November/December 1993 Vol. XVIII No. 4

=~ ~ I Z"^ zz n = ziz rs sn

U.S. Department of the Interior Technical Bulletin Fish and Wildlife Service Following Steady Recovery, the Arctic Peregrine Falcon is Proposed for Removal from the List of Threatened Species

After 20 years of protection marked by steady progress toward recovery, the arctic peregrine falcon [Falco peregrinus tundrius) was proposed September 30, 1993, for removal from the list of Threatened species. Once a victim of DDT, this northern peregrine subspecies rebounded following the U.S. ban on pesticides that caused eggshell thinning and poor reproductive success. The delisting proposal applies to peregrine fal- cons that nest in arctic areas of Alaska, Canada, and Greenland but spend their winters as far south as Argentina. The arctic subspecies, one of two listed Fako peregrinus subspecies in North America, represents about 75 percent of the continents peregrines. Admired as skilled hunters whose div- ing flights may be as fast as 200 miles per hour, peregrine falcons declined in the 1940s and no longer nested in eastern North America by the early 1970's. Their population decline resulted from impaired eggshell production caused by an accumulation of pesticides ingested from contaminated prey. Populations be- gan to recover after the 1972 ban of DDI". This increase was not limited to the arctic peregrine. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) biologists have noted that the status of the American peregrine {F. p. anaturri) is also improving. "Here is real evidence that the Endan- gered Species Act does what it was in- tended to do—bring species back from the brink of extinction," said FWS Direc- tor Mollie Beattie in announcing the pro- posal. A final decision on the delisting pro- posal will be made by September 1994.

1 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) index of 456 birds unchanged from 1992. However, 13 percent increases in 2 counties masked decHnes elsewhere. Attwater's greater prairie-chickens survive in only 3 populations—of 60, 24, and 372 birds—distributed in 5 counties in coastal Fexas. I he two smaller popula- tions will be especially vulnerable in the next few years. On and near the Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge in eastern Texas, the number of birds de- clined 39 percent from 1992 levels. The decline was expected because of poor re- Regional endangered species staflFers partment biologists who conducted the production, as indicated by the brood have reported the following news: 1993 spring count of adult Attwater's survey. The ratio of young to adults was Region 2 - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- greater prairie-chickens {Tympanuchus 0.27:1, but at least a 1:1 ratio is needed vice and Texas Parks and Wildlife De- cupido attwateri) found the population for a stable population. Heavy rains throughout last year's breeding season U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 2, P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM probably contributed significantly to Washington, D.C. 20240 87103 (505-766-2321); John G. Rogers, Re- poor numbers in the Refuge area by gional Director, James A. Young, Assist- Mollie Beattie washing away the nests of these ground- Director ant Regional Director; Steve Chambers, (202-208-4717) Acting Endangered Species Specialist. nesting birds or interfering with their re- Region 3, Federal BIdg., Fort Sneliing, Twin production. Unfortunately, 1993 brood Michael J. Spear, Cities, MN 55111 (612-725-3500); Sam surveys indicate further population de- Assistant Director for Marler,Reg/ona/ Director; John Blankenship, Ecological Services Assistant Regional Director; T.J. Miller, Act- clines, attributable in part to excessive (202-208-4646) ing Endangered Species Specialist. rainfall. On the Refuge, the ratio of young to adults was 0.18:1. A decline of Jamie Rappaport Clark, Chief, Region 4, 1875 Century Blvd., Suite 200, At- Division of Endangered Species lanta, GA 30345 (404-679-4000); James W. 37 percent of the population is expected (703-358-2171) Pulliam, Regional Director;Tom Olds, Assis- by the spring of 1994, with about 20 tant Regional Director; David Flemming, Marshall P. Jones, Chief, Endangered Species Specialist. birds likely to survive on the Refuge. Office of Management Authority Efforts to propagate Attwater's greater (703-358-2093) Region 5, 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA 01035 (413-253-8659); Ronald E. prairie-chickens for ftiture reintroduction Lambertson, Regional Director; Ralph Pisapia, into the wild have had only limited suc- John J. Doggett, Chief, Assistant Regional Director; Paul Nickerson, Division of Law Enforcement Endangered Species Specialist. cess to date. Hatching rates are reason- (703-358-1949) ably good, but chick survival is poor. Region 6, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal TECHNICAL BULLETIN Center; Denver, CO 80225 (303-236-7920); The FWS provided Fossil Rim Wildlife Editor, Michael Bender Ralph O. Morgenweck, Regional Director; Center with 43 ferdle eggs in 1992. Al- Assistant Editor, Ann Haas Robert E. Jacobsen, Assistant Regional though 42 hatched, only 5 survived to (703-358-2166) Director; Larry Shanks, Endangered Species Specialist. breeding age. In 1993, the five survi- Regional Offices vors—two cocks and three hens—pro- Region 1, Eastside Federal Complex, 911 Region 7, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK duced 30 fertile eggs, from which 26 N.S.11 th Avenue, Portland, OR 97232-4181 99503 (907-786-3542); Walter O. Stieglitz, (503-231-6118); Marvin Plenert, Regional Regional Director; Rowan Gould, Assistant chicks hatched. Fossil Rim also received Director; Dale Hall, Assistant Regional Regional Director; Ron Garrett, Endangered 14 fertile eggs collected from the wild, Director: Cindy Barry and Jim Bartel, Endan- Species Specialist. gered Species Specialists. and 12 hatched. Unfortunately, only two of the chicks survive. Enteritis (diarrhea) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Regions accounted for 77 percent of the mortality, Region 1: California, Hawaii, idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, American Samoa, Commonweaith of the Northern Mariana Isiands, Guam, and the Pacific Trust Territories. Region 2: Arizona, New f^exico, OI

2 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) The Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge: Preserving a Treasure Trove of Biodiversity

by David Martin

that the rich endemic flora and insect Unfortunately lor its endemic plants fauna have had ample time to evolve in and animals, the southern Lake Wales place. Today, the endemic plants of the Ridge is the heartland of Florida's citrus Lake Wales Ridge are effectively isolated industry, an area vividly described by the from other uplands with similar habitats writer John McPhee in his book "Or- by many miles of poorly drained low- anges." Severe freezes in the 1980's left lands. citrus groves intact, encouraging the Florida scrub resembles shrublands of planting of more groves in the two coun- arid regions, and some of its plant and ties at the southern tip of the ridge, where animal species have southwestern affini- most of the endemic plants occur. In des. Among them are the Threatened these counties, approximately 84 percent Florida scrub jay {Aphelocoma coerulescens of xeric upland habitat (scrub and upland coerulescens), the Endangered Ziziphus longleaf pine-turkey oak) has been con- celata, which is a relative of the verted to other uses, according to recent Southwest's lotebushes, and Nolina studies at Archbold Biological Station, an brittoniancu an agave-like plant. The dry- independent research center located in The Florida scrub jay is a crestless bird with a blue head, blue wings, and a large ness of the sandy soils during Florida's the southern ridge. Some of the best re- gray-brown patch on the back. winter drought contributes to the small maining tracts of scrub habitat have sur- stature of the vegetation, although ex- vived relatively undisturbed only because A new national wildlife refuge will tremely low-nutrient soil is at least as sig- they were subdivided and sold as unim- soon be established by the Fish and Wild- nificant. The most important shrubs are proved lots with no roads or utilities. life Service (FWS) to conserve a variety of usually evergreen oaks, although Florida Many of" the lots were sold to people in endangered plants and animals endemic rosemary {Ceratiola ericoides) dominates other countries. In at least one area, to a distinctive scrub vegetation commu- some of the most nutrient-deficient and however, road building may soon begin. nity in central Florida. This area has the biologically important sites. Sand pine Construction of scattered houses in such greatest concentration of Endangered and {Pinus clausd), a short-lived species, may subdivisions may make conserving the Threatened species in eastern North form a canopy above the shrubs. The rest of the area impossible. America. The refuge will include up to endemic plant species listed as Endan- 19,630 acres (7,945 hectares) of undevel- The FWS has been active in listing gered include herbs, small shrubs, and a oped scrub habitat in as many as 12 par- species from the Lake Wales Ridge: the lichen that occupy bare sand between cels within 2 counties. larger shrubs. Scrub, a unique vegetation type, is re- (continued on page 4) stricted to coastal dunes on the Atlantic and Gull" coasts of Florida and Alabama, and on central Florida's inland ancient coastlines and their associated dunes. The most prominent ancient coastline, and the one with the most important scrub vegetation, is the Lake Wales Ridge, once the narrow southern tip of a much smaller peninsula. It has been above sea level for as long as 3 million years, and some of its sinkhole lakes have remained filled with water as long as 50,000 years, making it possible to analyze the ridges vegetation history through pollen and macrofossil analysis. Sand dune and xeric (dry) shrubby temperate vegetation has been present the entire period, indicating Dicerandra christmanii produces cream-colored flowers marked with purplish-red spots.

3 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Lake Wales Ridge

(continued from page 3)

Florida scrub jay, two lizards, and 21 plants are classified as Endangered or Threatened (including Cladonia perforata^ the first lichen to be federally listed). The listing process for plants and vertebrates is relatively complete in Florida scrub because it was feasible to carry out multi-species status surveys in this ecosystem. If we are to conserve the Lake Wales Ridge biota, the different needs of Florida scrub animals and plants have to be met. "lb maintain a viable population of scrub jays, for example, scientists at Archbold Biological Station have shown that rela- tively large tracts of intact habitat are needed. The tracts should be located in a way that allows the birds to disperse among them. The Archbold scientists have also conducted successful censuses of the scrub jay It appears that at least half of the ridges remaining scrub jay habitat must be protected to ensure the jay's survival. Because scrub jays (and, by extension, the habitat they occupy) are protected from take by the Endangered Liatris ohiinger flowers are a brilliant pink. Species Act, the FWS is working to de- velop habitat conservation plans for the tional Wildlife Refuge was designed pri- preserves, and the new national wildlife Florida scrub jay throughout its range. marily to acquire the most important refuge, has the potential to protect one of Such plans must t;ike into account other sites for plant conservation, while at- the most important centers of endemism listed species in the tracts occupied by the tempting to ensure that the tracts will be in eastern North America. The preserves scrub jay, including plants. large enough for adequate management offer excellent opportunities for environ- Virtually every listed plant species has (including burning at infrequent inter- mental education because of the area's its own, individual geographic distribu- vals). proximity to the Tampa Bay and Or- tion. Some of the distributions are ex- The beginnings of a biological preserve lando metropolitan areas, and the re- tremely limited, making it essential to system for the Lake Wales Ridge species search and educational resources of protect certain sites, even though doing already exist, including Archbold Biologi- Archbold Biological Station and Bok so will not protect all of the plants. Fhe cal Station, small Nature Conservancy Tower Gardens, a botanical garden with best remaining sites for the scrub lupine preserves, a new 13,000-acre (5,260-ha) an active endangered species program as {Lupinus aridoruni) are so small that they State forest and park, and three other re- well as two listed plants native to its may not be readily protected. Fortu- cently purchased State tracts. Further grounds. A Scrub Appreciation Day nately, most of the plant species can be State land purchases are under way. The staged in the fall of 1992 by the State and effectively conserved if action is taken State of Florida's Preservation 2000 land a county government drew a big crowd, promptly at enough sites. Because land acquisition program (with $900 million and the Florida Native Plant Society's development is proceeding rapidly, the of funding in 3 years) has placed a high 1993 and 1994 annual meetings are fea- FWS (along with the State of Florida and priority on conserving the Lake Wales turing scrub vegetation. private conservation organizations) have Ridge and its vicinity. The State is likely concluded that methods other than land to acquire considerably more land than David Martin is a botanist with the FWS Jackson- ville, Florida, Field Office. acquisition, such as conservation ease- the FWS. ments, will not be adequate or timely in The proposed network of biological this case. The Uike Wales Ridge Na- preserves, including State lands, private

