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Arbitration Between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

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Arbitration Between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, relating to the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf between them, decision of 11 April 2006 11 April 2006 VOLUME XXVII pp.147-251 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2008 PART IV Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, relating to the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf between them Decision of 11 April 2006 _______________ Arbitrage entre la Barbade et la République de Trinité-et- Tobago, relatif à la délimitation de la zone économique exclusive et du plateau continental entre ces deux pays Décision du 11 avril 2006 AWARD OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL CONCERNING THE MARITIME BOUNDARY BETWEEN BARBADOS AND THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, DECISION OF 11 APRIL 2006 SENTENCE DU TRIBUNAL ARBITRAL CONCERNANT LA FRONTIERE MARITIME ENTRE LA BARBADE ET LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE TRINITE-ET-TOBAGO, DÉCISION DU 11 AVRIL 2006 Jurisdiction of the Tribunal–jurisdiction under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provisions for the peaceful settlement of disputes–no requirement under general international law to continue compulsory negotiations showing every sign of being unproductive –entitlement of a party under UNCLOS to unilaterally refer a dispute to arbitration after the failure of negotiations. Jurisdiction of the Tribunal–jurisdiction to delimit by the drawing of a single maritime boundary, relating to both the continental shelf and the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) appertaining to each Party–jurisdiction to delimit the maritime boundary in relation to the part of the continental shelf extending beyond 200 nautical miles–no jurisdiction to confer fishery rights. Rules of procedure–confidentiality of proceedings unless otherwise agreed by the parties– non-acceptance of request by a neighbouring State to access documents of arbitration as an interested party in the proceedings. Agents of States in front of international tribunals–State legally bound by commitments made by its Agents before international tribunals–State thenceforth under a legal obligation to act in conformity with the commitment made–Agent considered as an intermediary between the State and the Tribunal. Method of delimitation of maritime boundary–two-step delimitation process referred to as the “equidistant/relevant circumstances” principle–provisional equidistant line in a first step– subsequent adaptation of the provisional line to the special circumstances of the case to achieve an equitable result in a second step–proportionality test only a way to verify the equitability of the result–“two-step” method not mandatory but the most adequate in order to avoid a subjective determination–identical method of delimitation for States with adjacent and opposite coasts. Special circumstances–relevant factors to adjust the provisional equidistant line–length of coasts–no mathematical ratio applied while taking into account the length of the coasts– proportionality between the coastal lengths in order to achieve an equitable delimitation–turning point of the corrected line left to the discretion of the Tribunal–exercise of discretion within the limits set out by the applicable law. Orientation of coastlines–determination by the coasts themselves and not by the baselines– baselines only considered as method to facilitate the determination of the outer limit of the maritime zones in certain areas as archipelagic States. Principles of delimitation of maritime boundary–stability, predictability, objectivity and equity within the rule of law–equity not a legal method due to the uncertainty of the outcome– avoidance of encroachment. Delimitation of the maritime boundary–line following points equidistant from the low water line of Barbados and the nearest turning point of the archipelagic baselines of Trinidad and Tobago. Exercise of sovereignty rights–question of acquiescence of Trinidad and Tobago to the exercise of sovereignty by Barbados in the area disputed and the possible consequent estoppel– seismic surveys sporadically authorised, oil concessions and patrolling by Barbados not 150 BARBADOS/TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO considered as sufficient evidence to establish estoppel or acquiescence on the part of Trinidad and Tobago. Legal regimes of maritime zones–absence of prevalence between the continental shelf and the EEZ–coexistence of the two legal regimes presenting numerous significant elements in common–trend in State practice towards harmonization and coincidence of legal regimes for convenience and practical reasons–coincidence not enshrined