C. Egnatuleius +l. Pomponius Molo &Malleolus Albinus & Metellus C. Allius Bala Iunius Silanus + 'L.P.D.A.P Porcius L. Cato + Titurius Sabinus Lentulus Clodianus Censorinus +Marcius +Rubrius Fonteius M. Dossenus +Memmius C.L. + Gargonius Critonius & Fannius M. L. Iulius Bursio + Fonteius Mn. Lic.+Longinus Macer & Crassipes +F. Salinator below see below see L. Procilius +C. Publicius Manlius +A. ClaudiusBalbus +Ti. Volteius +M. Nero L. Cassius Lomginus L. FlaccusRutilius +P. Satrienus L. Rustius +C. Egnatius Maxumus C. Egnatius Maxumus +Lentulus +Mensor M. Servilius +Rullus +Rullus M.Servilius +Piso/Caepio +Lentulus +Q. Frugi Piso Calpurnius Pansa +Vibius Titius +Laterensis C.Norbanus Sulla +Cornelius 311 +Sulpicius Asiaticus Scipio Galeria +Memmius 314 317 319 321 323 327 331 332 333 335 336 337 340 343 345 347 350 352 354 557 360 369 379 382 386 387 389 391 312 315 318 320 322 324 328 334 338 341 344 346 348 351 353 355 558 to to 380 383 388 390 392 313 316 325 329 342 349 356 559 368 378 381 384 393 326 330

Aureus 10.8g

Denarius Denarius

Quinarius Quinarius 1.978g

Sestertius 0.95g 82 BC 360 Crepusius & Limetanus & Censorinus 361 P. Crepusius 362 C. MamiliusLimetanus 363 L. Censorinus 364 Antonius Balbus 365 C. Valerius Flaccus 366 C. Annius 367 Sulla & L. Manli Torquatus Uncial Semiuncial 368 Sulla

As As As As As 13.5g

Uncial Semis Semis 5.7g

Uncial Triens Triens 5.2g 81 BC Uncial Quadrans Quadrans 369 M. Metellus (restored) 370 C. Servilius (restored) Uncial Sextans 371 Maximus (restored) 372 Postumius Albinus 373 Anonymous 374 Q. Caecilius Metelus Pius 375 Q? 376 EX S.C.? 377 L. Volumnius Strabo 377 C. Marius Capito Sulla invades Rome Gaius Marius forced to retire Social Wars Mithridatic Wars 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 Postumius +Sabula +Lentulus +Plaetorius PomponiusQ. Rufus Rocus Crepereiius Q. +Mn. L. Naso Axsius Aquillius +Pompeius Calenus & Scaevola +T. Sabinus Vettius Cestianus +P. Plaetorius Sulpicius Galba C. Hostidius Geta PomponiusQ. Musa L. Manlius Torquatus L. Roscius Fabatus L. Cassius Longinus +L. Furius Brocchus Paullus Lepidus +L. Scribonius Libo P. Plautius Hypsaeus Sufenus Nonius M. P. Plautius Hypsaeus +M. Aemilius Scaurus C. Servilus +C. Consididius Nonianus Philippus Corn. +Faustus Sulla +Memmius +Q. Iunius Brutus M. Pompeius Rufus Valerius Messalla M. L. Vinicius C. Coelius Caldus +Servius Sulpicius P. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus below see below see below see below see below see below see below see 394 398 399 400 403 405 407 408+M. Frugi Piso C.Calpurnius Cestianus Plaetorius 410 411 412 413 415 418+M. Frugi Piso C.Calpurnius Lepidus Aemilius 420 421 422 423 425 428 +Capito Longinus Cassius +Plancius +Plautius 433 435 436 437 439 440 448 453 463 472 480 484 395 401 404 406 409 414 416 419 424 426 429 434 438 to to to to to 481 to 396 402 417 427 430 447 452 462 471 479 482 493 397 431 483 432 Aureus 10.8g Aureus 8-8.4g