4 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Bring Back the Natives: Restoring Native Aquatic Species on Public Lands by Christopher A. Wood, Andrew P. Martin, and Jack E. Williams

hectares) of land managed by the Forest Service and the BLM provide habitat for almost 69 percent of the fish species in the U.S. listed as Threatened or Endan- gered and 61 percent of the fishes that are candidates for listing. Conservation ef- forts on public lands obviously can make a critical difference to the survival of listed aquatic species. In the western U.S., the Forest Service and the BLM often manage lands within the same watershed, with the forested lands in the headwaters Lahontan cutthroat trout and the BLM lands downstream. Histori- ''Bring Back the Natives' is a national cent of the freshwater mussels' are con- cally, restoration efforts for aquatic species campaign designed to improve the status sidered Endangered, Threatened, or of generally did not transcend administra- of native aquatic species on public lands special concern. tive boundaries. Bring Back the Natives, through riparian area rehabilitation, wa- The degradation of aquatic systems is however, is designed to facilitate inter- tershed restoration, and species reintro- manifested by localized and widespread agency restoration efforts for aquatic spe- duction. This program emphasizes the extinctions of native flora and fauna cies. The Foundation participates by pro- application of ecosystem management across a broad range of ecosystems. In viding challenge grants to both agencies. principles to public lands managed by the 1991, the American Fisheries Society re- Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and ported that at least 106 populanons of Riparian and Watershed the Forest Service in order to conserve, salmon {Oncorhynchus spp.), steelhead Approaches to Restoration restore, and maintain aquatic biological {Oncorhynchus mykis^, and sea-run cut- diversity. It was developed in 1992 by the throat trout {Oncorhynchus clarki) were Riparian and aquatic ecosystems serve BLM, Forest Service, and National Fish extirpated in the western United States.^ as excellent indicators for the ecological and Wildlife Foundation (Foundation). The report also identified 214 other anadro- health of the land. A large percentage of Bring Back the Natives was developed mous salmonid populations at risk of extir- species listed under the Endangered Spe- in response to a decline in riparian and pation. Many resident trout species are fac- cies Act depend on rivers, streams, ripar- aquatic ecosystem health and concerns ing extinction because of habitat degradation ian areas, and wetlands for their survival. about the viability of many associated and hybridization with hatchery-raised trout. It does not bode well for imperiled spe- aquatic species. According to The Nature For example, introgression with introduced cies that aquatic ecosystems appear to be Conservancy, aquatic species in North brook trout {Salvelinus fontinali^ threatens declining at an alarming rate. The 1982 America are becoming endangered and the viability of native bull trout {Salvelinus National Rivers Inventory found that extinct at a much faster rate than terres- confluentis} populations in the western U.S. fewer than 2 percent of the streams in the conterminous 48 States remained at high trial animals '. Studies by the American Public lands ofi;en provide the best, or natural quality. Habitat loss and alter- Fisheries Society have documented that sometimes last, remaining habitats for ation were the major contributors to the fully 33 percent of North American na- many imperiled aquatic species. The demise of approximately 75 percent of tive freshwater fish species' and 70 per- more than 461 million acres (187 million the 40 North American fish species that

'Williams, J.D., M.L. Warren, Jr., K.S. have become extinct since 1900'. Habitat ' Master, L.L. 1990. The imperilled status of Cummings, J.L. Harris, and R.J. Neves. 1993. degradation and loss were also identified North American aquatic animals. Biodiversity Conservation status of freshwater mus.sels ot the as the leading factors in the decline of Network News. 3:3. United States and Canada. Fisheries. 18(9): 6-22.

^Williams, J.E., J.E. Johnson, D.A. Hendriclcsen, ^Miller, R.R., J.D. Williams, and J.E. Williams. " Nehlsen, W., J.E. Williams and J.A. S. Contreras-Balderas, J.D. Williams, M. 1989. Extinctions of North American fishes Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific .salmon at the Navarro-Mendoza, D.E McAllister, and J.E. during the past century. Fisheries 14(6): 22-38. Deacon. 1989. Fishes of North America crossroads: stocks at risk from California, endangered, threatened, or of special concern: Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries 16(2): 1989. Fisheries 14(6): 2-20. 4-21. (continued on page 6)

ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Bring Back the Natives

(continued from page 5) salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout''. Most of the campaigns projects involve some degree of riparian area restoration, iilong with improved land management practices within these critically important areas. In the 48 conterminous States, ri- parian areas represent a tiny percentage of the total land base, but they possess a greatly disproportionate ecological value. For instance, in the intermountain region of the western U.S., riparian areas are more productive in terms of plant and animal diversity and biomass per unit area than the remainder of the entire land base''. In another example, a recent re- port to Congress estimates that in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, 75 percent r- - I of the known terrestrial species either de- pend directly on riparian areas or use them more than other habitats. Properly fimctioning riparian areas provide such habitat features as good water quality, kiMi large woody debris input, reduced sedi- ment loads, and increased bank stability. In 1987, this stretch of the Marys River, once important habitat for the Lahontan cutthroat These areas also store water, reduce flood- trout, was almost devoid of streamside vegetation. By the summer of 1993, however, better ing, and provide for late season flows. management of livestock grazing had restored the riparian habitat.

There are no quick or easy ways to and budgets to "improving" spawning streams to riparian areas and floodplains. repair degraded riparian and aquatic and rearing areas through the placement Many imperilled aquatic species depend habitats. Traditional stream improve- of these structures. Although effective in on small creeks and tributaries for spawn- ment and habitat enhancement strategies some instances, the construction and ing and rearing habitat. First and second typically involve mitigation measures, placement of artificial structures only order streams, which often include non- such as placing log weirs or gabions (cyl- treat the symptoms of watershed degra- fish bearing and intermittent streams, inders filled with earth or stone) into the dation, not the causes, and typify a may represent more than 70 percent of stream channel or ;ilong the stream bank. "band-aid approach" to watershed resto- the collective channel width of the Pacific Artificial structures are generally designed ration. The Bring Back the Natives strat- Northwest . As Sedell et al.® point out, to mitigate the effects of increased sedi- egy seeks to intertwine habitat enhance- effective conservation and restoration ment flow or loss of woody debris. In the ment projects with revised land strategies must protect aquatic ecosystem past, many projects were designed with management practices to eliminate the the belief that instream structures were causes as well as the symptoms of water- "Benda, I.., T.J. Beechie, R.C. Wissmar, and A. Johnson. 1992. Morphology and evolution of capable of compensating tor the effects shed degradation. on aquatic habitats of such land disturb- salmonid habitats in a recently deglaciated river Many fish restoration efforts are unsuc- basin, Washington state. Canadian Journal of ing activities as logging and road build- cessful because they are not undertaken Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 49: 1246-1256. ing. Thus, Federal land management from a watershed or basin perspective. agencies devoted much of their energy The increasing rarity and loss of anadro- " Sedell J.R., G.H. Reeves and 20 others. Aquatic ecosystem assessment in Forest Ecosystem mous fish stocks indicate that the health Management: An ecological, economic, and and productive capacity of watersheds are social assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosys- ''Burton,'['., and nine co-authors. 1992. diminishing. Successfial watershed resto- tem Management Assessment Team. 1993. V: 1- Integrated riparian evaluation guide. Intermoun- ration must involve the protection and 96. tain Region. Technical riparian work group. USDA Forest Service. linkage of remaining healthy headwater (continued on next page)

6 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Bring Back the Natives 2. a major segment of the habitat of a viduals), particularly those that can con-

(continued from previous page) species, stock, or community complex so tribute non-federal dollars and non-fed- as to have a significant impact on the eral professional services and/or materials forms and processes at the watershed overall status of the species and the eco- to match a National Fish and Wildlife scale and recognize that land ownership systems on which they depend; Foundation grant; and patterns rarely coincide with distinct to- 3. the participation of partners (e.g.. pographic boundaries. State, local. Tribal, and non-governmen- tal organizations, businesses, and indi- (continued on page 10) The Bring Back the Natives Program Riparian areas, small creeks, and tribu- 1992 1993 taries often provide the last quality habi- Number of Bring Back the Natives Projects 20 in 8 States 34 in 13 States tats for aquatic species. The Bring Back Joint Forest Service / BLM Projects 9 15 the Natives program uses these areas as National Fish and Wildlife Foundation the cornerstone for efforts to restore and contributions $250,000 $400,000 maintain at-risk fish stocks and to rebuild Non-federal contributions $250,000 $420,000 (est) the productive capacity of native fish BLM contributions $ 96,975 $488,150 populations. Preserving the biodiversity Forest Service fiSA'^contributions $ 62,000 $329,550 and ecological integrity of unique areas is Project and Financial Summary for the First 2 Years of the Bring Back the Natives an essential component of the restoration Campaign strategy. Most projects take place in habi- tats and watersheds that have a high "res- toration potential." Restoration activities The Marys River Project often involve the removal of exotic, intro- The Marys River Project is an ambi- eas. A significant increase in the duced fish species that out-compete and tious undertaking directed at restoring amount of available Lahontan cutthroat introgress with native fish populations. more than 180 miles (290 km) of habi- habitat should result, contributing to By coupling restoration activities with tat for a Threatened fish, the Lahontan eventual recovery. The Marys River res- improvements in land management, the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki toration project is a joint Forest Service/ program safeguards the genetic integrity henshawi), in Nevada on the Humboldt BLM venture that involves a host of and long-term viability of endemic National Forest and the BLM's Elko other cooperators, including the Na- aquatic species and the habitat upon District. The Marys River and its tribu- donal Fish and Wildlife Foundadon, which they depend. taries are part of the Humboldt River American Forestry Association, Nevada Building partnerships is a critical com- drainage. Historically, more than 2,210 Department of Wildlife, Northeastern ponent. The help and guidance of State miles (3,555 km) of the drainage were Nevada Chapter of Trout Unlimited, fish and wildlife agencies is essential to occupied by Lahontan cutthroats. Cur- Barrick-Goldstrike Mines, Nevada many projects. For example, much of the rently, however, only 313 miles (503 Mining Association, Newmont Gold labor necessary for fencing and revegeta- km) of the enrire Humboldt drainage Company, and Coors Brewing Com- tion efforts typically is accomplished provide suitable habitat. Lahontan cut- pany. through volunteers from local fishing, throats survive only as remnant popula- The Marys River Project will con- conservation, and school groups. More tions scattered throughout the upper tinue through the end of the decade. than 15 local chapters ofTrout Unlimited tributaries of the Marys River. The Acdvities scheduled for 1994 include: contributed hundreds of hours of volun- middle and lower portions of the Marys continued fencing of riparian areas, teer labor in 1993. River system are only in poor to fair spring protection in grazing areas, Nominations lor projects are solicited condition. implementation of new grazing and from Forest Service and BLM field of- The Marys River project incorpo- recreation plans to lessen adverse im- fices, and are evaluated by the following rates aU four primary Bring Back the pacts, construction of stockwater wells four criteria. Each project should iden- Natives criteria. Its master plan outlines to provide livestock water sources away tify: an ecological approach to restoration from riparian areas, installation of ther- 1. an ecological approach to stream with the main emphasis placed on im- mograph stations to monitor water and watershed restoration, cooperative ef- proving land use practices. Intensive temperatures, and improvements to the forts with State and Federal agencies to management of livestock through fenc- macroinvertebrate monitoring pro- reintroduce native aquatic species, and re- ing, exclusion, pasture rest, and rotation gram. vised land management practices that should allow the recovery of riparian ar- eliminate the cause(s) of degradation;

