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A HISTORY of ROME to 565 A. D. '^^ *^ ^ O

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A HISTORY of ROME to 565 A. D. '^^ *^ ^ O CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 189I BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Date Due -Ftfr^ OCT ^ b 195^ ]\f m^'^ 13o3 t^ Ml ^ dmSi 2 2 :m 1 95 Bg S -ftlAJ 'SEP 91974 aJc/= f '/-/(/ •»»«-«u4^yf-7rg "TO ""'"""'''' ''"'^•^ DG 210.B66"" 'ilimiWiiiSfiiiiP"'''* •" 565 A. D. 3 1924 028 286 726 A HISTORY OF ROME TO 565 A. D. '^^ *^ ^ o . THE MACMILLAN COMPANY «EW YORK • BOSTON CHICAGO • DALLAS ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028286726 A HISTORY OF ROME Ta565 A.D. BY ARTHUR E. R. BOAK, Ph. D., Professor of Ancient History in the University of Michigan / "Mew lorh THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1921 An righta reserved COPYBIGHT, 1921, By the MAOMLLiAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published December, 1921. P^^ 5 FEINTED IN THB UNITED STATES OP AMERICA PREFACE This sketch of the History of Rome to 565 A. d. is primarily intended to meet the needs of introductory college courses in Roman History. However, it is hoped that it may also prove of service as a handbook for students of Roman life and literature in general. It is with the latter in mind that I have added the bibliographical note. Naturally, within the brief limits of such a text, it was impossible to defend the point of view adopted on disputed points or to take notice of divergent opinions. Therefore, to show the great debt which I owe to the work of others, and to provide those interested in particular problems with some guide to more detailed study, I have given a list of selected references, which express, I believe, the pre- vailing views of modern scholarship upon the various phases of Roman History. I wish to acknowledge my general indebtedness to Professor W. S. Ferguson of Harvard University for his guidance in my approach to the study of Roman History, and also my particular obligations to Professor W. L. Westermann of Cornell, and to my colleagues. Professors A. L. Cross and J. G. Winter, for reading portions of my manuscript and for much helpful criticism. A. E. R. BoAK. University of Michigan, October, 1921 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION „ „ PAGE The Sources for the Study or Early Roman History . xiii PART I THE FORERUNNERS OF ROME IN ITALY chapter I The Geography of Italy 3 chapter n >/ Prehistoric Civilization in Italy 7 chapter in '"' The Peoples of Historic Italy 13 The Etruscans; the Greeks. PART II THE EARLY MONARCHY AND THE REPUBLIC, FROM PREHISTORIC TIMES TO 27 B. C. chapter IV ' Early Rome to the Fall of the Monarchy 25 The Latins; the Origins of Rome; the Early Monarchy; Early Roman Society. chapter v / The Expansion of Rome to the Unification of the Italian Peninsula: c. 509-265 a c Zl To the Conquest of Veii, c. 392 B.C.; the Gallic Invasion; the Dis- ruption of the Latin League and the Alliance of the Romans with the Campanians; Wars with the Samnites, Gauls and Etruscans; the Roman Conquest of South Italy; the Roman Confederacy. _- / chapter vi v/The Constitutional Development of Rome to 287 b. c. 47 The Early Republic; the Assembly of the Centuries and the Devel- opment of the Magistracy; the Plebeian Struggle for Political Equality ; the Roman Military System. CHAPTER Vn Religion and Society in Early Rome 61 vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS rtijAPTER vin p^gg Roman Domination in the Mediterranean: the First Phase—the Struggle with Carthage, 265-201 b. c. 67 The Mediterranean World in 265 B.C.; the First Punic War; the Illyrian and Gallic Wars; the Second Punic War; the Effect of the Second Ptinic War upon Italy. chapter ix Roman Domination in the Mediterranean: the Second Phase—Rome and the Greek East 89 The Second Macedonian War; the War with Antiochus the Great and the ^tolians; the Third Macedonian War; Campaigns in Italy and Spain. chapter x Territorial Expansion in Three Continents: 167-133 b. c. 99 The Spanish Wars; the Destruction of Carthage; War with Macedonia and the Achaean Confederacy; the Acquisition of Asia. CHAPTER XI The Roman State and the Empire: 265-133 b. c. 105 The Rule of the Senatorial Aristocracy; the Administration of the Provinces; Social and Economic Development; Cultural Progress. chapter XH The Struggle or the Optimates and the Populares: 133-78 B. c 125 The Agrarian Laws of Tiberius Gracchus; the Tribunate of Caius Gracchus; the War with Jugurtha and the Rise of Marius; the Cimbri and the Teutons; Saturninus and Glaucia; the Tribunate of Marcus Livius Drusus; the Italian or Marsic War; the First