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Rare and Endemic Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands by Elbert Ljlittle, Jr

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Rare and Endemic Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands by Elbert Ljlittle, Jr *1* United States 1) Department of " Agriculture Rare and Endemic Trees Forest Service of Puerto Rico and the Conservation 3! Research Report Virgin Islands No. 27 CURREN i S£i IAL RECORDS & t'. &?& i%£2k w* S.4& I A fc VjW S**S ' » i>" ~ VT^fe ^.:... w .. #4 *s /v$S*r "»..•< ESKg «Si «2f.>:,^/H fe*S 4$ Sfc. * ?;4 tc..^ ',£ Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Rare and Endemic Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands by Elbert LJLittle, Jr. Chief Dendrologist (Retired) Timber Management Research U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and Roy O.I Woodbury Plant Taxonomist University of Puerto Rico United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Conservation Research Report No. 27 Washington, D.C. November 1980 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 . Contents Page Introduction 1 Endangered Species Act 1 Definitions 2 Previous Work 3 Committee Report 3 Lists of Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 4 1 Extinct Species 4 2. Rare Endemic Species Needing Additional Protection 5 3. Rare Endemic Species To Be Watched 6 4. Other Rare Endemic Species 7 5 Common Endemic Species 8 6. Rare Species Native Beyond (Nonendemic) 10 Endemic Species of Virgin Islands 13 Relationships of the Endemic Species 15 Species New to Science 15 Endemic Genera 15 Trees Absent From Puerto Rico 16 Public Forests and Parks 18 Economic Importance of Endemic Species 19 Puerto Rico and Hawaii Compared 20 Discussion 23 Summary 24 Literature Cited 25 Index of Scientific Names 26 Abstract Little, Elbert L., Jr., and Roy O. Woodbury. 1980. Rare and endemic trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. U.S. \ Dep. Agric, Conserv. Res. Rep. 27, 26 p. CQ° Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands together have about 55 1 species of native trees, of which 539 are founcTin Puerto Rico. More than one-fourth, or 142, are known only from these islands (endemic). Only about 13 rare endemic tree species need ad- ditional protection and have been proposed as endangered. Also, 22 are to be watched or monitored and have been proposed as threatened. About 100 others listed as rare are native also beyond (nonendemic). The economic possibilities of endemic tree species merit special attention, u OXFORD: 174(729.5); 181.1; 907.2. KEY WORDS: Trees (Puerto Rico); trees (Virgin Islands); rare trees; rare and endangered plants; tree sanctuaries. F— 529671 Cover: Violeta, violet-tree, Polygala cowellii (Britton) Blake, at Juana Diaz. Small to medium-sized tree scattered in forests of hillsides and arroyos. Native only in Puerto Rico and classed as a rare endemic species to be watched. Beautiful masses of violet-colored flowers cover the tree from February to March or April, generally when leafless. Photograph by Frank H. Wadsworth. Rare and Endemic Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands By Elbert L| Little, Jr., and Roy OJWoodbury 1 Introduction Like other oceanic islands, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Mona, Culebra, and Vieques (all belonging to Puerto Islands are rich in rare and local plant species not found Rico), the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the British Virgin elsewhere. Fortunately, most native tree species are pro- Islands. tected in natural or near natural forests within public The geological history helps to explain present tree forests and parks. Very few tree species, mostly confined distribution. Puerto Rico and adjacent islands began as to privately owned lands, need additional protection. submarine volcanoes on the ocean floor some 125 million This report groups the species of rare and endemic years ago and were built up by the end of the early trees into lists; summarizes present occurrence, and may Cretaceous period about 80 million years ago. The time is be of use for planning, development, management, and sufficient for much accidental migration from the con- preservation of land. It is one of a series on rare trees of tinents. There is some evidence that much higher peaks the United States. 