7 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Bring Back the Natives 1992 and 1993 project locations

Project Name Project Year Project Name Project Year 1992 1993 1992 1993

1. Resurrection Creek (AK) X 22. Rogers Lake (MT) X 2. Crooked River Watershed (OR) X 23. Big Hole River (MT) X 3. Wickiup Creek (OR) X 24. Blackfoot River (MT) X 4. Borax Lake (OR) X 25. Madison River (MT) X 5. Jenny Creek (OR) X 26. LaBarge Creek (WY) X X 6. Upper Pit River (CA) X 27. Thomas Fk. Watershed (WY) X 7. Dutch Flat Creek (CA) X 28. Currant/Sage Creeks (WY) X 8. Sierra-Cascade-Creat Basin (CA) X 29. Littlefield Creek (WY) X X 9. Mattole River (CA) X 30. West Fk. Smith River (UT) X 10. Cottonwood Creek (CA) X 31. Nebo Creek (UT) X 11. Kern River (CA) X 32. Bitter Creek (UT) X 12. South Fork Kern River (CA) X 33. Boulder/Bunker Creeks (UT) X 13. Eightmile Creek (NV) X X 34. West Fk. Black River (AZ) X 14. Bruneau River (NV) X X 35. Arnett Creek (AZ) X 15. Marys River (NV) X X 36. Agua Caliente (NM) X X 16. Southern Idaho Trout (ID) X X 37. Apache Creek (CO) X 17. Midnight/Crystal Creek (ID) X 38. Beaver Creek (CO) X 18. Fish Haven Creek (ID) X 39. Arkansas Darters (AR) X 19. Wet Creek (ID) X 40. Tennessee Madtoms (TN) X 20. McComas Meadows (ID) X 41. Litde Rock Creek (GA) X 21. Coeur d'Alene Basin (ID) X 42. Litde River Watershed (NC) X

8 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Threatened, endangered, and other rare aquatic species known from "Bring Back the Natives" project areas in 1992 and 1993

Taxonomic Group Number of Species Species

Trouts, Salmonidae 20 Apache trout, Oncorhynchus apache (T); golden trout, O. aguabonita (SL); Little Kern golden trout, O. a. whitei (T); Kern River rainbow trout, O. mykissgilberti {CI)-, Eagle Lake rainbow trout, O. mykiss ssp. (SL), Goose Lake redband trout, O. mykiss ssp. (G2), Interior redband trout, O. m. gibbsi (G2); steelhead, O. m. irideus (S); Bonneville cutthroat trout, O. cLirki Utah (G2); Golorado River cutthroat, O. c. pleuriticus (G2); greenback cutthroat, O. c. stomias (T); Liihontan cutthroat, O. c. henshawi (T); Paiute cutthroat, O. c. seleniris (T); Rio Grande cutthroat, O. c. virginalis (T); Westslope cutthroat, O. c. lewisi (SL); Snake River chinook s;ilmon, O. tshaivytscha (T); eastern brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (S); bull trout, S. confluentus (G2); Montana Arctic grayling, Thymallus amicus montanus (G1).

Minnows, Cyprinidae 12 Hardhead, Mylopharodon conocephalis (SL); Lahontan Greek tui chub, Gila bicolor obesa (G2); Eagle Lake tui chub, G. bicolor ssp. (SL); Gila chub, G. intermedia (G2); roundtail chub, G. robusta (G2); pit roach, Lavinia symmetricus mitrulus (G2); longfin dace, Agosia chrysogaster (SL); speck led dace, Rhinichthys osculus (SL); loach minnow, Tiaroga cobitis (T); Gila topminnow, Poeciliopsis occidentalis (E); spikedace, Meda fidgida (T).

Suckers, Catostomidae Wall Ganyon sucker, Catostomus sp. (Gl); Modoc sucker, C. microps (E); Goose Lake sucker, C. occidentalis lacusanserinus (G2); Jenny Greek sucker, C. rimiculus ssp. (G2); flannelmouth sucker, C. latipinnis (C2).

Garfishes, Ictaluridae Smokey madtom, Noturus baikyi (E); yellowfin madtom, TV flavipinnis (T).

Perches, Percidae Duskytail darter, Etheostoma sp. (G2); longnose darter, Percina nasuta {CI).

Lampreys, Perromyzontidae Goose Lake lamprey, Lampetra tridentata ss^. (G2).

Sculpins, Gottidae Malheur mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdiss^p. (G2).

Mussels, Unionidae Brook floater, Alasmidonta varicosa (G2); Savannah lilliput, Toxolasma pullus (G2); Atlantic pigtoe, Fusconaia masoni (G2).

Key to Status Abbreviations: E - Federally endangered; T - Federally threatened; CI -Gategory 1 listing candidate; C2 - Gategory 2 species; SL - listed as endangered, threatened, candidate, sensitive, or species of special concern by the State; S - Bureau of Land Management/Forest Service sensitive.

9 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Bring Back the Natives an equal amount of money to the indi- School District. In 1993, over 70 private

(continued from page 7) vidual projects, hi FY 1993, the BLM and State groups participated in the and the Forest Service also budgeted programs projects. 4. rivers, streams, and watersheds $488,150 and $329,550, respectively, to- + * * managed by both the Forest Service and ward the projects. The linkage to State In 1993, Bring Back the Natives the BLM. Exceptions are made in areas and private groups is critical to the projects have benefitted over 44 Threat- where adjacent ownership does not exist. programs success and acceptance. Non- ened, Endangered, and special-concern I he Marys River project, one ot the federal participation in aquatic habitat species. Some projects contribute to re- campaigns showcases, incorporates all restoration efforts instills a sense of own- covery, while other projects may help pre- tour of the criteria (see box). ership in local comniimities and States vent the need to list species. Equally im- Thirty-four Bring Back the Natives toward individual projects and account- portant, cooperative efforts such as these will projects were deemed eligible tor funding ability for the condition of aquatic re- help to safeguiird the long-term produaivity by the Foundation in fiscal year 1993, sources on public lands. Conservation and diversity of aquatic ecosystems as a when the Forest Service and BLM re- groups. State fish and wildlife agencies, whole on public lands. ceived an $800,000 challenge grant to private landowners, school districts, and perform aquatic habitat restoration and corporations are among the many partici- C.A. Wood, A.P. Martin, and J.E. Williams are with the Bureau of Land Management, 1849 C species reintroduction on public lands, hi pants and contributors. Some of these Street NW, Washington, B.C. 20240. order to receive Foundation funding, groups include Trout Unlimited, Coors non-fedenil sources (i.e., private, corpo- Brewing Company, and even local school rate, and State sources) must contribute districts, such as Oregon's Crook County

Fish and Wildlife Service Reviews Comments on "Intentional Introductions" Policy

'Lhe Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) lakes and rivers, competing with native tion of many aquatic wildlife species. is reviewing comments on its proposed species for food and living space. In ad- The proposed report to Congress recom- report to Congress on the intentional in- dition, interbreeding with non-native mends that decisions on whether or not troduction of non-native species to U.S. trout introduced for sport fishing con- to introduce non-native species be biised rivers and lakes and other aquatic ecosys- tributed to the Endangered or Threat- on ecosystem and biodiversity consider- tems. The report was prepared by an ened status of species such as the ations that transcend State or national interagency task force established to carry greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus boundaries and identify the need for out requirements of the Nonindigenous clarki stomias), Lahontan cutthroat trout close cooperation among Federal agen- Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Con- (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi). Little cies, the States, industry, and private or- trol Act of 1990. Kern golden trout (Oncorhynchus ganizations. "Resolving the extremely complicated aguabonita ivhitei), and Paiute cutthroat Announced in the Federal Register on problems caused by non-native aquatic trout (Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris). Also, August 27, 1993, the comment period species is of utmost urgency," said Gary the introduction of the sheepshead min- closed on October 25. The Aquatic Nui- Edwards, the FWS Assistant Director for now (Cyprinodon variegatus) into the sance Species task force will release its Fisheries and Co-Chair of the Aquatic Pecos River in Texas and New Mexico led findings when the final Report to Con- Nuisance Species Task Force that con- to a hybridization problem with the na- gress is published in the coming months. ducted the policy review. tive Pecos pupfish (Cyprinodon pecosensis). Other members of the task force in- Nonindigenous species, whether intro- As a result, populations of the Pecos cluded the National Oceanic and Atmo- duced intentionally or not, threaten pupfish have declined to the point that spheric Administration, Animal and aquatic life by upsetting the natural bal- the species is now a category 1 candidate Plant Fiealth Inspection Service, Envi- ance within the ecosystem and ultimately for listing protection under the Endan- ronmental Protection Agency, Army reducing biological diversity. For ex- gered Species Act. Corps of Engineers, Coast Guard, and ample, two accidentally introduced spe- For these reasons, while many local Department of State. For more informa- cies—the zebra mussel (Dreissena poly- economies rely on funds generated by tion contact the FWS Fisheries Office at morpha) and the ruffe (Gymnoephalus sport fisheries for intentionally stocked 703/358-1718. cemuus), a small fish in the perch fam- non-native fish, some introduced species ily—are spreading quickly through U.S. are factors in the decline or even extinc-

