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September-November 1993 November/December 1993 Vol. XVIII No. 4 =~ ~ I Z"^ zz n = ziz rs sn U.S. Department of the Interior Technical Bulletin Fish and Wildlife Service Following Steady Recovery, the Arctic Peregrine Falcon is Proposed for Removal from the List of Threatened Species After 20 years of protection marked by steady progress toward recovery, the arctic peregrine falcon [Falco peregrinus tundrius) was proposed September 30, 1993, for removal from the list of Threatened species. Once a victim of DDT, this northern peregrine subspecies rebounded following the U.S. ban on pesticides that caused eggshell thinning and poor reproductive success. The delisting proposal applies to peregrine fal- cons that nest in arctic areas of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland but spend their winters as far south as Argentina. The arctic subspecies, one of two listed Fako peregrinus subspecies in North America, represents about 75 percent of the continents peregrines. Admired as skilled hunters whose div- ing flights may be as fast as 200 miles per hour, peregrine falcons declined in the 1940s and no longer nested in eastern North America by the early 1970's. Their population decline resulted from impaired eggshell production caused by an accumulation of pesticides ingested from contaminated prey. Populations be- gan to recover after the 1972 ban of DDI". This increase was not limited to the arctic peregrine. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) biologists have noted that the status of the American peregrine {F. p. anaturri) is also improving. "Here is real evidence that the Endan- gered Species Act does what it was in- tended to do—bring species back from the brink of extinction," said FWS Direc- tor Mollie Beattie in announcing the pro- posal. A final decision on the delisting pro- posal will be made by September 1994. 1 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) index of 456 birds unchanged from 1992. However, 13 percent increases in 2 counties masked decHnes elsewhere. Attwater's greater prairie-chickens survive in only 3 populations—of 60, 24, and 372 birds—distributed in 5 counties in coastal Fexas. I he two smaller popula- tions will be especially vulnerable in the next few years. On and near the Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge in eastern Texas, the number of birds de- clined 39 percent from 1992 levels. The decline was expected because of poor re- Regional endangered species staflFers partment biologists who conducted the production, as indicated by the brood have reported the following news: 1993 spring count of adult Attwater's survey. The ratio of young to adults was Region 2 - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- greater prairie-chickens {Tympanuchus 0.27:1, but at least a 1:1 ratio is needed vice and Texas Parks and Wildlife De- cupido attwateri) found the population for a stable population. Heavy rains throughout last year's breeding season U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 2, P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM probably contributed significantly to Washington, D.C. 20240 87103 (505-766-2321); John G. Rogers, Re- poor numbers in the Refuge area by gional Director, James A. Young, Assist- Mollie Beattie washing away the nests of these ground- Director ant Regional Director; Steve Chambers, (202-208-4717) Acting Endangered Species Specialist. nesting birds or interfering with their re- Region 3, Federal BIdg., Fort Sneliing, Twin production. Unfortunately, 1993 brood Michael J. Spear, Cities, MN 55111 (612-725-3500); Sam surveys indicate further population de- Assistant Director for Marler,Reg/ona/ Director; John Blankenship, Ecological Services Assistant Regional Director; T.J. Miller, Act- clines, attributable in part to excessive (202-208-4646) ing Endangered Species Specialist. rainfall. On the Refuge, the ratio of young to adults was 0.18:1. A decline of Jamie Rappaport Clark, Chief, Region 4, 1875 Century Blvd., Suite 200, At- Division of Endangered Species lanta, GA 30345 (404-679-4000); James W. 37 percent of the population is expected (703-358-2171) Pulliam, Regional Director;Tom Olds, Assis- by the spring of 1994, with about 20 tant Regional Director; David Flemming, Marshall P. Jones, Chief, Endangered Species Specialist. birds likely to survive on the Refuge. Office of Management Authority Efforts to propagate Attwater's greater (703-358-2093) Region 5, 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA 01035 (413-253-8659); Ronald E. prairie-chickens for ftiture reintroduction Lambertson, Regional Director; Ralph Pisapia, into the wild have had only limited suc- John J. Doggett, Chief, Assistant Regional Director; Paul Nickerson, Division of Law Enforcement Endangered Species Specialist. cess to date. Hatching rates are reason- (703-358-1949) ably good, but chick survival is poor. Region 6, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal TECHNICAL BULLETIN Center; Denver, CO 80225 (303-236-7920); The FWS provided Fossil Rim Wildlife