Du Rite Au Sport

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Du Rite Au Sport From Rite to Sport 0 From Rite to Sport 1 From Rite to Sport 2 Introduction Au printemps 1854, le commodore Matthew C. Perry de la Marine des Etats-Unis parvint à signer un traité de commerce et d’amitié avec le shogunat du Japon, entrouvrant ainsi une porte sur un pays exotique jusque là demeuré résolument fermé au monde occidental, depuis deux siècles et demi d’isolement volontaire. Après la signature des concessions, un échange mutuel et raffiné de cadeaux eut lieu : la maison du traité dans le port de Yokohama fut emplie de délicates pièces de mobilier laqué, de soies et de riches broderies, de porcelaines, d’éventails et de boîtes à pipes. L’interprète japonais traduisit la longue liste des cadeaux en néerlandais, et un membre de l’équipage de Perry se chargea de retranscrire le tout en anglais. Alors que le commodore s’apprêtait à repartir, les officiels japonais lui signalèrent qu’il restait encore un article destiné au Président des Etats-Unis qui n’avait pas encore été présenté, et ils le conduisirent sur la plage, où plusieurs centaines d’immenses sacs de riz étaient entassés, prêts à être chargés à bord des bateaux américains. « Alors que je contemplais ces preuves concrètes de la générosité japonaise », note Francis L. Hawkes, chroniqueur officiel des expéditions de Perry, dans son rapport à destination du Congrès américain, rédigé deux ans plus tard, « l’attention de tout le monde fut soudainement attirée par une masse de corps d’hommes monstrueux, qui déambulaient sur la plage comme une horde d’éléphants. C’était des lutteurs professionnels, qui faisaient partie de la suite des princes, qui les gardaient à leurs côtés pour leur amusement personnel ou pour divertir les foules. Ils devaient être environ vingt-cinq, et étaient d’une stature absolument gigantesque et d’un poids énorme. Leur costume était réduit à sa plus simple expression - une simple bande de tissu passée autour de la taille, rehaussée de franges et portant les armoiries des princes auxquels chacun appartenait – et il montrait leurs gigantesques mensurations boursouflées de graisse et de muscles ». Les princes – appelés daimyo, ou seigneurs provinciaux – qui accompagnent les lutteurs leur font alors déplacer les sacs de soixante kilos de riz à un endroit plus proche du navire en guise de première démonstration de la force des lutteurs. Les officiels japonais proposent alors au commodore et ses suivants de se retirer vers la maison du traité, où ils vont avoir l’occasion de voir les lutteurs exhiber leurs prouesses professionnelles. Les invités constatent alors qu’une aire circulaire d’environ quatre mètres de diamètre vient d’être établie devant l’immeuble, et des divans de teinture rouge déposés à l’attention des plénipotentiaires japonais, de leurs suivants et des Américains. Les orchestres des navires, invités à descendre, agrémenteront le spectacle de quelques morceaux entraînants. Aussitôt que les spectateurs se sont assis sur leurs sièges, les lutteurs à demi-nus entrent tour à tour dans le cercle, et l’ensemble, divisé entre deux parties opposées, se met à piétiner lourdement le sol d’avant en arrière, se regardant l’un l’autre d’un air méchant, mais sans engager aucun combat, leur but étant tout juste de démontrer leurs aptitudes, et de donner aux spectateurs, de fait, l’occasion de comparer leurs mérites respectifs, et de prendre leurs paris. Ils se retirent bien vite derrières des sortes de cloisons placées là pour l’occasion, où tous, à l’exception de deux d’entre eux, sont à nouveau rhabillés en uniformes complets et reprennent leurs positions sur des sièges à l’avant des spectateurs. From Rite to Sport 3 Estampe montrant de solides sumotori amenant les balles de riz offertes par le shogun aux maigres Américains qui accompagnent l’amiral Perry au Japon en 1853. Croquis intitulé Les Gladiateurs Japonais, publié par S. Palmer dans le Illustrated Times en 1858. From Rite to Sport 4 Les deux lutteurs qui ont été séparés du reste de la troupe, se présentent alors l’un face à l’autre sur un signal donné par les annonceurs assis sur les côtés opposés. Ils font leur entrée l’un après l’autre, depuis l’arrière des cloisons, d’un pas lent et posé, tels d’énormes bêtes, vers le centre du cercle. Ils s’alignent l’un en face de l’autre, à quelques pas de distance. Ils s’accroupissent un moment, s’envoyant de féroces regards, comme si chacun d’eux cherchait l’occasion de prendre par surprise son adversaire. Pour le spectateur qui contemple alors ces monstres gavés, dont les natures animales ont été si patiemment et brillamment entretenues, et les regarde se défier chacun avec une férocité brutale, prêts à démontrer les cruels instincts d’un naturel sauvage, il est aisé