10 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Court Upholds Controls on Imports of Argali Trophies by Ron Nowak

Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) regu- lations to protect the argali {Ovis amnion), a large wild sheep of Asia, were upheld August 12 by the U.S. District Court in Midland, Texas. Federal attor- neys, primarily Chrissy Perry of the Jus- tice Department and Mike Young of the Interior Department, successfully repre- sented the FWS in a lawsuit brought by Safari Club International and several sup- porting plaintiffs that sought to overturn the regulations. A second suit, filed with the U.S. District Court for Washington, D.C., primarily by a group known as Putting People First, was dismissed Au- gust 19. The argali, a relative of the North American bighorn sheep {Ovis canadensis, is among the world's most prized big game trophies. It occurs in parts of southern Siberia, Mongolia, northern and western China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, northern India and Pakistan, and Nepal. Within most of its range, the species has declined dras- tically through excessive hunting, habitat degradation, and competition with do- mestic livestock. In the June 23, 1992, Federal Register, the FWS classified the ar- gali as Endangered throughout its range, except in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, where it was placed in the somewhat less critical category of Threat- ened. At the same time, special regula- tions were issued requiring acceptable information on argali status and manage- ment before trophies could be imported from these countries without FWS-issued permits. The development of the argali listing and regulations had been a lengthy effort, formally beginning with a November 24, 1989, notice of review on the species' sta- tus. Throughout the process, the FWS emphasized that permits to import argali The massive horns of the argali, as shown in a mounted specimen, help explain the appeal (continued on page 12) of this wild sheep to some trophy hunters.

11 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Argali national conservationist George Schaller the FWS pointed out that the legislative history of the Act supports biologically (continued from pagel 1) and the Caprinae Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union, the FWS required restrictions on the importation countered that current argali manage- of sport trophies of Threatened species ment generally is questionable at best and and that the section 9(c)(2) presumpdon trophies from populations listed as that the species has declined seriously of compliance (see above paragraph) is Threatened could be allowed if enough over most of its range, with numbers rebuttable under certain circumstances. data were available showing that importa- probably below 100,000. The Court up- The Court accepted the FWS interpreta- tion was beneficial to the conservation of held the FWS position, and ruled that tion, thereby not only allowing the argali the species overall. The benefit presum- the listing process had been carried out import regulations to stand but establish- ably would come from license and guide properly. ing a precedent for more flexibility in fu- fees paid by trophy hunters, which could Much interest centered on the legal ba- ture control of foreign wildlife give the countries enough economic ben- sis for importation from the three coun- importation. efits to manage the argali on a sustainable tries where the species was classified Prior to the court judgment, there was basis. under the Endangered Species Act as concern that if the FWS interpretation of Although the FWS solicited data on Threatened. The Act generally gives total section 9(c)(2) were set aside, adequate argali status and management from ap- protection for species listed as Endan- reguladon of argali importation might propriate foreign governments and many gered. However, for species listed as not be possible. This concern gave in- other concerned pardes, additional infor- Threatened, a speci;il regulation may be creased weight to one of the Act's legal mation on management programs was issued that allows importation of sport factors for listing, "the inadequacy of ex- needed before imports of trophies could trophies, provided that the special rule is isting regulatory mechanisms." Citing be allowed from Threatened populations. "necessary and advisable for the conserva- this situation and the other problems fac- Even upon publicadon of the June 23, don of such species." ing the argali, the FWS issued a new pro- 1992, final listing rule, the effective date Although the FWS and the plaintiffs posal in the April 27, 1993, Federal was delayed more than 6 months to essentially agreed that some regulated ar- Register that would classify all argali avoid interfering with the next hundng gali hunting and importation could be populations as Endangered and eliminate season and to allow still further opportu- allowed, there was a difference relative to the special regulations providing for tro- nity for comment. Moreover, the FWS section 9(c)(2) of the Endangered Species phy importation. Although the litigation funded its own survey to collect data on Act, which refers to species on Appendix has concluded, the FWS continues to re- the status and management of certain ar- II of the Convention on International view new information received during gali populations. Trade in Endangered Species of Wild the rulemaking process. It will assess the Notwithstanding these efforts to ac- Fauna and Flora (CITES). Appendix II best available scientific and commercial commodate hunting interests, on January presumes a lesser degree of threat than data on the status of argali populations 4, 1993, just after the final rule became does Appendix I. Importarion of an Ap- and management conditions in the three effective, the two lawsuits were filed. The pendix II species requires only a CITES countries where the species is listed as plaintiffs contended, among other things, export permit from the country of origin, Threatened before reaching a decision on that the argali did not warrant classifica- whereas Appendix I requires CITES per- the April 27 proposal. tion as Endangered or Threatened mits from both the exporting and im- throughout its range, that the FWS had porting countries. Section 9(c)(2) of the Dr. Nowak is a mammalogist with the FWS Office of Scientific Authority. failed to give adequate notification of the Act generally provides that non-commer- listing proposal, and that a clause of the cial importation of species that are on Endangered Species Act precluded the Appendix II and not listed as Endangered FWS from restricting the importation of shall be presumed to be in compliance trophies. with the Act. Except for one subspecies Citing various parties, most of whom in the Himalayas and parts of China, the had a professional interest in sheep hunt- argali is on Appendix II of CFFES. ing, the plaintiffs argued that the argali is The plaindffs argued that, since argali generally well-managed and that the new populations in Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, FWS regulations would eliminate conser- and Tajikistan were on Appendix II and vation incentives. They ;ilso contended listed as Threatened, trophies could be that the species is relatively common in brought into the United States simply much of its range, with numbers with a CITES export permit, and with- appoaching 250,000. Based on informa- out an Endangered Species Act permit or tion provided by such authorities as inter- other additional regulation. However,

12 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Listing Proposals — August/September 1993

During August and September 1993, 6 in color and can reach up to 43 inches animals and 25 plants were proposed by (110 cm) in length. As its name implies, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) for this snake is native to an archipelago of listing as Threatened or Endangered. If limestone islands in Lake Erie and adja- the listing proposals are approved, En- cent mainland areas of Ohio and dangered Species Act protection will be Ontario, Canada. It was once abundant extended to the following: and widespread, but has declined dra- matically over the past 50 years, and the FWS proposed August 18 to list the sub- Arroyo Southwestern Toad {Bufo species as Threatened. microscaphus califomicu^ Most of the islands inhabited by the A riparian species, the arroyo south- arroyo southwestern toad Lake Erie water snake have been devel- western toad historically occurred in oped or platted for future development, streamside wetlands of southern Califor- pal, industrial, and mining runoff. In- such as marinas and summer homes. nia, mainly west of the Mojave Desert creased logging to supply wood chip mills Construction has accelerated in recent from San Luis Obispo County, Califor- proposed for the area could have further years, with corresponding habitat losses. nia, to northwestern Baja California, impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. In ad- In addition, residents ofi;en kill the snake Mexico. Its specific habitat requirements dition, the once wide distribution of the in the mistaken belief that it is poisonous. include rivers with shallow, gravelly pools Anthony riversnail, which depends on adjacent to sandy terraces with a nearby shallow, free-flowing habitat, has been re- Northern Copperbelly Water Snake closed canopy of cottonwoods {Populus duced significantly by impoundments. spp.), willows {Salix spp.), and oaks {Nerodia erythrogaster neglectd) {Quercusspp.). A more colorful subspecies, the north- Widespread habitat loss has eliminated Appalachian Elktoe {Alasmidonta ern copperbelly water snake has a dark this small, buff-colored amphibian from raveneliana) back but a bright orange-red underside. at least 75 percent ot its former range. Another freshwater mollusk, the Appa- It, too, is nonvenomous. For most of the Only 6 of the 15 remaining populations lachian elktoe is a small, kidney-shaped year, this snake inhabits lowland swamps south ot Ventura are known to comprise mussel or clam. This species is endemic or other warm, quiet waters. Adjacent more than a dozen adults. Because of to the upper lennessee River system in wooded cover is needed to provide corri- continuing threats, the FWS proposed the mountains of western North Carolina dors to upland hibernation sites. Its his- August 3 to list the arroyo southwestern and eastern Tennessee. Historical records torical range is described as a region toad as Endangered. indicate that the elktoe once was fairly stretching from south-central Michigan widely distributed, but most of its clean, and northwestern Ohio, south westward free-flowing habitat has been degraded or through Indiana, to extreme southeastern Two Aquatic Snails destroyed by impoundments, siltation, Illinois and adjacent areas of Kentucky. Two freshwater snails were proposed and pollurion. The snake once may also have occupied August 5 for listing as Endangered: Populations of the Appalachian elktoe parts ofTennessee, Wisconsin, Pennsylva- • royal snail (Pyrgulopsis ogmor- survive in short stretches of two upper nia, and West Virginia. Today, however, haphe), a small species endemic to Tennessee River tributaries: the Little it survives only in scattered, isolated springs in the Sequatchie River system in Tennessee River in North Carolina and pockets where suitable habitat remains. Tennessee; and the Nolichucky River in Tennessee and Clearcutting of lowland forests, drain- • Anthony's riversnail (Athearnia North Carolina. Because both are vul- ing of wetlands, brush clearing, surface anthonyt), a larger (1-inch, or 2.5-centi- nerable to further water quality degrada- mining, road construction, and other meter) species known from the tion, the FWS proposed the Appalachian land disturbing activities have fragmented Sequatchie River in Tennessee and Lime- elktoe on September 3 for listing as En- or destroyed much of the snakes habitat. stone Creek in Alabama. dangered. Because of continuing losses, the north- Both snails are threatened by a gen- ern copperbelly water snake was pro- eral deterioration of water quality result- posed August 18 for listing as Lake Erie Water Snake ing from siltation and other pollutants Threatened. contributed by logging; road construc- {Nerodia sipedon insularuni) tion; cattle grazing; vandalism; improper The Lake Erie water snake, a nonven- trash dumping; and agricultural, munici- omous subspecies, is predominantly gray {continued on page 14)

13 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Listing Proposals

(continued from page 13)

Hibiscus brackenridgei

Solanum incompletum

Coccoloba rugosa Plantago princeps

14 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Spermolepsis hawaiiensis

Adenophorus periens

(continued on page 16)

ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) 15 Listing Proposals nial herb in the plantain family

(continued from page 15) (Plantaginaceae); • Sesbania tomentosa, or 'ohai - a sprawling shrub or small tree in the pea family (Fabaceae); • Vigna o-wahuensis - a sprawling an- nu;il or perennial herb in the pea family; • Solanum incompletum, or popolo ku mai - a shrub in the nightshade family (Solanaceae); and • Spermolepis hawaiiensis - an annual herb in the parsley family (Apiaceae). These 12 species of Hawaiian plants have reladvely wide but scattered distri- butions across the island chain, and most survive in very small numbers. They grow in a wide range of vegetation communi- ties (grasslands, shrublands, and forests), elevational zones (coastal to subalpine), and moisture regimes (dry to wet). All 12 of the recently proposed Hawai- ian plants have been severely reduced in numbers and range due to widespread habitat modification and the effects of in- troduced animals and plants. Specific causes include one or more of the follow- ing: competition from exotic plants for light, nutrients, and living space; habitat degradation from wild, feral, or domestic animals (deer, cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs); agricultural and recreational activi- ties; human-caused fires; and predation by non-native animals (rats, insects, goats, and cattle). Most of these factors continue to threaten the remaining plants.

