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Ten Decades Ulama's Struggle

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Ten Decades Ulama's Struggle TEN DECADES OF ULAMA'S STRUGGLE By: Aqiqi Bakhshayeshi Trallslated by: Alacdin Pazargadi Edited by: G.S. Radhakrishna Islamic Propagation Organization CONTENTS Publisher's note: 13 Chapter One: MIRZA SHIRAZI, CHAMPION OF KNOWLEDGE AND ACTION. 1. Sayyed J amal-al-Din's letter 18 2. Uprisings in Tabriz and Shiraz 22 3. The Tabriz and Esfahan uprisings 23 4. Setting property ablaze 24 5. The Tehran uprising 25 6. Sayyed Jamal-ai-Din Assad-Abadi's letter· 26 7. Difficulties of the Iranian nation 27 8. End of the letter· ................................... .. 28 9. A practical answer· 29 10. Ignoring the telegram 29 11. People's reaction 30 12. Aniss-al-Dowlah's sharp retort 31 13. Islamic disciplinc .,. :................................ 31 14. The pseudo-Ulama .. 31 15. Diplomatic manoeuvres 33 16. Report on public sentiments, in particular, the women's 35 17. In the Shah Mosque 36 18. Evcnts following Ashtiani's banishment 36 6 Chapter Two: SAYYED JAMAL-AL-DIN ASSAD-ABAD!. 40 19. A fabulous personality 41 20. L. Stewatd's opinion 42 21. Razi's view· 43 22. Mohit Tabataba'i's view 43 23. Martyred Scholar Mutahhari's view 44 24. Publication of Orwatol-Wothgha 47 25. Debate with Renan .................................. .. 47 26. Travels and moves· 48 27. Travel to Europe ' 50 28. Retirement and seclusion 51 29. Instigator of the assassination 53 30. Root of corruption· , 54 31. The position of the Iranian Ulama 55 32. Mohit Tabataba'i's view 55 33. Sayyed Muhammad Tabataba'i-Founder of the Constitution , 56 34. A transition and,travel 57 35. The spread 0 f co nfIicts ............................... .. 58 36. Public commotion· 59 37. Resolution of the Rey emigrants 59 38. Tabataba'i's letter , 60 39. Another letter to Mozaffar-al-Din Shah 61 40. Mozaffar-al-Din Shah's reply 63 41. Sayyed Abdullah Behbahani, the valiant crusader , 64 42. Brief biography 64 Chapter Three: SHEIKH FAZLOLLAH NOORI: MARTYR OF WESTERNIZATION AND MODERNIZATION. 43. Beginning of combat 67 44. The Ulama's decisiveness and the Shah's surrender 68 45. A glance at the learned martyr's life 69 46. British plot to deviate the Constitution Movement 70 47. European constitution or religious constitution 72 48. Bills··............................................. 72 49. Resisting atheists 73 50. Futurism and prediction of doom 74 51. Charges of understanding with court 75 7 52. A life sacrificed for Islam 77 53. Accumulated grudges 77 54. Seventy years after 78 55. The last confession 78 Chapter Four: THE SECOND MIRZA: (CHAMPION CRUSADER AGAINST COLONIZATION) 80 56. Brief biography 80 57. The position of Najaf 81 58. Occupation by foreign forces 82 59. View of Agha Bozorg Tehrani 82 60. Late Sadr's view 83 61. A moving letter 85 62. Funds for the crusade 85 63. The second letter 86 64. Fellow fighters of the late Mirza 87 65. The martyrs of virtue 88 66. Colonizers' change of tactics 88 Chapter Five: MODARRESS-THE FAMOUS CRUSADER· 91 67. His years of study 92 68. Bamdad's view 93 69. In the school of Imam Ali 94 70. His autobiography 95 71. His political life 97 72. Views of Ayatollah Taleqani 98 73. Membership in Parliament 98 74. His moral characteristics 99 75. Earning a living 100 76. End of it all 101 Chapter Six: SHEIKH MOHAMMAD KHIABANI ...... , . 103 Chapter Seven: SAYYED JAMAL-AL-DIN VNEZ, MALEK-AL-MOTEKALLEMIN. 108 77. Two preachers and crusading martyrs 108 78. Sayyed Jamal-aI-Din Va'ez Isfahani 110 79. Malek-al-Motekallemin: The fearless orator 116 Chapter Eight: EXTENSION OF ULAMA'S COMBATS ELSEWHERE: BACKGROUNDS OF THE GREAT ISLAMIC REVOLUTION ..... 121 80. Sheikh Muhammad Abduh 122 81. Sheikh Abdo-Rahman Kawakebi 123 82. Sheikh Shaltoot-president of El-Azbar University 124 Chapter Nine: THE MOVEMENT OF THE CONTEMPORARY ULAMA 126 83. Ayatollah Kashani. 128 84. The crusading ground of the contemporary Ulama in the great Islamic Revolution of Iran 133 85. Ayatollah Boroujerdi 136 86. 15th of Khordad, birth of the Revolution 139 Chapter Ten: A SURVEY OF A CHARACTER-BUILDING SCHOOL OF THOUGHT. 87. The humanistic and revolutionary charter of Qum's theological center 154 Chapter Eleven: BIOGRAPHY OF AYATOLLAH HAYER!. 157 9 88. The works and services of Ayatollah Hayeri 160 89. A brief account of his character 162 90. The view of Ayatollah Akhond Mulla Ali Ma'asumi 162 91. Ayatollah Sayyed Shohan-al-Din Najafi Mar'ashi's view 163 92. Ayatollah Golpaygani's view 163 93. The view of the younger Ayatollah Hayeri in regard to his father and teacher 164 94. His death after fifteen years' endeavour 165 Chapter Twelve: PERIOD OF INTERMISSION AND DIRECTORSHIP OF THREE RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES 169 95. A brief biography· 170 96. Ayatollah Hojjat 170 97. Ayatollah Sayyed Muhammad Taqi Khawnsari 171 98. AyatoIlah Haj Sayyed Sadr-al-Din Musavi 173 99. His character 173 100. A noble household 173 Chapter Thirteen: THE ACADEMIC CURRICULUM OF THEOLOGICAL STUDENTS. 