Editor, Michael Bender Ralph O. Morgenweck, Regional Director; Center with 43 ferdle eggs in 1992. Al- Assistant Editor, Ann Haas Robert E. Jacobsen, Assistant Regional though 42 hatched, only 5 survived to (703-358-2166) Director; Larry Shanks, Endangered Species Specialist. breeding age. In 1993, the five survi- Regional Offices vors—two cocks and three hens—pro- Region 1, Eastside Federal Complex, 911 Region 7, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK duced 30 fertile eggs, from which 26 N.S.11 th Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-4181 99503 (907-786-3542); Walter O. Stieglitz, (503-231-6118); Marvin Plenert, Regional Regional Director; Rowan Gould, Assistant chicks hatched. Fossil Rim also received Director; Dale Hall, Assistant Regional Regional Director; Ron Garrett, Endangered 14 fertile eggs collected from the wild, Director: Cindy Barry and Jim Bartel, Endan- Species Specialist. gered Species Specialists. and 12 hatched. Unfortunately, only two of the chicks survive. Enteritis (diarrhea) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Regions accounted for 77 percent of the mortality, Region 1: California, Hawaii, idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, American Samoa, Commonweaith of the Northern Mariana Isiands, Guam, and the Pacific Trust Territories. Region 2: Arizona, New f^exico, OI<iahoma, and Texas. Region 3: iiiinois, Indiana, but the specific cause of the enterids is Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Region 4: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, unknown. Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Region 5: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia, Region 6: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming Region 7: Alaska. Printed with vegetable-based ink on recycled and recyclable paper. If you do not keep back issues, please recycle the paper, pass them along to an interested person, or donate them to a local school or library. (continued on page 21) 2 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) The Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge: Preserving a Treasure Trove of Biodiversity by David Martin that the rich endemic flora and insect Unfortunately lor its endemic plants fauna have had ample time to evolve in and animals, the southern Lake Wales place. Today, the endemic plants of the Ridge is the heartland of Florida's citrus Lake Wales Ridge are effectively isolated industry, an area vividly described by the from other uplands with similar habitats writer John McPhee in his book "Or- by many miles of poorly drained low- anges." Severe freezes in the 1980's left lands. citrus groves intact, encouraging the Florida scrub resembles shrublands of planting of more groves in the two coun- arid regions, and some of its plant and ties at the southern tip of the ridge, where animal species have southwestern affini- most of the endemic plants occur. In des. Among them are the Threatened these counties, approximately 84 percent Florida scrub jay {Aphelocoma coerulescens of xeric upland habitat (scrub and upland coerulescens), the Endangered Ziziphus longleaf pine-turkey oak) has been con- celata, which is a relative of the verted to other uses, according to recent Southwest's lotebushes, and Nolina studies at Archbold Biological Station, an brittoniancu an agave-like plant. The dry- independent research center located in The Florida scrub jay is a crestless bird with a blue head, blue wings, and a large ness of the sandy soils during Florida's the southern ridge. Some of the best re- gray-brown patch on the back. winter drought contributes to the small maining tracts of scrub habitat have sur- stature of the vegetation, although ex- vived relatively undisturbed only because A new national wildlife refuge will tremely low-nutrient soil is at least as sig- they were subdivided and sold as unim- soon be established by the Fish and Wild- nificant. The most important shrubs are proved lots with no roads or utilities. life Service (FWS) to conserve a variety of usually evergreen oaks, although Florida Many of" the lots were sold to people in endangered plants and animals endemic rosemary {Ceratiola ericoides) dominates other countries. In at least one area, to a distinctive scrub vegetation commu- some of the most nutrient-deficient and however, road building may soon begin. nity in central Florida. This area has the biologically important sites. Sand pine Construction of scattered houses in such greatest concentration of Endangered and {Pinus clausd), a short-lived species, may subdivisions may make conserving the Threatened species in eastern North form a canopy above the shrubs. The rest of the area impossible. America. The refuge will include up to endemic plant species listed as Endan- 19,630 acres (7,945 hectares) of undevel- The FWS has been active in listing gered include herbs, small shrubs, and a oped scrub habitat in as many as 12 par- species from the Lake Wales Ridge: the lichen that occupy bare sand between cels within 2 counties.
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