Sesbania tomentosa Eight California Vernal Pool Plants A proposal to protect eight plant taxa Twelve Hawaiian Plants • Flueggea neowawraea, or mehame- endemic to vernal pool habitat in On September 14, the FWS proposed hame - a large tree in the spurge family California's Central Valley was published the Endangered classification for 12 (Euphorbiaceae); August 5. The four at greatest risk, all plants native to the Hawaiian Islands: • Hibiscus brackenridgei or ma'o hau annual grasses in the family Poaceae, were • Adenophorus periens, or pendant hele - a shrub or small tree in the mallow proposed for listing as Endangered: kihi fern - a small, pendant, epiphytic family (Malvaceae) bearing yellow flowers • San Joaquin Valley Orcutt grass (not rooted in the ground) fern in the with maroon centers; (Orcuttia inaequalis)-, grammitis femily (Grammitidaceae); • Mariscus pennatiformis - a perennial • hairy Orcutt grass {Orcuttiapilosd)-, • Bonamia menziesii - a vine in the in the sedge family (Cyperaceae); • Sacramento Orcutt grass {Orcuttia morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae) • Neraudia sericea - a tall, densely viscida)-, and with white to greenish funnel-shaped hairy shrub in the nettle family • CkKtn&s tncxona {Tuctoriagreenei). flowers; (Urticaceae); • Diellm erecta - a fern in the spleen- • Plantago princeps, or laukahi wort family (Aspleniaceae); kuahiwi - a small shrub or robust peren- (continued on next page)

16 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Listing Proposals haematocarpd colony are on private lands

(continued from previous page) subject to intense urban, agricultural, and tourist development.

Two Texas Plants Because the danger to the other four Two species of plants native to south- plants is not as great, they were proposed ern Texas were proposed August 5 for list- for the slightly less critical category of ing as Endangered: Threatened: • Texas ayenia {Ayenia limitaris) - a • fleshy owrs-clover {Castilleja pubescent shrub in the cacao family campestris ssp. succulenta) - an annual (Sterculiaceae), with a population re- herb in the snapdragon family duced to a single individual at a site in (Scrophulariaceae); Hidalgo County; and • Hoover's spurge (Chamaesyce • South Texas ambrosia {Ambrosia hooveri) - an annual herb in the family cheiranthifolia) - an herbaceous perennial Euphorbiaceae; in the aster family (Asteraceae) with seven • Colusa grass (Neostapfia colusand) - currently known populations in Kleberg another annual grass; and Pleodendron macranthum and Nueces Counties. • slender Orcutt grass (Orcuttia The Texas ayenia grows in dense sub- Three Puerto Rican Trees tenui^. tropical woodland communities along All eight of these plants are endemic to Three species of trees native to the Lower Rio Grande floodplains and ter- vernal pools, an unusual habitat type that Commonwealth of Puerto Rico were races, and the South Texas ambrosia oc- forms in areas with Mediterranean cli- proposed September 24 for Endangered curs in open prairies and savannas. mates where slight depressions underlain Species Act protection. The two in great- Historically, both species were distributed with an impervious soil layer fill with wa- est danger were proposed for listing as over a region that included other parts of ter after fall and winter rains. These sea- Endangered: southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. sonal wetlands then dry slowly during the • uvillo {Eugenia haematocarpd) - a Widespread habitat loss has reduced the spring and summer. The cyclic wetting small tree in the myrtle family plants in range and numbers, and contin- and drying create an unusual ecological (Myrtaceae) with leathery leaves and tiny ues to threaten the surviving populations. situation supporting a unique biota. light-pink flowers; and Approximately 95 percent of native Many plants and animals are adapted • chupacallos {Pleodendron macran- South Texas brushlands, woodlands, and specifically to this environment and can- thum) - an evergreen in the canella fa m - prairies have been converted to agricul- not survive outside the temporary pools. ily (Canellaceae) bearing small white tural fields, improved pastures, and urban Vernal pools are not only unusual but flowers and aromatic, purplish-black areas, or cleared for urban water develop- also fragile and easily disturbed. Many of fruit. ment and flood control. Most native the vernal pools in the Central Valley The third species, which is believed to Texas Gulf Coast prairies have been de- have already been destroyed or degraded be in less immediate danger, was pro- veloped for agriculture. The habitats that by urban and agricultural development, posed for listing as Threatened: remain are vulnerable to fragmentation, mowing and livestock overgrazing, off- • ortegon (Coccoloba rugosd} - an ever- contamination from agricultural chemi- road vehicle use, trash dumping, flood green in the buckwheat family cals, and invasion by non-native grasses control projects, and invasions of weedy, (Polygonaceae) producing inflorescences introduced for cattle grazing. non-native plants. with numerous crimson flowers. Habitat alteration is the main threat to The Army Corps of Engineers is re- these species, which are already very lim- sponsible under section 404 of the Clean ited in numbers and range. Although Available Conservation Measures Water Act for regulating the discharge of two populations of C. rugosa, four popu- Among the conservation benefits au- fill material into wedands, including ver- lations of E. haematocarpd, and all P. thorized for Threatened and Endangered nal pools. If the listing proposal is ap- macranthum sites are on Federal or Com- plants and animals under the Endangered proved, the Corps will be required to monwealth lands, they are vulnerable to Species Act are: protection from adverse ensure that any section 404 permits it any management practices that do not effects of Federal activities; restrictions on grants will not jeopardize the survival of take their well-being into account. Addi- the plants. tionally, 10 C. rugosa sites and one E. (continued on page 16)

ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) 17 California Condors Moved to New Breeding Facility in Idaho

Twelve California condors (Gymnogyps Fhe 12 birds — 6 m;iles and 6 females eight captive-produced condors released califomianns) took the longest flight of — were selected to maximize genetic di- last year in Los Padres National Forest their lives on September 23 when they versity in the captive breeding popula- have died, one from ingesting leaked ra- were transported from southern Califor- tion. Biologists hope one of the pairs diator fluid and the others from collisions nia to the World Center for Birds of Prey may breed as early as 1995. Several areas with power lines. After the death of the in Boise, Idaho. They are part of a cap- of Arizona and New Mexico are being fourth condor, the remaining four were tive breeding program directed by the evaluated as potential release sites for the captured and moved to a site in Lion Fish and Wildlife Service in cooperation progeny of the Boise flock. Some con- Canyon, a more remote (and hopefully with the Los Angeles Zoo and the San dors also could be sent to California to safer) area of the national forest. They Diego Wild Animal Park to recover this join the birds that have been released were joined there by another five captive- critically endangered bird. The birds there. California condors, the largest produced condors, and all nine birds were moved from the two facilities to birds in North America, once ranged were released between December 8 and form the nucleus of a third captive breed- along the entire Pacific coast from British 10. The other 66 California condors are ing flock, the first outside California. Columbia to Baja California and as far in captive breeding flocks at the World Seven condors began their journey in east as Florida. More recently, however, Center for Birds of Prey, San Diego Wild San Diego, where they were driven to they were confined to an area north of Animal Park, and Los Angeles Zoo. Miramar Naval Air Station and loaded Lx)s Angeles. aboard an Air Force C-141 Starlifter, There are now 75 California condors, which was scheduled for a routine train- up from a low of 27 in 1987. Four of the ing flight to Idaho. Meanwhile, five con- dors from the Los Angeles Zoo were carried to l.os Angeles International Air- Listing Proposals and prudent alternatives," such as project port and put on a specially equipped (continuedfrom page 17) modifications or rescheduling, are sug- Boeing 727 provided by Federal Express, gested to allow completion of the pro- one of the world's largest express shipping posed activity. Where a Federal action companies. A team of zoo and Army vet- take and trafficking; a requirement that may jeopardize the survival of a species erinarians, along with special condor han- the FWS develop and carry out recovery that is proposed for listing, the Federal dlers, accompanied the birds on each plans; authorization to seek land pur- agency is required to "confer" with the flight. chases or exchanges for important habi- FWS (although the results of such a con- "We owe a special thanks to the Air tat; and Federal aid to State and ference are not legally binding). Force at Edwards Air Force Base for al- Commonwealth conservation depart- Additional protection is authorized by lowing us to take advantage of their train- ments with cooperative endangered spe- section 9 of the Act, which makes it ille- ing operations and to Federal Express for cies agreements. Listing also lends greater gal to take, import, export, or engage in donating the use of its plane to transfer recognition to a species' precarious status, interstate or international commerce in these condors. Their participation is an encouraging other conservation efforts by listed animals cxccpt by permit for cer- essential component to make this coop- State and local agencies, independent or- tain conservation purposes. The Act also erative effort a success," said Marvin ganizations, and concerned individuals. makes it illegal to posses, sell, or transport Plenert, FWS Pacific Regiond Director. Section 7 of the Act directs Federal any listed species taken in violation of the Among those welcoming the condors agencies to use their legal authorities to law. For plants, trade restrictions are the to Boise was Dr. Bill Burnham, President fiirther the purposes of the Act by carry- same but the rules on "take" are different. of The Peregrine Fund, which operates ing out conservation programs for listed It is unlawful to collect or maliciously The World Center for Birds of Prey. The species. It also requires these agencies to damage any Endangered plant on lands Fund was selected to operate the third ensure that any actions they fund, autho- under Federal jurisdiction. Removing or captive breeding facility because of its rize, or carry out are not likely to jeopar- damaging listed plants on State and pri- record of success in propagating other en- dize the survival of any Endangered or vate lands in knowing violation of State dangered birds of prey. Funds for the Threatened .species, or to adversely law, or in the course of violating a State Centers new 17,000-square-foot condor modify its designated Critical Habitat (if criminal trespass law, also is illegal under breeding facility were provided by the any). When an agency finds that one of the Act. In addition, some States have FWS and private contributors (Peter its activities may affect a listed species, it more restrictive laws specifically against andConnie Pfendler and the Boise Water is required to consult with the FWS to the take of State or federally listed plants C'orporation). avoid jeopardy. If necessary, "reasonable and animals.

