PREVALENCE OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN THE CARIBBEAN: OVERVIEW OF RESULTS FROM JAMAICA AND TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Washington, D.C. 29 November, 2018 Violence against Women in the Americas: Data and Action

Presenter: Isiuwa Iyahen Programme Specialist – Economic Empowerment & Statistics

UN Women Multi-Country Office-Caribbean NATIONAL PREVALENCE SURVEYS ON GENDER BASED VIOLENCE

▪ A national survey providing a comprehensive examination of the nature and prevalence of physical, sexual, emotional and economic IPV against women and girls. ▪Utilises the WHO Model which is being adapted with each experience in the Caribbean with a view to establishing a CARICOM Model on National Prevalence Surveys on Gender Based Violence. ▪ Enables the identification and comparison of risk and protective factors for IPV. ▪ Documents the health consequences of IPV for women. ▪ Explores the coping strategies used by women experiencing IPV. ▪Measures progress on SDG Targets 5.2 and 5.3 on the elimination of violence against women and girls. REGIONAL PARTNERSHIPS Jamaica: 2016 Women’s Health and Life Experiences Survey (report launched in 2018) conducted by the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) and co-financed by IDB and UN Women. Report and dataset: http://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/materials/publications/2018/6/womens-health-survey- 2016-jamaica Trinidad and Tobago: Women’s Health Survey (report launched in 2018) and conducted by a private survey firm with endorsement by the Government and financing from IDB. UN Women financed the Qualitative research. Report and dataset: http://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/fr/countries/americas/trinidad-and- tobago/2017/national-womens-health-survey-for-trinidad-and-tobag-dataset Grenada: Grenada Women’s Health and Life Experiences Survey conducted by the Grenada Central Statistical Office with support from the Caribbean Development Bank and UN Women (report expected in first quarter of 2019) Guyana: Guyana Women’s Health and Life Experiences Survey conducted by the Bureau of Statistics with support from UN Women, UNDP, USAID and the IDB (report expected in first quarter of 2019) Suriname: Women’s Health Survey conducted by a private survey firm with endorsement by the Government and financing from IDB. No Qualitative research component. Regional Initiative - Regional Training and Establishment of Pool of Experts, Knowledge Products, CARICOM Survey Model: UN Women with support from the Caribbean Development Bank FROM ZERO TO FIVE

2018- 2017 – Suriname, Trinidad& Grenada Tobago and 2016 – Survey Guyana Jamaica Surveys Survey RATES OF CURRENT PHYSICAL, SEXUAL, PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL, EMOTIONAL AND ECONOMIC VIOLENCE.

Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago

Physical and/or Sexual 7 Physical and/or Sexual 5,1

Sexual Violence 1,9 Sexual Violence 0,9

Physical Violence 5,9 Physical Violence 5,1

Emotional Violence 11,1 Emotional Violence 10,9

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 RATES OF LIFETIME PHYSICAL, SEXUAL, PHYSICAL AND/OR SEXUAL, EMOTIONAL AND ECONOMIC VIOLENCE. ▪ Lifetime prevalence of intimate partner physical and/or • Almost 1 in 3 Trinidad and Tobago women are either sexual violence against Jamaican women is 27.8 per cent physically or sexually abused at some point in their lives by a male intimate partner (30%) ▪One in every four Jamaican women (25.2 per cent) has experienced physical violence by a male partner • Women are also exposed to emotional (35%) and economic abuse (11%) abusive and controlling • 7.7 per cent have been sexually abused by a male behaviour by their partners partner

Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago

Physical and/or Sexual 27,8 Physical and/or Sexual 30,2 Sexual Violence 7,7 Sexual Violence 10,5 Physical Violence 25,2 Physical Violence 28,3

Emotional Violence 28,8 Emotional Violence 35,4

Economic Violence 8,5 Economic Violence 10,8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago ▪1,340 respondents ▪Overall sample size was 1,905 women ▪ Household response rate of 85.5 per cent ▪ Household response rate of 82.2 per cent ▪ Individual response rate of 65.9 per cent ▪ Individual response rate of 86.8 per cent DEMOGRAPHICS DEMOGRAPHICS

Women 15-64 years old Women 15-64 years old

Two-thirds 25-54 years old Almost Two-thirds 25-54 years old

A majority, 64.7 per cent, was A majority, 51.4 per cent, was educated up to the secondary level. educated up to the secondary level.