101. Extra-curricular studies 179 102. Discussion, not lesson 179 103. Some factors effective in students' progress 179 Chapter Fourteen: AYATOLLAH BOROUJERDI 181 104. Ayatollah Boroujerdi's character . 184 105. Religious ambassadors . 185 106. An effective telegram . 186 107. Two unpublished documents . 187 Hl 108. The Fadaiyan-e-Islam Movement 188 109. The last assassination 191 Chapter Fifteen: AYATOLLAH IMAM KHOMEINI: GREAT LEADER OF THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION OF IRAN 110. Imam Khomeini's study circle 196 111. The resumption of the black period 197 112. Birth of a new colonization 198 113. Premiership of Dr. Amini 199 114. Victory of the Shah over Amini 200 115. The Shah's objectives 202 116. The Shah's scheming 202 117. Messages and instruction of Ayatollah Imam Khomeini to the Prime Minister in 1340 .............................. .. 203 118. The country's spiritual police 205 119. The Ulama's demands 206 120. Strengthening the family foundation 207 121. A pleasant memory of the interview 208 122. The year 1342 209 123. The open lerter of the Azarbayjan's learned 215 124. An interesting account of the lerter 216 125. The year 1343 218 Chapter Sixteen: HISTORICAL PRECEDENCE OF QUM'S THEOLOGICAL CENTER 126. Qum, a ray of light projecting the greatness of the Prophet's descendants 224 127. Fatimah Ma'soumah 226 128. Qum, 'as a sanctuary of the Imamate's Household 226 129. The city of Fatimah Ma'soumah 228 130. The bright Shrine 229 131. The effective role in founding the religious center of Qum 231 132. The religious center of Qum and its vestiges 231 133. A university bearing a spiritual record of twelve centuries ... .. 232 134. The human and revolutionary charter of the center 232 135. Famous figures in Qum's history 234 136. Jurisprudents and narrators 234 137. Philosophers ofQum 235 138. The curriculum of theological centers 237 139. The academic program of divinity students 237 140. Extra curricular studies 240 141. Discussion, not teaching 240 142. Factors of student's progress 241 143. Books and libraries inxhe theological center 241 144. Maximul11 usage 243 145.500,000 volumes·· 243 146. Main difficulty 246 147. The center's schools, a cradle for breeding great personalities 246 148. Qum's oldest schools 249 149. World fame of Feyziah 249 150. Best wishes· 252 151. Commendable living conditions 253 152. An example of those trained in these schools 253 Chapter Seventeen: SCHOLAR TABATABA'I : A PIONEER OF INTEI..:LECTUAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE WORLD OF ISLAM. 153. Revivers of thought . 254 154. A zealous personality . 255 155. Transformation in philosophy and metaphysics . 256 156. Famous students . 257 157. A great commentator of the Quran . 257 158. Tabataba'i's autobiography .' . 258 159. Views of the great men of jurisprudence on Scholar Tabataba'i 261 Chapter Eighteen: PUBLICATIONS OF QUM'S THEOLOGICAL CENTER 264 160. 300 books in 16 years 264 12 161. Wide range of subjects 265 162. Regular publications of the center 265 163. Press units ................................ 266 164. In memory of the martyrs of Qum's Theological Center 267 Chapter Nineteen: OTHER THEOLOGICAL CENTERS OF IRANIAN CITIES 270 165. Religious Schools . 271 166. Approximate figure of divinity students . 273 167. Financing the centers . 273 168. Expenditure , . 274 169 .. Sources . 275 170. Index . 277 Publisher's Note: This book recounts the lives of some of the Ulama of Iran com­ mitted to the inspired and noble cause of Islam. It is first and foremost dedicated to their memory and to the spirit in which they lived and worked to finally attain the supreme status of martyrdom. The biogra­ phies contained herein give an account of the political and social struggles of the Ulama in the cause of Islam and should be a source of inspiration to all Muslim nations and oppressed masses of the world. It is an account of their undaunting and continued struggle, devotion and self-sacrifice to save their nations from the shackles of oppression and the moral quagmire into which they have fallen for too long now. A number of books have been written on Islam and the savants of Islam by scholars for several years now and Western orientalists in particular have done a good deal of research and study pertaining to this subject. Their valuable efforts have unfortunately failed to generate the inspiration required for a viral regeneration of Islam and there are many reasons for this of which two srand out in particular. First, their knowledge, information and understanding of the culture and theology of Islam have been bounded by their own points of view, a point that applies in particular to orientalists whose very consciousness has been formed through their grounding in a Western theological mould.
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