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APPENDIX 1. Table 1. Sources of Meta-Data for Analysis of Bumblebee Forage Plant Preferences

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APPENDIX 1. Table 1. Sources of meta-data for analysis of bumblebee forage plant preferences No. of Top 5 forage plants Top 5 forage plants Site Year of forage (Descending order) (Descending order) No. Author study Paper / Report title Site Location Habitat types plants Long-tongued * Short-tongued * 1 Carvell, C 1999 Habitat use and conservation of bumblebees (Bombus Salisbury Plain Unimproved 20 Trifolium pratense Odontites vernus spp.) under different grassland management regimes Training Area, calcareous Odontites vernus Trifolium pratense Wiltshire grassland Echium vulgare Centaurea nigra Lotus corniculatus Echium vulgare Stachys officinalis Knautia arvensis 2 Carvell, C 2000a Studies of the distribution and habitat requirements of Castlemartin Range, Unimproved 8 Rhinanthus minor Rhinanthus minor Bombus sylvarum and other bumblebees at Pembrokeshire, SW mesotrophic and Trifolium pratense Lotus corniculatus Castlemartin Range, Pembrokeshire. Wales coastal grassland Centaurea nigra Melilotus officinalis Melilotus officinalis Trifolium repens Rubus caesius Centaurea nigra 3 Carvell, C 2000b Studies of the distribution and habitat requirements of Kenfig NNR, Mesotrophic and 22 Trifolium pratense Rubus caesius Bombus sylvarum and other bumblebees at Kenfig Glamorgan, S Wales dune grassland Anthyllis vulneraria Ononis repens National Nature Reserve, Glamorgan Rhinanthus minor Thymus polytrichus Rubus caesius Rhinanthus minor Echium vulgare Echium vulgare 4 Dicks, L. 1999 The structure and functioning of plant-insect flower Shelfanger, Norfolk Ancient hay 13 Centaurea nigra Centaurea nigra visitor communities. meadow Lathyrus pratensis Leucanthemum vulgare Cirsium palustre Cirsium palustre Trifolium repens Hypochaeris radicata Lotus corniculatus Lotus corniculatus 5 Dicks, L. 1999 The structure and functioning of plant-insect flower Hickling Broad NNR, Restored hay 12 Lotus corniculatus Lotus corniculatus visitor communities. Norfolk meadow Lathyrus pratensis Lathyrus pratensis Vicia cracca Vicia cracca Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum vulgare Vicia sativa Hypochaeris radicata 6 Hughes, L. 1998 The Great Yellow Bumblebee, Bombus distinguendus ; South Uist, Western Machair dune 11 Trifolium pratense Trifolium repens aspects of habitat use, phenology and conservation onIsles, Scotland grasslands Trifolium repens Senecio jacobaea the Machair of the Outer Hebrides. Vicia cracca Odontites vernus Prunella vulgaris Trifolium pratense Senecio jacobaea Leontodon autumnalis 7 Macdonald, M. 1998 Observations on foraging machair bees on S. Uist and Western Is les, Machair dune 9 Anthyllis vulneraria Trifolium repens Barra (unpublished) Scotland grasslands Trifolium pratense Anthyllis vulneraria Trifolium repens Potentilla palustris Vicia cracca Trifolium pratense Rhinanthus minor Rhinanthus minor 8 Macdonald, M. 1997 Feeding ecology of some Bombus and Psithyrus Strathpeffer, Highland Garden and 63 Pulmonaria spp. Borago officinalis bumblebees in northern Scotland. Region, Scotland farmland Vicia sepium Pulmonaria spp. Napeta x faassenii Rubus fruticosus Salvia officinalis Chamerion angustifolium Digitalis purpurea Rubus idaeus 21 Appendices Restoration and management of bumblebee habitat on arable farmland: literature review BD 1617 No. of Top 5 forage plants Top 5 forage plants Site Year of forage (Descending order) (Descending order) No. Author study Paper / Report title Site Location Habitat types plants Long-tongued * Short-tongued * 9 Pickett, H 2000 Bumblebee (Bombus) abundance, diversity and Manor Farm, nr Arable farmland, 7 Centaurea cyanus Centaurea cyanus activity in relation to field margin habitat type Malton, North sown field margins Rhinanthus minor Cirsium arvense Yorkshire Cirsium arvense Rhinanthus minor Lotus corniculatus Papaver rhoeas Prunella vulgaris Leucanthemum vulgare 10 Prys-Jones 1978 Ecological studies of foraging and life history in Wicken Fen, Fen meadow 34 Symphytum officinale Centaurea nigra bumblebees Cambridgeshire Succisa pratensis Salix cinerea Cirsium palustre Symphytum officinale Centaurea nigra Cirsium palustre Lythrum salicaria Eupatorium cannabinum 11 Saville, NM 1990 The relationship between bee numbers, bee forage Madingley Wood, Woodland 24 Epilobium hirsutum Ranunculus repens species