56.8 per cent were in wage 26.2 per cent were in wage employment or self-employment. employment or self-employment.

Almost two-thirds of women were in 72.6 per cent of women were in a a relationship with a male partner. relationship with a male partner. PARTNER CHARACTERISTICS: JAMAICA

Significant factors Physical +/or sexual Education Higher IPV rates for women whose partners had primary or lower education, and Vocational education (lifetime) Employment Status Higher IPV rates for women whose partners were unemployed (lifetime and current)

Alcohol and Drug Use Higher IPV rates for women whose partners were substance users (lifetime and current)

Age Highest IPV rate for women with partners in the 15-24 age group (current)

Former relationships Higher IPV rates among women who had partners with prior relationships (lifetime and current) and also with partners who has had children with other partners (lifetime and current) PARTNER CHARACTERISTICS: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Significant factors Physical +/or sexual Education Higher IPV rates for women whose partners had lower levels of education (lifetime) Employment Status Higher IPV rates for women whose partners were unemployed (lifetime and current)

Alcohol and Drug Use Higher IPV rates for women whose partners were substance users (lifetime and current)

Age Highest IPV rate for women with partners in the 25-34 age group (current)

Former relationships Higher IPV rates among women who had partners with prior relationships (lifetime and current) and also with partners who had no children with other partners (current) ATTITUDES

Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago

Wife's obligation to have sex 31,4 Wife's obligation to have sex with husband with husband 19,7

Wife should always obey 32,2 Wife should always obey husband husband 27,7

Women's role to take care of 70,2 Women's role to take care of home home 56,5 Man naturally should be head 77,4 Man naturally should be head of family of family 66,2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 20 40 60 80 IMPACT OF IPV ON WOMEN Trinidad and Tobago Jamaica ▪ A third of survivors (30.9%) reported having More than one in every ▪ suffered injuries as a result of the violence three abused women (34.3 inflicted on them. per cent) suffered injuries as a result of physical and/or ▪ Survivors’ children were also more likely to sexual partner violence present with troubling behaviour

▪ For almost one in five 60% women (18 per cent), the 50% 40,4% IPV 40% injury was severe enough to 28,0% require medical care 30% 24,4% No IPV 20% 13,4% 10,6% 10% 6,6% 0% Some/many Some/many Some/many problems with problems with problems of pain overall health performing usual activities WOMEN’S RESPONSES TO IPV

Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago

Almost two-thirds (63.0 per cent) of the women sought no help. 1 in 3 women did not tell anyone of their IPV experience(s).

For those who tried to get assistance, they turned to the police (32.1 per cent) or the health care system (11.8 per cent). For those who tried to get assistance, few turned to the police (4.9 per cent) or the health care system (13.4 per cent). Women also turned to the court system (5.3 per cent). Women typically receive help from their personal Very few women sought help from the formal network esp. their mothers (39.7 per cent) more social services, with women in rural areas being than from the authorities or civil society more likely to do so. organizations NON PARTNER SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Non-partner Sexual Violence

1,8 10,9 Unwanted sexual touching 1,6 14,5

0,6 6,8 Attempted intercourse 1 12

1,5 9,5 Forced intercourse 1,2 9,6

3,2 19 Overall sexual violence 2,9 23

0 5 10 15 20 25 Trinidad and Tobago Current Trinidad and Tobago Lifetime Jamaica Current Jamaica Lifetime NEXT STEPS

NATIONAL PREVALENCE SURVEYS ON GENDER BASED VIOLENCE: ▪2019 Launches of National Reports and anonymised datasets for Guyana, Grenada and Suriname expected. ▪2019 User-Producer Dialogues on VAW prevalence data in the above countries. ▪2019 Paper on the experiences of conducting the survey in CARICOM ▪Infographics ▪Secondary Research THANK YOU