in treaty law. Effect of a treaty on third parties–treaty of maritime boundary delimitation between two States without effect on the rights of a third State–taking into account of rights claimed and renounced by a State in such a treaty in respect of the consequent modification of the overlapping areas between the parties to the dispute. Fishery rights–exceptional to delimit the international maritime line in connection with historic fishing conducted by the parties–role of fishery rights restricted to circumstances in which catastrophic results might result from the adoption of a particular delimitation line–insufficiency of six to eight years of fishing practice to give rise to a tradition–injury to the national economy of a State not considered as a legal entitlement for a boundary adjustment. Fishery rights–Tribunal not competent to confer fishery rights to one Party in the EEZ of the other Party without agreement of the latter–duty to coordinate and ensure the conservation and the development of migrating flying fish stock between the two States–duty to negotiate in good faith and to find an agreement–irrelevance of the nature of the fishery (artisanal or industrial) and of the degree of dependence upon fishing for reaching such an agreement–agreement compliant with UNCLOS principles about relations between neighbouring States and fisheries. Evidence–risks of giving undue weight to written reports presented as simple record of hearsay evidence and oral tradition–substantial weight conferred to official reports written contemporaneously with the event described–lesser weight given to affidavits written after the arising of the dispute. Compétence du tribunal–compétence en vertu des dispositions pour le règlement pacifique des différends de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le Droit de la Mer (CNUDM)–pas d’obligation en vertu du droit international général de poursuivre des négociations impératives manifestement infructueuses–droit d’une des parties en vertu de la CNUDM de soumettre un différend à l’arbitrage après l’échec des négociations. Compétence du tribunal–compétence pour délimiter le plateau continental et la Zone Économique Exclusive (ZEE) respectives de chaque partie en traçant une seule frontière maritime–compétence pour délimiter la frontière maritime relative au plateau continental s’étendant au-delà des 200 miles nautiques–pas de compétence pour attribuer des droits de pêche. Règles de procédure–confidentialité des procédures sauf accord contraire entre les parties– refus d’admettre la demande d’un État frontalier d’avoir accès aux documents d’arbitrage en tant que partie intéressée à la procédure. Agents de l’État devant les tribunaux internationaux–un État est juridiquement lié par les engagements pris pas ses agents devant les tribunaux internationaux–obligation pour l’État d’agir en conformité avec les engagements ainsi pris–perception de l’Agent du gouvernement comme un intermédiaire entre l’État et le Tribunal. Méthode de délimitation de la frontière maritime–procédure de délimitation en deux-temps désignée comme le principe « équidistance/circonstances pertinentes »–dans un premier temps, établissement de la ligne équidistante provisoire–adaptation ultérieure de la ligne provisoire en fonction des circonstances spéciales particulières afin de parvenir à un résultat équitable–test de proportionnalité servant uniquement à vérifier le caractère équitable du résultat–caractère non- contraignant de la méthode en « deux-temps » considérée seulement comme la plus adéquate pour éviter une délimitation subjective–méthode de délimitation identique pour des États disposant de côtes adjacentes et opposées. MARITIME BOUNDARY 151 Circonstances spéciales–facteurs pertinents pour ajuster la ligne équidistante provisoire– longueur des côtes–pas d’application de ratio mathématique lors de la prise en compte de la longueur des côtes–proportionnalité entre la longueur des côtes respectives afin de parvenir à une délimitation équitable–la détermination du point d’inflexion de la ligne corrigée est laissée à la discrétion du Tribunal–exercice discrétionnaire dans les limites du droit applicable. Orientation des lignes côtières–détermination d’après les côtes elles-mêmes et non d’après les lignes de référence–lignes de référence considérées seulement comme des méthodes pour faciliter la détermination des limites extérieures des zones maritimes dans certaines régions particulières comme les États archipélagiques. Principes de délimitation des frontières maritimes–stabilité, prédictibilité, objectivité et équité dans le cadre de l’état de droit–équité non une méthode juridique du fait du caractère incertain du résultat–délimitation devant éviter les empiétements. Délimitation de la frontière maritime–ligne suivant les points équidistants entre la ligne basse des eaux de la Barbade
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