2 The British Virgin Islands, which have may have existed, that blocks have been uplifted and sub- very few additional species, have been included, as in sided, and that sea level may have fluctuated. During previous studies. The information summarized here is glacial periods the climate may have been cooler, vegeta- based largely upon field studies by the authors in Puerto tion zones as much as 3,000 ft (914 m) lower, and sea Rico and the Virgin Islands through many years. level 200 ft (61 m) lower. The Virgin Islands, except St. Nearly all the rare and local trees of this report are Croix, apparently were connected with one another and present within Puerto Rico. Few of the same or other rare with Puerto Rico as recently as the maximum advance of species are native in the smaller islands nearby, such as the last continental glaciation about 11,000 years ago. Endangered Species Act The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (public law Separate lists of proposed endangered, threatened, and 93-205) has directed attention to rare animal and plant extinct species of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands have species that may be classed as endangered and in need of been included in a revision (7). protection against extinction. It provided legal defini- The act also provides that the Secretary of the U.S. tions of two groups not previously separated, endangered Department of the Interior must study the Smithsonian and threatened species. Institution's preliminary list and determine which species As authorized by this act, lists of proposed endangered are truly threatened and endangered. The first official and threatened plant species have been prepared by the list, with additions through 1978, contains 17 plant Smithsonian Institution. The preliminary published lists species (only 1 a tree), with none from Puerto Rico and (21, 24, 25) contain more than 2,000 species and varieties the Virgin Islands (26). in continental United States and many others in Hawaii. Respectively, chief dendrologist (retired), Timber Management Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Box 2417, Washington, D.C. 20013; and plant taxonomist, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00928. ""Three others have been published (8, 9, 10). Italic numbers in paren- theses refer to Literature Cited, p. 25. Definitions Trees may be defined as woody plants having one erect Some rare and local tree species are also on the lists of perennial stem or trunk at least 3 in (7.5 cm) in diameter proposed endangered and threatened species compiled by at breast height (d.b.h. or at 4.5 ft or 1.3 m), a more or the Smithsonian Institution (21). However, border or less definitely formed crown of foliage, and a height of at peripheral species generally are excluded by definition. least 13 ft (4 m) (75, p. 14). Some small trees that are Two administrative or legal definitions may be quoted often shrubby and shrubby species rarely reaching the from the Endangered Species Act. "The term 'en- minimum tree size have been included. dangered species' means any species which is in danger of Tree species are less numerous than those of smaller extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its plants on lists of proposed endangered plants. Of course, range. ..." The report by the Smithsonian Institution tree species make up only a fraction of the seed plant (21, p. 17) adds: "Existence may be endangered because species listed in a local flora, as high as one-fourth in the of the destruction, drastic modification, or severe curtail- tropics and as low as one-tenth or less in temperate ment of habitat, or because of overexploitation, disease, regions. Trees are conspicuous and easily located, predation, or even unknown reasons. Plant taxa from watched, and mapped. Their large size and long life af- very limited areas, e. g., the type localities only, or from ford some protection against grazing animals and various restricted fragile habitats usually are considered en- hazards. They reproduce by seeds and from roots over a dangered. Survival of an endangered species requires period of years. If endangered, they can be propagated assistance and additional protection." readily by seeds or vegetative shoots and distributed to "The term 'threatened species' means any species botanical gardens, parks, and arboreta. which is likely to become an endangered species within A rare species is one that has a small population in its the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant por- range, which may be restricted or widespread. The term tion of its range." Included are species categorized as local species is used here for one of relatively small range, rare, very rare, or depleted. These species are to be but which is sufficiently common not to be called rare. A watched. species whose range is limited to a particular named area, Recently extinct or possibly extinct species are "those usually small, is cited as endemic. species of plants no longer known to exist after repeated Border or peripheral species reach the limit of their search of the type localities and other known or likely natural range a short distance into the United States, places. Some species may be extinct in the wild but ." where they may also be classed as rare or local. They may preserved by cultivation in gardens. (27). (Of be rare at the edges of their ranges but not in danger of course, the reference is to the modern or recent flora extinction because of occurrence in greater numbers else- named from collections of living plants and not to the where.
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