18 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Young North Dakotans Get Tubs Full of Endangered Species Education

by Dan Licht

generated drawings of wildlife such as plovers and wolves which, when cut out

- out, can be used as book markers or in i nO ..1. 5 collages or games), and even multiple- choice tests about North Dakotas endan- gered species. The binder approach makes it easy for teachers to duplicate the items they want to use with each class. Finally, to leave a lasting impression with the students, the tub contains post- ers and brochures they can keep. There is enough diversity in the tub that grades K- 12 can find something of use. c According to Mark Dryer, FWS en- dangered species senior staff biologist in North Dakota, "One shortcoming of many endangered species outreach ef- forts, from our perspective, is that they do not discuss species close to home. Its The contents of this "endangered species tub" include a peregrine falcon wing, a gray wolf important that North Dakotans, espe- hide, piping plover eggs in a plexiglass cube, and species "building blocks." cially children, take pride in their own natural heritage." Adds Kathy Martin, endangered species staff biologist, "The Endangered species staflF in the Fish tube containing a small pallid sturgeon tub was the only way we could efficiently and Wildlife Services (FWS) North Da- (Scaphirhynchus albus) preserved in alco- reach the far corners of the State. We kota Ecological Services Office believe in hol. The sturgeon came from a recent typically mail it out on a Friday, the the adage, "An ounce of prevention is hatchery effort and was expendable for school uses it the following week, and worth a pound of cure." As a result, the educational purposes. Other contents of then mails it back." staff has put together two endangered the tub are the wing of a peregrine falcon species "tubs" to respond to requests for (Falco peregrinus), a pressed western prai- The cost of materials for each tub is presentations about species in danger of rie fringed orchid (Platanthera pmecLtra), about $300, mostly for the plastic tubs, extinction. Reaction by teachers and and the tanned hide of a gray wolf (Canis packing foam, games, and videos. The scout troop leaders has been enthusiastic. lupus) shot in the Dakotas. remaining items were obtained from other FWS offices or created by Ecologi- Inside each of the plastic tubs is an In addition to the artifacts, the tub in- cal Services staff. It took approximately 5 assortment of endangered species arti- cludes a game of blocks that represent weeks to put together the 2 tubs, but ad- facts, games, videotapes, and brochures. different species of flora and fauna. ditional tubs should take considerably Wildlife items came from various FWS Younger students use the blocks to form a less time because of the ease in duplicat- offices and programs, such as Ecological pyramid that collapses when too many ing many items. Services, Fish Hatcheries, and Law En- blocks become "extinct." Other items in- forcement. For example, one of the tubs clude plaster casts of tracks from black- The use ot tubs for outreach has been features a least tern (Sterna antillarum) footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) and so successful that the North Dakota Of- nest diorama created by using addled tern wolves, a wooden ecosystem puzzle, and fice is starting a wedand tub and consid- eggs in a nest bowl made of sand. The videotapes about ferrets and bald eagles ering others, such as a native prairie tub. entire scene was fixed with acrylic spray (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). The tub also Hopefiilly, an ounce of prevention will and enclosed within a plexiglass con- contains an endangered species book—a indeed be worth a pound of cure. tainer. The contents ot the egg had been three-ringed binder that holds a variety of Dan Licht is a wildlife biologist in the Fish and carefully removed for contaminants crossword puzzles, coloring pages, mazes, Wildlife Service's North Dakota State Office in analysis. In the same tub is a plexiglass species fact-sheets, clip-art (computer- Bismarck.

19 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Final Listing Rules Approved for Eight Species

Final rules adding eight species—six toni) and three annual plants—Otay southern Arizona and northern Sonora, plants and two animals—to the U.S. List mesa mint (Pogogyne nudiuscula), Cali- Mexico, was listed September 23 as En- of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife fornia Orcutt grass {Orcuttia dangered. and Plants were published by the Fish califomicd}, and San Diego button cel- • Delhi Sands Flower-loving Fly and Wildlife Service during August and ery (Eryngium aristulatum var. {Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominali^ September 1993. These plants and ani- parishit). — With its long, tubular proboscis and mals now receive Endangered Species Act • Two California Marsh Plants — A ability to hover in flight, this nectar-feed- protection, and plans for their recovery separate August 3 rule listed as Endan- ing fly in some ways mimics humming- will be developed. A list of the newly gered two species of perennial herbs na- birds. Unlike pest species, the Delhi added taxa, with their legal classification tive to the coastal freshwater marshes of Sands flower-loving fly cannot survive in and Federal Register publication dates, fol- San Luis Obispo County, California: developed areas. It needs natural habitat lows: the marsh sandwort {Arenaria characterized by fine, sandy soils of a spe- • Four California Vernal Pool Spe- paludicold) and Gambel's watercress cific type, very little of which remains. cies— An August 3 rule listed as Endan- (Rorippa gambellii). This insect, the only remaining subspe- gered four species endemic to vernal • Pima Pineapple Cactus {Coryph- cies of R. terminatus, was listed Septem- pools in southern California: the River- antha scheeri var. robustispina) — This ber 23 as Endangered. side fairy shrimp woot- attractive, hemispherical cactus native to

Louisiana Pearlshell Reclassified as Threatened

The Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) duction in the threats to the mussel, and lations. Management initiatives at determined September 24 that the Loui- the discovery of new populations in the Kisatchie National Forest to benefit the siana pearlshell {Margaritifera hembelt), a Red River drainage in Grant Parish. pearlshell have included the control of freshwater mussel previously known only Listed in 1988 as Endangered, the species beavers (whose dams had fragmented the in the Bayou Boeuf drainage in Rapides was proposed for reclassification to mussels range and flooded its free-flow- Parish, Louisiana, warrants reclassifica- Threatened on February 26, 1993. ing habitat) and the establishment of tion under the Endangered Species Act In addition to documenting a larger streamside zones to minimize sedimenta- from Endangered to Threatened. The range than known at the time of listing, tion during logging operations. FWS made this change because of im- recent surveys found evidence of success- provements in habitat management, a re- ful reproduction in most, if not all, popu-

Proposed Reclassifications

No longer believed to be in imminent also known as the Pahrump killifish, was taining population is comprised of several danger of extinction, three species—a proposed August 18, 1993, for reclassifi- thousand fish. Two of these populations fish, a bird, and a plant—were proposed cation. Its improved status is due to co- are on Federal land—Corn Creek Springs recently for reclassification from Endan- operative recovery efforts in Nevada by on the Fish and Wildlife Services Desert gered to the less critical category of Federal and State agencies and university National Game Range, and Shoshone Threatened. Although their status has biologists. The Pahrump poolfish is the Ponds on land managed by the Bureau of improved, these species are not yet fully sole remaining member of the genus Land Management. The third popula- recovered, and therefore would retain En- Empetrichthys, which as recently as the tion is at Spring Mountain State Park. dangered Species Act protection: 1940's included three other subspecies. Although ground water pumping Hawaiian Hawk {Buteo solitaritii) dried up its only historic location. Manse Pahruxnp Poolfish {Empetrichtys Another of the original species listed in Spring, the Pahrump poolfish has been latos latos) released into three other Nevada springs 1967 as Endangered, the 'io or Hawaiian One ol the original taxa listed as En- with secure water sources. Each self-sus- dangered in 1967, this small desert fish, (continued on next page)

20 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Proposed Reclassifications Regional News the Houston Audubon Society) coastal woodlots protection along the Gulf Coast (continued from previous page) (continued from page 2) of Texas and Louisiana. Joint Ventures are private and public partnerships to hawk was proposed for reclassification on In Texas, Phillips Petroleum has do- protect and enhance habitat under the August 5, 1993, as a result of improved nated four 4-wheel-drive trucks to coop- North American Waterfowl Management survey techniques and better knowledge erators assisting with Region 2's sea turtle Plan. Phillips has also toppled a petro- of its ecology and life history. In 1967, programs and desert tortoise {Gophenis leum production platform and converted Hawaiian hawks—which are restricted to agassizii) studies in Mexico. Formerly it into an artificial reef as part of its Rigs- the Island of Hawai'i, or the "Big Is- used for travelling between West Texas oil to-Reefs program, an initiative with the land"—were thought to number only a fields, the trucks will now support turtle State of Texas to create new fishing habi- few hundred. Today, although the spe- projects, primarily in Mexico, by carrying tat for recreational and commercial pur- cies still faces threats from human distur- people and supplies to remote field sites poses. bance, shoonng, contaminants, and some and patrolling beaches, ftilfilling the need • * * for transportation on rough, unimproved predators, the hawks probably number On August 23, 1993, the FWS deliv- roads. Three of the vehicles are destined between 1,400 and 2,500 birds. ered a "no jeopardy" Biological Opinion lor the International Sea Turtle Program, Unlike species that exist only in undis- to the Forest Service in response to a re- a cooperative effort sponsored by the turbed areas, the Hawaiian hawk can nest quest for a programmatic Section 7 con- FWS. Recipients include the Gladys Por- in a variety of habitats, including those sultation on projects affecting the ter Zoo in Brownsville, Texas, which is modified by humans, such as agricultural Mexican spotted owl {Strix occidentalis lu- working on the Kemp's ridley sea turtle lands and exotic forests. Hakalau Na- cidd). The Forest Service proposed 88 [Lepiihchelys kempii) project on Mexico's tional Wildlife Refiige and Hawaii Volca- projects dealing primarily with timber Gulf Coast; the Universidad de noes National Park are managed to harvest and management on 10 nadonal Michoacan, which runs the black sea provide habitat for various native birds, forests in New Mexico and Arizona. Pre- turtle {Chelonia agassizt) project on including the hawk. paring the biological opinion was a team Mexico's Pacific Coast; and effort by staff from the FWS New PRONATURA Peninsula de Yucatan, Mexico and Arizona State Ecological Ser- MacFarlane's Four O'clock which operates the imponant hawksbill vices Field Offices and the Regional {Mirabilis tnacfarlanei) sea turde {Eretmochelys imbricata) projects Office's Division of Endangered Species/ This wildflower, a perennial found in in Yucatan with the FWS. The fourth Permits. In addition, personnel from Idaho and Oregon canyonlands, was pro- truck will go to Centro Ecologico de other FWS field offices were detailed to posed August 26, 1993, for reclassifica- Sonora, which works with the FWS on a help with the effort. tion to Threatened. MacFarlane's four desert tortoise project in the Sonoran * * * o'clock is characterized by strikingly large Desert of Mexico. Winter crop depredation by sandhill magenta flowers atop stems that have op- A transfer ceremony at Gladys Porter cranes {Grus canadensis, particularly on positely arranged succulent leaves. In Zoo on September 28, 1993, brought to- alfalfa and chilies in the Middle Rio 1979, when the species was listed as En- gether Phillips Petroleum officials, Mexi- Grande Valley, New Mexico, was the dangered, only 25 to 30 plants in 3 colo- can cooperators, and media represen- concern of farmers and State and Federal nies were known. Today, thanks to tatives, along with FWS staff. Speaking wildlife biologists who met recently to ex- improvements in grazing management, at the ceremony, H. Lindsay Patterson, plore means of alleviating the problem the discovery of 15 additional colonies, Phillips' manager of exploration and pro- without harm to whooping cranes {Grus and the stable status of these colonies, the duction, said, "Our people take great care americand) that also pass though the area. species is estimated to number 8,600. to preserve the sea turdes that live around Representatives from the New Mexico our offshore platforms in the Gulf of Game and Fish Department, Bosque del Mexico. With this donadon, we become Apache National Wildlife Refuge part of a larger effort that is working (NWR), and the FWS Albuquerque Re- across international borders to protect gional Office attended. shared sea turtle populations." He added The result was ;in extension in the sand- that the company would like to continue hill crane hunting season, which previ- its cooperative efforts with the FWS. ously ended November 1, a date before Phillips supports a number of conserva- most whooping cranes from the experi- tion initiatives with the FWS, including mental Rocky Mountain flock migrate wetlands restoration in the Playa Lakes and Gulf Coast Joint Ventures, and (with (continued on page 16)

ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) 21 Contributing to the Endangered Species Technical Bulletin

The Endangered Species Technical Bulk- cies Act due for reauthorization, the Bul- notes and references are acceptable for tin was created in 1976 to meet the grow- letin also will become more important as technical articles. ing demand for news of developments in a means of public outreach. We need Contribudons need not be technical; the endangered species program. The your help in bringing broader coverage of there is also a need for material of wider Bulletin is the primary means by which the endangered species program to the interest. Feature articles are particularly the Fish and Wildhfe Service dissemi- public. welcome. We encourage authors to adopt nates information on rulemakings (list- Material on a wide range of topics re- a popular, general audience style with an ings, reclassifications, and delistings), lating to endangered species is welcome, attention-grabbing opening. Indulge regulatory changes, section 7 interagency and it may be technical or popular in your creative impulse, and have fun! consultations, recovery plans and activi- nature. We are particularly interested in As a general rule, feature articles should ties, changes in species' status, research news about recovery (both the develop- be between three and nine double-spaced developments, new ecological threats, ment of new recovery plans and their pages in length. Shorter items can be sent and a variety of other issues. implementation); interagency consulta- to the appropriate Regional endangered The Bulletin has an increasingly diverse tions (including biological opinions ren- species specialist for inclusion in the Re- audience and a current circulation of dered, reasonable and prudent alter- gional News column. Notices and an- about 8,500. The Service is authorized natives identified, etc.); Habitat Conser- nouncements may be mailed directly to to provide this publication to: vation Plans; other cooperative ventures the Editor. • biologists, other natural resource with Federal and State agencies, conserva- Because the Bulletin recipients include managers, and administrators in a wide tion organizations, business, and private many scientists and foreign subscribers, variety of Federal, State, and local agen- landowners; changes in a species' status; please include in all material: cies. The Bulletin is of interest not only and significant new threats. • scientific as well as common names to natural resource agencies but also to Before preparing a manuscript, please of all species mentioned (non-listed as other agencies that may be affected by contact the Bulletin Editor (703/358- well as listed species). endangered species program activities. 2166) to determine the proper length, fo- • metric equivalents for all measure- • members of Congress and staff direc- cus, and timing of proposed articles. ments (including area and volume). tors of major committees. Although we welcome submissions, we • Celsius and Fahrenheit equivalents • conservation groups and other inter- cannot guarantee their publication in the for temperatures. ested organizations. Bulletin. (Authors will be notified if their • complete names or terms to accom- • scientists with whom the Service material is not used.) Manuscripts may pany the first use of all abbreviations and regularly works. be circulated to reviewers for technical acronyms. • major public and university libraries. content and consistency with Fish and Submissions should always include the In response to demand from teachers, Wildlife Service policies. They may also author's name, position, duty station, ad- consulting firms, concerned citizens, and be edited for length, style, and clarity. dress, and telephone number. others, the Service set up an agreement The Bulletin editorial staff will consult with the University of Michigan in 1982 with authors on changes that may affect Illustrations to make the Bulletin available to anyone the content of a manuscript, and authors Photographs and/or line drawings are who is interested. Under this arrange- will have an opportunity to review edited very important, and should be submitted ment, the University reprints the Bulletin material before publication. Credit will with all articles as available. Photographs as part of its own publication, the Endan- be given for all articles and illustrations are particularly welcome, and can be pro- gered Species Update. The Update is sold used. vided as transparencies, prints (black- on a not-for-profit basis (currently $23 and-white preferred), or negatives. per year) and has about 1,200 subscrib- Style Include the photographer's name and ers. When preparing a manuscript, follow material for a caption. Material will be the GPO Style Manual Keep in mind returned upon request. Please obtain in We Need Your Help! the diversity of the Bulletin audience. advance the necessary permission for the Because of its increasingly diverse audi- People from many different backgrounds Bulletin to publish the illustrations. ence, the Bulletin is seeking to diversify are added to the mailing list each month, and expand its coverage of endangered and discussing the context of an issue is species issues. With the Endangered Spe- an important aid to new readers. Foot- (continued on next page)

22 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Contributing to the Bulletin

(continued from previous page)

Submission Format Printing Schedule We welcome contributions at any Manuscripts for the Bulletin can be The Bulletin is converting to a bi- time, but material not received by the submitted several ways. We prefer to re- monthly printing schedule, with six is- "Copy Due" date will be held for the ceive computer files in Wordperfect 5.1 sues per year and an index. To achieve next issue. format. Please transmit them via this goal, the following schedule has been CC:MAIL (send to R9FWE_OA.BCI). established for the upcoming year: You may also mail DOS-formatted dis- 1994 ISSUE COPY DUE kettes to Endangered Species Technical DATE DATE Bulletin, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, February December 1, 1993 320 ARLSQ, Washington, D.C. 20240. April February I, 1994 Submissions by FAX can be sent to 703/ June April 1, 1994 358-1872 (703/358-2166 to confirm). August June 1,1994 In all cases, please mail a double-spaced October August 1, 1994 hard copy. December October 1, 1994

The second poster of a new series on the theme "Endangered Means There's Still Time" depicts six animals and plants native to desert regions of the United States: the desert tortoise, Devil's Hole pupfish, black lace cactus, Sanborn's long-nosed bat, Jaguarundi, and California condor. Future editions of the series will feature endangered species from a variety of habitats. These posters are designed to raise public awareness of lesser known types of rare wildlife. The full-color, 16-by-22-inch desert poster can be purchased by writing the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or by calling 202/783-3238. The price is $5.50; ask for product number 024-010-00698-6. Copies of the first poster m the series, which illustrates coastal species, are still available for $4.95; ask for product number 024-010-00693-5.

23 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) New Publications

1994 Refuge Calendar Our National Wildlife Refuges, a new OUR NATIONAL WILDLIFE full-color calendar for 1994, features 28 of our nations natural treasures. Created REFUGES by photographers John and Karen Hollingsworth, the calendar focuses on the diversity of habitat and species within the National Wildlife Refuge System, and includes an educational text to invite fur- ther exploration. The calendar also in- cludes a list of refuge events nationwide, highlighting special activities, festivals, and wildlife migratory routes. For every calendar purchased, the Hollingsworths will donate 50 cents to the National Wildlife Foundation, which will match their donation. The funds will be directed by the Foundation to habitat restoration and/or environmental education projects on nationd wildlife refuges. To order, send $11.50 (shipping and handling included) to Reflections of Nature, RO. Box 235, Bellvue, Colorado 80512-0235. 1994 CALENDAR

Updated Endangered Species List Biodiversity on Private Lands: An then planned and implemented projects Available Initiative of the President's Commis- to combine biodiversity with economic A new U.S. List of Endangered and sion on Environmental Quality, de- uses of land. The 24-page color booklet, Threatened Wildlife and Plants, updated scribes how 16 corporations began made possible by a challenge grant from through August 23, 1993, is now avail- integrating biodiversity conservation into the National Fish and Wildlife Founda- able. For a copy, write the U.S. Fish and the management of private lands. By de- tion, is available from International Pa- Wildlife Service, Publications Unit, 130 veloping partnerships with government per, Route 1, Box 421, Bainbridge, WEBB, Washington, D.C. 20240. agencies, private organizations, and aca- Georgia (telephone 912/246-3642; FAX demic institutions, corporate land man- 912/243-0766. agers assessed conservation opportunities.

24 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) r^ew Publications

California—Vanishing Habitats Delta, and San Francisco Bay. It features To order, write the Beautifial America and Wildlife, a 144-page softbound vol- over 90 full-color photographs of the Publishing Company, P.O. Box 646, ume with text and photographs by B. States rare wildlife and its habitats, and Wilsonville, Oregon 97070, or call toll- "Moose" Peterson , explores California's includes a foreword by Roger Tory free at 1-800-874-1233. The price is deserts and grasslands, fresh and salt wa- Peterson. $21.95 (shipping not included). ter marshes, old growth and riparian for- See below for an excerpt from the ests, mountains and valleys, Sacramento book.

LoKern the entire world population of Kern mallow lies in the safety of LoKern. The saltbush also provides homes and cover for many bird species; the most notable is the LeConte's thrasher. Like so many birds and animals, much of its specialized, desert-grassland habi- tat has been lost and LoKern is the only stronghold left to it in the valley. This diverse habitat also supports a number of birds under consideration for listing as endangered—the moun- tain plover, long-billed curlew, and fer- ruginous hawk. They are winter visitors to LoKem, depending on its unique features to supply them with the needed A San Joaquin kit fox family. food reserves for their return migration north. LoKern could be called the Carrizo/ other native endangered species not Elkhorns sister in that they share much found over the hill. This rich plant life also supports the short-nosed, Tipton, and giant kanga- of the same habitat. Butting up against The LoKern is the last significant in- roo rats, San Joaquin pocket mouse, the Elkhorn Hills west of Buttonwillow, tact remnant of native San Joaquin salt- blunt-nosed leopard lizard, and San the four thousand acres of the LoKern bush and alkali sink scrub habitat. A Joaquin antelope squirrel. These in are a small fraction of its once greater major plant of the grasslands is the alkali- turn support the San Joaquin kit fox. whole. Though the Temblor Moun- tolerant saltbush. It in turn supports The web of life in this "desert" commu- tains divide the Carrizo/Elkhorn from other smaller plants that take advantage nity staggers the imagination. And the LoKern, many species live in both of its shade and of the nutrients the dead LoKern supports some of the largest areas. The one feature that does distin- plant material adds to the soil. The en- known concentrations of these endan- guish them is that LoKern is located dangered California jewel-flower, gered wildlife and plants, an island unto within the San Joaquin Valley, tucked Hoovers wooly-star, and Kern mallow all itself. away on its southwestern edge. Because reside in this plant community. In fact. of this, LoKern protects a couple of

25 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Listed Species By State/Territory As of November 30,1993 (Omits "similarity of appearance" and some extirpated species)

HAWAII PUERTO RICO V.I.