and woodland attributes through the season: Cambridgeshire Ajuga reptans Epilobium hirsutum Madingley Wood case study. In 'Bumblebee ecology Cirsium vulgare Cirsium arvense in woodland and arable farmland' Prunella vulgaris Rubus caesius Rubus caesius Cirsium vulgare 12 Saville, NM 1990 Comparative survey of farm woodlands. In Croxton, West Woodland and 21 Carduus acanthoides Rubus fruticosus 'Bumblebee ecology in woodland and arable farmland' Cambridgeshire arable farmland Rubus fruticosus Carduus acanthoides Epilobium hirsutum Epilobium hirsutum Cirsium arvense Cirsium arvense Odontites vernus Cirsium vulgare 13 Williams, PH 1982 Why are there so many species of bumblebees at Dungeness, Kent Dune ridge 13 Teucrium scorodonia Teucrium scorodonia Dungeness? grasslands Echium vulgare Rubus fruticosus Melilotus altissima Echium vulgare Rubus fruticosus Melilotus altissima Dipsacus fullonum Centaurea nigra 14 Williams, PH 1983 Why are there so many species of bumblebees at Shoreham, Kent Arable farmland and 17 Ballota nigra Convolvulus arvensis Dungeness? woodland edge Medicago sativa Chamerion angustifolium Rubus fruticosus Origanum vulgare Chamerion angustifolium Clematis vitalba Cirsium vulgare Medicago sativa * Note that some forage plant species listed here may not have been included in the final analysis because they were only visited at one site. APPENDIX 1. Table 2. Details of plant ecological characteristics compared with adjusted bumblebee preference indices. 22 Appendices Restoration and management of bumblebee habitat on arable farmland: literature review BD 1617 Ecological characteristics Brief description (see source for full details) Source * Missing Type of data (continuous/ records discontinuous variables) Taxonomy- Family name Family name e.g. Asteraceae ECPE 0 Discontinuous Life history Plant life cycles summarised as: Ann (summer or winter annual); Bien (biennial) or Per (monocarpic or Kleyer 0 Discontinuous polycarpic perennial) Flower type Flower type: ACT= Actinomorphic (flower with radial symmetry); ZYG= Zygomorphic (flower with Stace 0 Discontinuous bilateral symmetry) Flower colour Dominant colour of flower petals Stace 0 Discontinuous Flower arrangement & Direction of flower entrance pointing:- 1= downwards; 2= upwards in a head or clustered; 3= upwards in P-J 0 Discontinuous orientation a head, composite; 4= upwards, single flower; 5= horizontally; 6= horizontally or downwards; 7= horizontally, down or upwards; 8= horizontally or upwards Habitat abundance- Arable Abundance in arable habitats: ++ very common and characteristic; + common within habitat; . ECPE 7 Discontinuous Widespread in habitat; - infrequent and uncharacteristic; -- largely absent from habitat Period of flowering Period of flowering: SPRIS starting in spring, flowering period <3 months; SPRIL starting in spring, Kleyer 0 Discontinuous flowering period >3 months; ESUMS starting in early summer, flowering period <3 months; ESUML starting in early summer, flowering period >3 months; SUMAU flowering in late summer or autumn. Earliest Flowering time Earliest month of flowering (value 1-12) Ecoflora 0 Continuous Latest Flowering time Latest month of flowering (value 1-12) Ecoflora 0 Continuous Length flowering period Number of months in flower (value 2-7) Ecoflora/ Stace 0 Continuous Floristic diversity Associated floristic diversity: 1= 10 species or fewer; 2= 10.1-14 species; 3= 14.1-18 species; 4= 18.1- ECPE 7 Continuous 22 species; 5= >22 species Height (cm) Plant height: Log transformed for analysis Stace 0 Continuous Corolla length mm Flower corolla length measured as the part of the corolla tube that can be probed by a bumblebees' B&P (most) or 5 Continuous proboscis (mm) W Change in frequency 78-98 Change in the frequency of that plant species in UK Countryside Survey plots between 1978 and 1998 CS 7 Continuous * Data sources: B&P (Barrow & Pickard, 1985); CS (Countryside Survey data); ECPE (Hodgson et al., 1995); Ecoflora (Fitter & Peat, 1994); Kleyer (Kleyer, 1995); P-J (Prys-Jones, 1982); Stace (Stace, 1997); W (Williams, 1989a). 