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Kicking the Vietnam Syndrome in Cambodia

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Kicking the Vietnam Syndrome in Cambodia Kicking the Vietnam Syndrome in Cambodia Collected writings 1975 - 2010 Michael Vickery NB: This book contains both published and contemporaneously written unpub- lished (but sometimes widely distributed) materials, as well as additional articles and commentary prepared especially for this collection. On occasion, text deleted because of physical or political limitations has been restored; this is clearly marked in brackets, as are any new comments, clarifications, and footnote references. Minor changes in punctuation and layout, such as section or paragraph breaks, have not been marked. Some long pieces that were originally written as single works, but were published as separate articles, have been reconstituted as noted. In general the texts follow chronological order, but sometimes, for instance, on some of the writing on William Shawcross, I have grouped them by subject. Footnotes and new comments added to original texts are enclosed in square brackets [ ]. Many of the selections were written in the 1970s-1990s, as is reflected in the language, sometimes even the syntax and the details; and unless necessary for comprehension I have not tried to rewrite in accordance with the situation in 2010. The text is followed by a complete, I believe, bibliography of work cited, not the lazy man’s so-called ‘bibliographic essay’ which now clutters some Ameri- can historical work on Southeast Asia and which makes search for sources unnecessarily difficult. Many thanks to my friend and colleague Doug Cooper for his assistance in preparing this collection. Responsibility for any remaining errors is, of course, my own. Michael Vickery Chiang Mai, 2010 Please cite this work as: Vickery, Michael. “Kicking the Vietnam Syndrome in Cambodia,” 2010. Retrieved from http://michaelvickery.org/ on (date here). Brief Contents INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO CAMBODIA 1 CHAPTER 2: TENTATIVE POLEMICS BEFORE CONTACT 82 CHAPTER 3: FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH POST-KR CAMBODIA 96 CHAPTER 4: THE LATE 1980S 193 CHAPTER 5: LEAD-UP TO THE PEACE PROCESS 302 CHAPTER 6: THE 1993 ELECTION 384 CHAPTER 7: THE VIETNAM SYNDROME AFTER UNTAC 423 CHAPTER 8: THE ‘COUP’ AND BEYOND 497 CHAPTER 9: THE VIETNAM SYNDROME – CONCLUSION 533 WORKS CITED 546 INDEX 564 KICKING THE VIETNAM SYNDROME IN CAMBODIA Michael Vickery INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO CAMBODIA 1 The creation of modern Cambodia 1 The Cold War and Cambodia (1992) 16 Notes on the Political Economy of the People’s Republic of Kampuchea (1989) 50 CHAPTER 2: TENTATIVE POLEMICS BEFORE CONTACT 82 Cambodia’s mysterious leaders (1975) 82 Crossed Lines On Cambodia (1978) 85 Answer to Chanda (1978) 88 On Traveler’s Tales (1979) 91 Milton Osborne, Before Kampuchea: Preludes to Tragedy (1980) 91 CHAPTER 3: FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH POST-KR CAMBODIA 96 Shawcross 1: Ending Cambodia – Some Revisions (1981) 98 A Final Comment (2010) 124 Shawcross 2: The Burial of Cambodia (1984) 126 Cambodia in and about 1981: assorted articles 133 ANU-Monash-University of Paris joint mission to Saigon (1981) 134 Phnom Penh decays behind a bustling cheerful facade (1981) 139 Communists are scarce in today’s Kampuchea (1981) 141 Kampuchea’s markets are totally free and thrive on smuggling (1981) 144 Postscript on Gunnar Myrdal (2010) 147 Supervised free elections could become a farce (1981) 149 Border diplomacy lesson given by Thailand (1981) 152 Kampuchea’s International Position (1981) 154 Letter regarding Princeton Conference on Cambodia (1983) 157 Elizabeth Becker and Nayan Chanda 166 A Cycle of Journalistic Poverty (1983) 166 Cambodia and the Media (2003) 180 Becker and the Australian Press (1983) 186 Becker and Problems of Communism (1985) 187 CHAPTER 4: THE LATE 1980S 193 Elizabeth Becker and Nayan Chanda 193 Review of When the War Was Over and Brother Enemy (1988) 193 Review Essay: Brother Enemy, by Nayan Chanda (1988) 197 Postscript on Chanda (2010) 216 Australia, Cambodia, and the Propaganda Mill (2010) 219 The Propaganda Mill (1983) 220 The ‘Yellow Rain’ Conspiracy (1983) 224 Postscripts (1984) 232 Assorted Journalism 235 Where Defence is Still the Priority (1985) 235 Sihanouk to go home as an honored senior citizen? (1985) 238 Cambodia’s long road to recovery (1985) 240 Kremlinology and Cambodia (December, 1986) 244 Violence in Democratic Kampuchea: Some Problems of Explanation (1988) 249 Postscript 2010 273 Kampuchean Contras (1986) 275 The Human Rights Bugbear (2010) 277 Amnesty International and the War Against Kampuchea (1990) 279 Amnesty International “File on Torture, Kampuchea (Cambodia)” (1986) 289 Amnesty International Report 1986 290 Kampuchea Political Imprisonment and Torture (1987) 291 Amnesty Strikes Again (1988) 297 Postscript (1995) 300 CHAPTER 5: LEAD-UP TO THE PEACE PROCESS 302 Thoughts on Cambodia (1988-1989) 302 Review of Le Mur de Bambou (1989) 307 Cultural survival in language and literature in the State of Cambodia (1990) 314 The Lion of Lucy’s Tiger (1988) 323 Recent Progress in Cambodia (1989) 325 Reply to Sidney Jones / Asia Watch (1990) 332 Exchanges with the FEER and Tommy T.B. Koh 337 Former Khmer Rouge? (1989) 338 To and Fro with Rip van Koh (1989) 339 Outside powers’ manipulations fascinate the Cambodia watchers (1990) 343 Alan Dawson and the Bangkok Post 345 Return to Lucy’s Tiger Den (1990) 346 Black Propaganda (1990) 349 Phnom Penh: Political turmoil and red solutions 352 Still Seeing Red (1989) 353 Response to Bowring (1989) 355 Political arrests and Red Solutions 356 Notable Changes in Phnom Penh (January 1991) 357 Comment on the ‘Red Solution’ (1994) 360 Chea Sim: the hardline leader (1991) 363 Is Cambodia ready for liberalization? (1991) 368 Vagaries in Cambodian Journalism 1988-1991 371 Khmer Rouge Troop Numbers (1979-1992) 378 CHAPTER 6: THE 1993 ELECTION 384 Cambodia After the Peace (1991-1993) 384 The Cambodian Elections, Nicaragua, Angola, or Somalia? (1993) 393 Pol Pot’s plan for UNTAC 401 Son Sen and all that – challenging the KR pundits (1996) 406 Political Parties in 1993 (1993) 412 Remarks on Cambodia (1993) 416 CHAPTER 7: THE VIETNAM SYNDROME AFTER UNTAC 423 Epitaph: for the Khmer Rouge, or for the New Left? (1995) 424 Myths in Cambodian journalism (July 1994) 440 Shawcross in the 90s 443 A New Cambodia (1993) 444 Tragedy in Cambodia (1997) 447 Shawcross Recants (1997) 461 Comments on Propaganda, Politics, and Violence in Cambodia (1996) 463 Cambodia Three Years After (1996) 474 CHAPTER 8: THE ‘COUP’ AND BEYOND 497 Whither Cambodian democracy? (1997) 497 A non-standard view of the ‘coup’ (1997) 501 Cambodian Impressions (October 1997) 507 The Guardian’s Stolen Objectivity (1997) 509 From Info-Ed to the UN Center for Human Rights (1998) 511 Upcoming Elections (1998) 518 Troubling conjunctions (2001) 520 Adams on the Gravy Train (2002) 522 Gottesman and Hunt (2005) 527 More Floorcross (2006) 530 CHAPTER 9: THE VIETNAM SYNDROME – CONCLUSION 533 David Chandler, A History of Cambodia (2010) 535 WORKS CITED 546 INDEX 564 Introduction After the US had unleashed its Pearl Harbor equivalent on Iraq in 1991, and celebrating what seemed a glorious victory in the Persian Gulf War, George Bush [I], the then President of the US, jumped up and down in glee, screaming “We’ve kicked the Vietnam syndrome”.1 This was regime-speak for the supposed end of US fear to intervene in the internal affairs of other countries, especially weak ones, if it was seen to be of advantage to US regime interests. The real Vietnam syndrome, however, was visceral hatred of the small enemy who, to secure independence, fought the US to a standstill. This hatred inspired the US to exert all efforts short of further military intervention to block Viet Nam’s recovery from the war. This included undermining the recovery of Cambodia which, both for the French in their failed war of reconquest (1946-54) and later for the US, was a secure rear base from which to stab Viet Nam in the back, but which after 1979 had become a close ally of Viet Nam. Perhaps the US insistence to construct their new Phnom Penh embassy, a real ‘Green Zone,’ in the city center, and one of the largest US embassies in Asia, obliterating an attractive French colonial recreational area, indicates a desire to maintain the same role for Cambodia now. The US campaign against Viet Nam and Cambodia, in contrast to similar campaigns in Nicaragua and Cuba, was accepted by nearly the totality of US journalism. If it was possible to occasionally find a critical editorial about Nicaragua in the Washington Post, everyone, including some surprising cases toward the leftward end of the political spectrum, such as it is in the US, fell into line on Viet Nam and Cambodia. Probably for no other controversial area of the world did the press, from large mainstream organs to what had once been classified as moderate left, cooperate so obsequiously with regime profpaganda, not only in limiting their own output to support for it, but refusing to publish criticism. It seemed that the arrogant and successful defiance of the US by a small Asian state inspired patriotic, 1 The date was 1 March 1991. I have cited this from H. Bruce Franklin, “The Last Chapter?” Adapted from H. Bruce Franklin,.M.I.A. or mythmaking in America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993, pp. 177-197, 237-242, republished in Vietnam and America, edited by Marvin E. Gettlemen, Jane Franklin, Marilyn B. Young, and H. Bruce Franklin, New York, Grove Press,1995, pp. 500-515. Obviously I wrote this years ago. The actions of the first George Bush now seem like playful skirmishing compared to the aggressions of Bush junior. In what follows I continue to write ‘Vietnam’ when the term is used as an adjective, as in ‘Vietnam syndrome’, or in quotations, although otherwise writing ‘Viet Nam’, the official name for the country.
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