de perdre toute conscience de leur qualité d’êtres humains, et de se convaincre qu’il a devant lui deux bêtes sauvages assoiffées du sang de leur adversaire. Ils sont, de fait, deux taureaux furieux, dont ils n’ont pas seulement acquis la nature, mais tout aussi bien l’apparence et les gestes. Alors qu’ils continuent à se regarder l’un l’autre ils martèlent le sol d’un pas lourd, piaffant d’impatience apparente puis, inclinant leurs corps immenses, ils ramassent des poignées de terre qu’ils jettent derrière leur dos d’un geste nerveux ou qu’ils frottent entre leurs paumes géantes ou sous leurs solides épaules. Ils s’accroupissent alors en position basse, conservant leur regard planté dans celui de l’adversaire, observant chacun de ses gestes jusqu’à ce que, à un instant précis, ils ne finissent par soulever et entrechoquer leurs masses, corps contre corps, dans un choc à assommer un bœuf. L’équilibre de leurs carrures monstrueuses est à peine troublé par le choc, dont l’effet est à peine visible dans le tremblement des chairs qui dégoulinent de leurs corps. Au moment où ils se sont rejoints, ils ont lancé leurs bras musculeux l’un contre l’autre, et sont désormais entrelacés dans une lutte acharnée, chacun employant son énorme puissance pour tâcher de projeter son adversaire. Leurs énormes muscles gonflent pour ressembler à ceux d’Hercules sculpturaux, leurs visages bouffis se gonflent sous les afflux d’un sang qui semble prêt à jaillir de leur peau rougie, leurs corps immenses tremblent sous l’effort alors que la lutte se poursuit. Finalement, l’un des deux adversaires finit par tomber lourdement à terre, de tout son gigantesque poids et, déclaré vaincu, on l’aide à se remettre debout avant de le conduire hors du cercle. L’écœurante démonstration ne prend pas fin avant que chacun des vingt-cinq n’aient, tour à tour et par paires, fait étalage de leurs qualités de sauvagerie et de leur puissance extrême… Le commandant Mac Cauley du Powhatan décrit les combats ainsi dans son journal : « C’est une démonstration de puissance très frustrante, il y a bien eu une ou deux chutes, mais qui après tout auraient fait éclater de rire tous les lutteurs que j’ai connus jusqu’ici ». Aux yeux d’un navigateur américain du milieu du XIXème siècle, habitué aux rencontres dépourvues de règles et souvent sanglantes que l’on appelle alors des combats de lutte publics, durant lesquels il n’y a pas de limites et qui voient s’affronter deux adversaires From Rite to Sport 5 furieux et injurieux se battant dans la poussière jusqu’à ce que l’un des deux ne concède finalement la défaite, la lutte japonaise peut sembler plus que frustrante. De fait, bien que riche en traditions et symboles, le sumo est sans aucun doute parmi les plus simples et les plus maniérés des sports de combat. Un combat est remporté à l’aide d’un ensemble de projections et de prises répertoriées permettant d’expulser un adversaire d’un cercle d’environ quatre mètres cinquante de diamètre, ou en lui faisant toucher le sol dans ou en dehors du cercle avec l’une quelconque des parties de son corps. Les lutteurs, parmi lesquels les champions font en moyenne quelques 150 kilos, ne portent qu’une bande de tissu qui leur enserre la taille et passe entre leurs jambes jusque dans leur dos, et sert d’unique possibilité de prise à l’adversaire. Il est formellement interdit d’employer les poings fermés, de frapper, de tirer les cheveux ou de toucher en dehors de la ceinture. Les combats sont violents mais brefs. La plupart s’achèvent dans les secondes qui suivent la charge : les deux corps immenses se rencontrent dans un choc violent au centre du cercle en une démonstration très singulière d’énergie et de concentration, puis se donnent des claques ou se poussent l’un l’autre jusqu’à ce que, en moins d’une minute – et généralement en moins de dix secondes – le combat soit terminé. Le sumo est extrêmement simple et précis. Le sumo, toutefois, est bien plus qu’un simple sport. C’est un rituel d’une dignité intemporelle et d’un formalisme classique. C’est un instantané du passé, de l’histoire du Japon. Les interactions fréquentes avec les croyances de la religion shinto et les pratiques des premiers siècles de l’ère chrétienne ont laissé leurs marques profondes et indélébiles dans ce sport. On peut voir partout les traces de cet héritage : dans les atours du cercle, dans la pure corde de coton blanc tressée portée par les grands champions, et dans les plus petits et subtils gestes effectués par les lutteurs alors qu’ils préparent leur combat. Il n’est de meilleure illustration des liens du sumo avec la religion shinto que le dohyo matsuri, ou cérémonie du cercle, qui prend place dans l’aire de combat au matin du jour précédant l’ouverture d’un tournoi.
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