Regional News rials, training hunters in bird identifica- from the Forest Service in searching for (continued from page 21) tion and requiring them to pass a written the goblin fern {Botrychium mormo), a examination, and immediately closing Category 2 listing candidate, in the any hunt zone if a whooping crane enters Chequamegon National Forest in Wis- into New Mexico. The surviving mem- the area. consin. Although this population num- bers of the cross-fostered flock spend the * * * bered about 1,000 plants when it was winter primarily on Bosque del Apache Region 3 - Region 3 biologists have discovered in 1979, researchers located NWR and State game areas that are not taken the lead in the section 7 consulta- only 24 plants this year. The reason for open to sandhill crane hunts. tion with the Environmental Protection the decline is unknown; the habitat has New Mexico will have seven 2-day Agency for the proposed Great Lakes not been disturbed. Weather conditions sandhill crane hunts during October, De- Water Quality Guidance, an initiative to may affect the goblin fern on a delayed cember, and January to diminish crop ensure consistent water quality standards basis. depredations. Hunts for another whoop- among all States within the Great Lakes * * * ing crane "look-alike" species, the snow watershed. The Chicago Metro Wetlands A September 15 pipeline break caused goose {Chen caemlescens), in the Middle Office had an introductory meeting to diesel fuel to spill into the only place in Rio Grande Valley have occurred without discuss the consultation process and ex- the world the Endangered white cat's paw known harm to whooping cranes. Mea- pects to convene a second meeting soon. pearly mussel {Epiohlasma obliquata sures taken to protect whooping cranes * * * perobliqud) is known to exist, Fish Creek will be similar to those used in the past, Staff from the FWS Region 3 Office in northeast Indiana and northwest including distributing educational mate- and Green Bay Field Office joined staff (continued on next page)

26 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) Regional News Speciaii'G«|Blip, and The Nature Con- concentration of federally listed species, including 14 mussels and 3 fish. At least (continued from previous page) servancy sponsored a Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) for 30 other State and Federal agencies and the sandplain gerardia {Agalinis acuta)., an private conservation groups have also rec- Ohio. The ruptured pipeHne discharged Endangered plant. Held at The Nature ognized the importance of this biologi- an estimated 30,000 gallons of #2 diesel Conservancy's Mashomack Preserve on cally rich ecosystem and are actively fuel in a crop field in DeKalb County, Shelter Island, New York, the 3-day implementing a wide variety of conserva- Indiana. Spilled fuel made its way to a workshop brought together experts from tion measures and ecological research. To small drainage ditch that discharges into throughout the species' range to assess re- date, more than 5 miles of riparian habi- Fish Creek. Fish Creek is also home to covery efforts during the last 5 years and tat have been restored under a coopera- two other Endangered mussel species, the formulate plans. The PHVA uses com- tive agreement between the FWS and northern riffleshell {Epioblasma torulosa puter simulation models to test manage- The Nature Conservancy (TNC). In ad- rangiand) and the clubshell {Pleurobema ment scenarios and population dynamics dition, the Virginia Department of Game clava), as well as the salamander mussel assumptions. and Inland Fisheries cooperated with the {Simpsonaias ambigud), a listing candi- * * * Virginia Water Resources Research Cen- date. The area provides habitat for mi- The FWS Virginia Field Office re- ter, TNC, and the FWS to obtain a grant gratory birds including passerines, cently completed a no-jeopardy Biologi- from the National Fish and Wildlife waterfowl, wading birds, piscivorous cal Opinion on impacts to the bald eagle Foundation to expand public outreach birds, and raptors. [Haliaeetus leucocephalus) from five pro- activities in the Basin, restore degraded While response action probably lim- posed shoreline facilities as described in riparian habitats, and reintroduce native ited potential damage, it did not prevent applications for U.S. Army Corps of En- mussels into these recovered habitats. injury and will not address residual ef- gineers construction permits. The Grant activities are scheduled to begin fects. Fuel has accumulated along the projects would allow private boat access this year. banks and in detrital organic matter and within the largest summer concentration * * * sediment. Staff from the FWS of eagles in the eastern United States—a Winter 1992-93 bat surveys by the Bloomington, Indiana, Field Office, Indi- 7-mile stretch of the James River in Vir- West Virginia Division of Natural Re- ana Department of Natural Resources, ginia. Although the Corps has agreed to sources tallied 85,374 bats in 35 caves and Ohio Department of Natural Re- the Biological Opinion terms and condi- and one limestone mine. Hellhole Cave, sources are assessing the damage to the tions that include no private boat-ramp West Virginia's most significant hiber- mussel community of Fish Creek. building, the local government on one nactilum, contained 75,204 bats, includ- • * • side of the river continues to pursue con- ing 5,618 Indiana bats {Myotis sodali^ Interagency cooperation characterized struction of a public boat-ramp. The and 4,965 Virginia big-eared bats a September 8 meeting of the Niangua FWS maintains that such a ramp within {Plecotus toivnsendii virginianu^. Re- Darter {Etheostoma ninguae) Recovery or adjacent to this concentration area is searchers found seven species. Team at Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri. likely to result in serious impacts to bald In June 1993, biologists using night- Agenda items featured current research eagle use. Migrant and resident eagles vision equipment to census \2 P. t. on this State endemic fish, monitoring forage and loaf along the shoreline during virginianus summer colonies, including a surveys, artificial propagation, problems the day and roost in the James River Na- new one discovered late in the summer of associated with gravel dredging, water tional Wildlife Refuge at night. Eagles 1992, counted 5,943 adults. quality issues, increased coordination use this segment of the river because it is * * * among agency staflFs, an improved public undisturbed, has extensive flats and shal- The discovery of a new bald eagle nest education program, and funding needs. low water areas for feeding, and offers a in West Virginia brought the State total In addition to biologists from the FWS large food base. Human disturbance is to five. Four of these nests fledged two Columbia, Missouri, Field Offiice, par- increasing, mainly through development chicks each, and the fifth appears to have ticipants included staff from the Missouri and boat traffic. fledged at least one eaglet. Department of Conservation, the U.S. * * * Intensive searches failed to locate any Army Corps of Engineers, the Missouri Recendy, the FWS and the Environ- nesting peregrine falcons {Falco Highway and Transportation Depart- mental Protection Agency drafted an in- peregrinu^ in the State. Biologists did ment, the University of Missouri's Coop- teragency agreement that provides find eight breeding pairs of loggerhead erative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, funding to the FWS to implement water- shrikes {Lanius ludovicianu^, a Category and the Sierra Club. shed protection in the Upper Tennessee 2 listing candidate. * !tc * River Basin of southwestern Virginia. Region 5 - From July 6 to 8, 1993, the This basin includes the Clinch, Powell, FWS, the lUCN/SSC Captive Breeding and Holston Rivers, which have a high (continued on page 16)

ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993) 27 Regional News (continued from page 27) BOX SCORE

Berween July 1, 1992, and June 30, LISTINGS AND RECOVERY PLANS 1993, researchers with the West Virginia Division of Natural Resouces ENDANGERED 1 THREATENED 1 LISTED SPECIES Category Foreign i Foreign i SPECIES WITH (WVDNR), the Monongahela National U.S. Only 1 U.S. Only 1 TOTAL PLANS Forest, and West Virginia University cap- Mammals 55 251 j 9 22 1 337 36 tured 47 Endangered northern flying Birds 72 154 1 17 0 1 243 73 squirrels [Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus) dur- Reptiles 17 63 1 18 14 1 112 27 Amphibians 6 8 5 0 19 9 ing spring and fall monitoring for species Fisfies 59 11 1 39 0 1 109 60 population and distribution in the State. Snails 12 1 1 7 0 1 20 26 Clams 50 2 6 0 58 40 The 18 capture sites included 2 new Crustaceans 11 0 1 2 0 1 13 4 ones. While the flying squirrels were "in Insects 15 4 1 9 0 1 30 15 hand," WVDNR researchers conducting Aractinids 4 0 ' 0 0 4 0 Plants 326 1 1 77 2 1 406 176 a food habits study analyzed 66 fecal samples, which showed that the animals' TOTAL 629 495 j 189 38 1 1,351* 466** diet consists of lichens, pollen, and fungi. Total U.S. Endangered 629 (303 animals, 326 plants) * * * Total U.S. Threatened 189 (112 animals, 77 plants) WVDNR researchers discovered a new Total U.S. Listed 818 (415 animals, 403 plants) population of the Endangered clubshell Separate populations of a species that are listed both as Endangered and Threatened are mussel {Pleurobema clavd) in Hackers tallied twice. Those species are the leopard, gray wolf, grizzly bear, bald eagle, piping plover, roseate tern, chimpanzee, Nile crocodile, green sea turtle, and olive ridley sea turtle. For Creek, a tributary of the West Fork River the purposes of the Endangered Species Act, the term "species" can mean a species, in the Monongahela River drainage. subspecies, or distinct vertebrate population. Several entries also represent entire genera They also found new populations of two or even families. other mussels that are Category 2 listing There are 369 approved recovery plans. Some recovery plans cover more than one species, candidates—the green floater {Lasmigona and a few species have separate plans covering different parts of their ranges. Recovery subviridi^ in Clover Lick Creek, a tribu- plans are drawn up only for listed species that occur in the United States. tary to the Greenbrier River, and the brook floater {Alasmidonta varicosd) in Number of CITES Party Nations: 120 Patterson Creek, which flows into the December 1, 1993 North Branch of the Potomac River.

* ^

Surveys for the Threatened Cheat helped to define the overall range of the found only one new population at the Mountain salamander (Plethodon species. Dr. Thomas Pauley of Marshall edge of its range. netting, a West Virginia endemic, have University in F^untington, West Virginia,

November/December 1993 Vol. XVIII No. 4 FIRST CLASS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID ^ = I ~ ~ = : ~ ^ - =-= = = =z: £> U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR PERMIT NO. G-77 Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Technical Bulletin Washington, D. C. 20240

BeCYCLEo

'^ecycLABUt

28 ENDANGERED SPECIES TECHNICAL BULLETIN Vol. XVIII No. 4 (1993)