1/2 Aureus

3.9g

Quinarius 1.9g

49 BC 46 BC Sestertius 0.95g 440 Q. Sicinius 463 Mn. Cordius Rufus 441 Cn. Nerius 464 T. Carisius As 17.6g 442 Mn. Acilius Glabrio 465 C. Considius Paetus 43 BC 443 Julius Caesar 466 A. Hirtius & Caesar 484 Mark Antony 444 Q. Sicinius & C. Coponius 467/8 Julius Caesar 485 L. Flaminius Chilo 445 Lentulus & Marcellus 468 Julius Caesar 486 P. Accoleius Lariscola 446 Pompey & Calpurnius Piso 469 Pompey & M. Publicius 487 Petillius Capitolinus 447 Pompey & Varro 470 Pompey & Minatius 488/9 Mark Antony 471 Pompey 490 C. Caesar (Octavian) 48 BC 45 BC 491 C. Cestius & L. Norbanus 448 L. Hostilius Saserna 472 L. Papius Celsus 492 Mark Antony 449 C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus 473 Lollius Palicanus 493 C. Caesar (Octavian) 450 D. Iunius Brutus Albinus 474 L. Valerius Acisculus 42 BC 451 Brutus and Pansa 475 Plancus & Caesar 494 Regulus & Clodius & Longus & Varus 452 Julius Caesar 476 C. Clovius & Caesar 495 M. Lepidus 47 BC 477 Sextus Pompey 496 Mark Antony 453 L. Plautius Plancus 478 Eppius & Pompey 497 C. Caesar (Octavian) 454 A. Licinius Nerva 479 Pompey 498/9 Cassius Longinus & M. Aquinus 455 C. Antius Restio 500 Cassius & Brutus & Lentulus 456 Julius Caesar 44 BC 501 Brutus 457 A. Allienus 480 Bucca, Mettius, Macer & Maridianus 502 Brutus & L. Sestius 458 Julius Caesar 482 Caesar 503 Brutus 459 Metellus Pius Scipio 482 Caesar 504 Brutus & C. Flavius Hemic 460 Scipio & Crassus 483 Nasidius 505 Cassius & Brutus & Servilius 461 Scipio & Eppius 506 Brutus & Costa 462 M. Porcius Cato Uticensis 507 Brutus & Casca Longus 508 Brutus & Plaetorius Cestianus 509 Q. Cornuficius 510 L. Staius Murcus Pompey clears Mediterranean of pirates 511 Pompey Caesar assasinated Third Mithridatic War First Triumvirate Gallic Wars Caesar defeats Optimates 2nd Triumvirate 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

OCTAVIAN - AUGUSTUS 493 below see 512 below see 520 below see 527 below see 533 &Antony M. &Octavian Agrippa 536 &Antony M. Octavian 539 &Antony M. Octavian 541 Mark Antony 542 &Antony M. Junius M. Silanus 543 Mark Antony 545 &Mark Antony L. Pinarius Scarpus to to to to 534 537 540 544 546 511 519 526 532 535 538

Aureus 7.84g

Quinarius Aureus 3.89g intermittent Denarius 3.79g

Quinarius Argenteus 1.73g

Sestertius 21g

As 14g Orichalcum Sestertius 24.4g

Dupondius 16.25g Orichalcum Dupondius 12.4g

Semis 5.4g 39 BC Copper As 10.5g 527 Mark Antony Quadrans 3.7g 528 Mark Antony 4.59g Orichalcum Semis M Antony 'Fleet' coinage 529 Octavian & Mark Antony 530 Mark Antony & Sempronius Atratinus Gold Aureus 25 silver Denarii 3.61g Copper Quadrans 41 BC 531 Mark Antony & Ventidius Bassus Gold Quinarius 12.5 silver Denarii 512 C. Clodius Vestalis 532 Cn. Domitius Calvinus Silver Denarius 16 copper Asses 513 M. Arrius Secundus Silver Quinarius 8 copper Asses 514 C. Numonius Vaala Brass Sestertius 4 copper Asses 515 L. Servius Rufus Brass Dupondius 2 copper Asses 516 Mark Antony Copper As 4 copper Quadrantes 517 Antony, Barbatius Pollio, M. Cocceius Nerva & L. Gellius Brass Semis 2 copper Quadrantes 518 C. Caesar (Octavian) Copper Quadrans 519 Ahenobarbus 40 BC 520 Mark Antony 521 Mark Antony & Ahenobarbus 522 Mark Antony & L. Munatius Plancus 523 Octavian & Salvidienus Rufus 524 Q. Labienus Parthicus 525 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus 526 Q. Voconius Vitulus

Battle of Actium 2nd Triumvirate End of the Republic Roman Empire 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11