23 Appendices Restoration and management of bumblebee habitat on arable farmland: literature review BD 1617 Table 3. Bumblebee visits and adjusted preference indices for forage plant species visited at two or more sites. tongued tongued tongued* - tongued * - - - index index index ong number visits L Short Short All bumblebees Long Number of sites Mean number visits Mean number visits Adjusted preference Adjusted preference Adjusted preference Forage Species Common name All bumblebees Mean Echium vulgare Viper's bugloss 3 54.67 4.07 33.33 3.47 21.33 3.02 Ballota nigra Black horehound 2 123.50 3.85 122.50 3.56 1.00 0.89 Centaurea nigra Black knapweed 7 115.57 3.82 22.29 2.66 93.29 3.32 Epilobium hirsutum Great willowherb 4 42.25 3.75 30.25 3.14 12.00 2.65 Rubus fruticosus agg. Bramble 6 56.00 3.47 22.17 2.45 33.83 3.29 Cirsium palustre Marsh thistle 3 59.33 3.36 45.00 2.79 14.33 2.19 Melilotus altissimus Tall melilot 2 29.50 3.31 19.50 2.57 10.00 2.31 Trifolium pratense Red clover 8 65.63 3.31 58.50 3.26 7.13 0.91 Carduus acanthoides Welted thistle 3 32.33 3.02 20.00 2.51 12.33 1.93 Odontites vernus Red bartsia 5 27.80 2.92 12.40 2.43 15.40 1.70 Lotus corniculatus Bird's-foot trefoil
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    Research Flowering phenology as a functional trait in a tallgrass prairie Joseph M. Craine1, Elizabeth M. Wolkovich2, E. Gene Towne1 and Steven W. Kembel3 1Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; 2Ecology, Behavior & Evolution Section, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0116, La Jolla, CA 92093,USA; 3Center for Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA Summary Author for correspondence: • The timing of flowering is a critical component of the ecology of plants and has the poten- Joseph M. Craine tial to structure plant communities. Yet, we know little about how the timing of flowering Tel: +1 785 532 3062 relates to other functional traits, species abundance, and average environmental conditions. Email: [email protected] • Here, we assessed first flowering dates (FFDs) in a North American tallgrass prairie (Konza Received: 18 August 2011 Prairie) for 431 herbaceous species and compared them with a series of other functional traits, Accepted: 29 September 2011 environmental metrics, and species abundance across ecological contrasts. • The pattern of FFDs among the species of the Konza grassland was shaped by local climate, New Phytologist (2011) can be linked to resource use by species, and patterns of species abundance across the land- doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03953.x scape. Peak FFD for the community occurred when soils were typically both warm and wet, while relatively few species began flowering when soils tended to be the driest. Compared with late-flowering species, species that flowered early had lower leaf tissue density and were Key words: climate, community assembly, drought, grass, Konza Prairie.
  • Ballota Nigral. – an Overview of Pharmacological Effects And

    Ballota Nigral. – an Overview of Pharmacological Effects And

    International journal edited by the Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants Vol. 66 No. 3 2020 Received: 2020-09-02 DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2020-0014 Accepted: 2020-09-22 Available online: 2020-09-30 EXPERIMENTALREVIEW PAPER PAPER Ballota nigra L. – an overview of pharmacological effects and traditional uses FILIP PRZERWA1 , ARNOLD KUKOWKA1 , IZABELA UZAR2* 1Student Science Club Department of General Pharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin Żołnierska 48 71-210 Szczecin, Poland 2Department of General Pharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin Żołnierska 48 71-210 Szczecin, Poland * corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Summary Ballota nigra, also known as black horehound is a common medical herb used in folk medicine around the world. First reported mentions of its medical properties and use goes as far as the 13th century. The use of black horehound depends on regions and countries. It is used mostly to treat e.g. mild sleep disorders, nervousness, upset stomach, wound healing. It can be used as an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antipro- tozoal, antifungal drug. Moreover, it has been reported as a potential cancer drug. This extensive usage is particularly interesting for us. The aim of this review is to present available data on B. nigra pharmacological effects and known traditional uses gathered from a wide range of scientific articles published in 1997–2020. Key words: Ballota nigra L., black horehound, pharmacology, medical herb Słowa kluczowe: Ballota nigra L., mierznica czarna, farmakologia, roślina lecznicza Herba Pol 2020; 66(3): 56-65 Ballota nigra L. – an overview of pharmacological effects and traditional uses 57 INTRODUCTION responsible for a given effect.