Mithridatic War; Sulla's Dictatorship. CHAPTER Xin The Rise of Pompey the Great: 78-59 b. c 151 Pompey's Command against Sertorius in Spain; the Command of Lucullus against Mithridates; the Revolt of the Gladiators; the Consulate of Pompey and Crassus; the Commands of Pompey against the Pirates and in the East; the Conspiracy of Cataline; the Coalition of Pompey, Caesar and Crassus. CHAPTER XIV The Rivalry or Pompey and Caesar: Caesar's Dictator- ship: 59-44 B. c 166 Caesar, Consul; Caesar's Conquest of Gaul; the Civil War between Caesar and the Senate; the Dictatorship of Julius Caesar. chapter XV The Passing of the Republic: 44-27 b. c 185 The Rise of Octavian; the Triumvirate of 43 B.C.; the victory of Octavian over Antony and Cleopatra; Society and Intellectual Life -^^ in the Last Century of the Republic. TABLE OF CONTENTS ix PART III. PAGE THE PRINCIPATE OR EARLY EMPIRE: 27 B. C—285 A. D. CHAPTER XVI TiiE Establishment of the Principate: 27 b. c.-14 a. d. 205 The Princeps; the Senate, the Equestrians and the Plebs; the Military Establishment; the Revival of Religion and Morality; the Provinces and the Frontiers; the Administration of Rome; the Problem of the Succession; Augustus as n Statesman. chapter xvn The Julio-Claudian Line and the Flavians: 14-96 a. d. 226 Tiberius; Caius Caligula; Claudius; Nero; the First War of the Legions or the Year of the Fom- Emperors; Vespasian and Titus; Domitian. chapter xvin From Nerva to Diocletian: 96-285 a. d 244 Nerva and Trajan ; Hadrian ; the Antonines ; the Second War of the Legions; the Dynasty of the Severi; the Dissolution and Restoration of the Empire. chapter xix The Public Administration under the Principate . 264 The Victory of Autocracy; the Growth of the Civil Service; the Army and the Defence of the Frontiers; the Provinces imder the Principate; Municipal Life; the Colonate or Serfdom. chapter XX Religion and Society 293 Society imder the Principate; the Intellectual World; the Imperial Cult and the Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism; Christianity and the Roman State. PART IV THE AUTOCRACY OR LATE EMPIRE: 285-565 A. D. chapter XXI From Diocletian to Theodosius the Great : the Integrity or the Empire Maintained: 285-395 a. d 317 Diocletian; Constantine I, the Great; the Dynasty of Constantine ^,^ ; the House of Valentinian and Theodosius the Great. chapter xxh The Public Administration of the Late Empire . .353 The Autocrat and his Court; the Military Organization; the Per- v fection of the Bureaucracy; the Nobility and the Senate; the System of Taxation and the Ruin of the Municipalities. d X TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XXm PAGE The Germanic Occupation or Italy and the Western Provinces: 395-493 a. d 351 General Characteristics of the Period; the Visigothic Migrations; the Vandals; the Burgundians, Franks and Saxons; the Fall of the Empire in the West; the Survival of the Empire in the East. chapter XXIV The Age of Justinian: 518-565 a. 369 The Germanic Kingdoms in the West to 533 a. d. ; the Restoration of the Imperial Power in the West; Justinian's Frontier Problems, and Internal Administration. chapter xxv Religious and Intellectual Lite in the Late Empire . 385 The End of Paganism; the Church in the Christian Empire; Sectarian Strife; Monasticism; Literature and Art. Epilogue 403 Chronological Table 405 Bibliographical Note 415 Index 423 LIST OF MAPS The Roman Empire in the Second Century a. D. Frontispiece PAGE The Peoples of Italy about 500 b. c 14 The Environs of Rome 24 Roman Expansion in Italy to 265 b. c 32 The Expansion of Rome in the Mediterranean World 265-44 B. c 68 The Roman Empire from 31 B. c. to 300 ad 204 The Roman Empire in 395 a. D 332 The Roman Empire and the Germanic Kingdoms in 526 A. D. 368 The Roman Empire in 565 A. d 380 XI INTRODUCTION The Sources for the Study or Early Roman History The student beginning the study of Roman History through the medium of the works of modern writers cannot fail to note wide differences in the treatment accorded by them to the early centuries of the life of the Roman State. These differences are mainly due to differences of opinion among modems as to the credibility of the ancient accounts of this period. And so it will perhaps prove help- ful to give a brief review of these sources, and to indicate the estimate of their value which is reflected in this book. The earliest Roman historical records were in the form of annals, that is, brief notices of important events in connection with the names of the consuls or other eponymous officials for each year. They may be compared to the early monastic chronicles of the Middle Ages.
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