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Submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf

Submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf

SUBMISSION TO THE

COMMISSION ON THE LIMITS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF

PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 76, PARAGRAPH 8 OF THE

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA

Republic of and

PART I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1

2. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO AS A STATE PARTY TO UNCLOS ...... 3

3. TIMELINESS OF THE SUBMISSION...... 4

4. MEMBERS OF THE CLCS WHO PROVIDED ADVICE IN THE PREPARATION OF THE SUBMISSION ...... 4

5. FULL SUBMISSION ...... 5

6. STATE BODIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE SUBMISSION ...... 5

7. EXTERNAL EXPERTS AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE SUBMISSION...... 5

8. RELEVANT BASELINES...... 6

9. UNIQUE TREATY-BASED COMPETENCE OF THE CLCS...... 8

10. PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 76 INVOKED TO SUPPORT THE SUBMISSION...... 9

11. SETTLED MARITIME BOUNDARIES...... 13

11.1 Bolivarian of ...... 13

11.2 ...... 14

12. ABSENCE OF DISPUTES ...... 15

13. DESCRIPTION OF THE OUTER LIMIT OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF ...... 18

14. APPLICATIONS OF CONSTRAINTS ...... 18

15. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIXED POINTS OF THE OUTER LIMIT OF THE TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CONTINENTAL SHELF...... 19

16. THE OUTER LIMIT OF THE TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CONTINENTAL SHELF AND LIST OF COORDINATES...... 21

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List of Figures

FIGURE 1: LOCATION MAP OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO...... 2

FIGURE 2: ARCHIPELAGIC BASEPOINTS AND BASELINES...... 7

FIGURE 3: OUTER LIMIT OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO...... 21

Table

FIXED POINTS3 DEFINED BY COORDINATES OF AND LATITUDE DELINEATING THE OUTER LIMIT OF

THE CONTINENTAL SHELF FOR TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO...... 24-27

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1. Introduction

The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago presents to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS or Commission) this Submission containing information on the outer limits of the continental shelf extending beyond 200 M from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured in accordance with Article 76 and Annex II, Article 4 of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or Convention).

The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an , the coastlines of which look onto the to the east and south east, the Sea to the north, the to the west and the to the south. The two largest of the archipelago are Trinidad, located at its nearest point some 9 miles from the South American mainland and Tobago, situated 20 miles northeast of Trinidad near the southern end of the . The coastline of Trinidad abutting on the Atlantic Ocean faces in a generally easterly direction while the southern coast of Tobago and the north western tip of Trinidad generally look south east along the continental shelf off the South American .

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Figure 1: Location map of Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago made an early contribution to the development of the law of the sea relating to the continental shelf when on 26 , 1942 the (Trinidad) and Venezuela signed the historic Gulf of Paria Treaty that

2 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary delimited the submarine areas of the Gulf of Paria. This Treaty, to which Trinidad and Tobago succeeded on in 1962, was the very first bilateral agreement ever signed by any two states regarding the delimitation of the seabed and subsoil beyond the territorial sea.1

This Submission establishes that the submerged prolongation of the Trinidad and Tobago landmass from its coastline to the outer edge of the continental margin extends beyond 200 M in the Atlantic Ocean. Hydrographic, geological and geophysical data and information acquired by Trinidad and Tobago have been supplemented with similar relevant material compiled from recognized international scientific investigations in order to determine the geomorphology and geological nature, structure and extent of the continental shelf beyond 200 M in the Atlantic Ocean off Trinidad and Tobago. The outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 M are delineated in accordance with the rules and methodologies described in the provisions of Article 76 of UNCLOS and take into account the Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS/11).

2. Trinidad and Tobago as a State Party to UNCLOS

Trinidad and Tobago signed the UNCLOS on 10 , 1982 in Montego Bay, , when it was opened for signature at the close of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and ratified the Convention on 25 April, 1986. It enacted domestic legislation in 1986 to give effect to the Convention, including legislation incorporating those provisions in Part VI of the Convention dealing with the continental shelf, through the Continental Shelf

1 The Gulf of Paria Treaty was ratified on 22 September, 1942 and ceased to have effect on 23 , 1991 upon entry into force of the Treaty signed on 18 April, 1990 between the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the Republic of Venezuela.

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(Amendment) Act which was originally enacted to give effect to the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf.

3. Timeliness of the Submission

Rule 45(a) of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission provides that:

“Where a coastal State intends to establish the outer limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, it shall submit particulars of such limits to the Commission along with supporting scientific and technical data as soon as possible, but in any case within ten years of the entry into force of the Convention for that State. In the case of a State Party for which the Convention entered into force before 13 May 1999, it is understood, in accordance with the ‘Decision regarding the date of commencement of the ten-year period for making submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf set out in article 4 of Annex II to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea’ (SPLOS/72 of 29 May 2001), that the ten-year time period referred to in article 4 of Annex II to the Convention shall be taken to have commenced on 13 May 1999.”

This deadline applies for those States for which the Convention entered into force prior to 13 May, 1999, including Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago makes this Submission to the Commission in order to establish the outer limits of its continental shelf beyond 200 M and in so doing to permit the Commission to carry out its treaty mandate to delineate where national jurisdiction ends and the jurisdiction of the International Seabed Authority begins.

4. Members of the CLCS who provided advice in the preparation of the submission

Mr. Francis Charles, a member of the CLCS provided advice in the preparation of the present Submission.

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5. Full Submission

Trinidad and Tobago makes a full submission of the outer limit of its continental shelf according to the terms set out in the Rules of Procedure and relevant documents.2

6. State Bodies Responsible for the Preparation of the Submission

The preparation of this Submission was made possible through the efforts of the following institutions in Trinidad and Tobago:

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs  Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries  Ministry of the Attorney General  Company of Trinidad and Tobago (PETROTRIN)  Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA)

7. External Experts and Organizations involved in the Preparation of the Submission

The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago acknowledges the invaluable advice received from Dr. Alain Murphy of GeoLIMITS Consulting as well as the very helpful assistance provided by the UNEP Shelf Programme (GRID-Arendal), in the preparation of this Submission.

2 SPLOS/183 and CLCS/48 (7 October, 2005)

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8. Relevant baselines

The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago satisfies the provisions contained in Articles 46, 47 and 48 of UNCLOS for designation as an archipelagic State and the use of the archipelagic baselines for the measurement of the breadth of the territorial and jurisdictional zones, including the continental shelf. In accordance with the requirement of Article 47, paragraph 9, a chart and the geographical coordinates of the archipelagic basepoints have been deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations in his capacity as depositary of the UNCLOS. For the purposes of this Submission, the baselines on the eastern and south-eastern coastlines facing the Atlantic Ocean are relevant. The territorial sea off the eastern and south-eastern coastlines of Trinidad and Tobago is therefore measured from the archipelagic baselines stretching from the basepoint at St. Giles to the basepoint at Alcatras Rock. These baselines face east and southeast along the shoulder of the South American mainland and look directly onto the continental shelf appertaining to this part of the mainland in a maritime in which the submarine projections of the landmass of Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, , and French Guyana converge and overlap.

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Figure 2: Archipelagic basepoints and baselines

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9. Unique treaty-based competence of the CLCS

The procedure for the submission of information on the determination of the outer limit of the continental shelf beyond 200 M is set out in paragraphs 8 and 9 of Article 76 of UNCLOS:

“8. Information on the limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured shall be submitted by the coastal State to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf set up under Annex II on the basis of equitable geographical representation. The Commission shall make recommendations to coastal States on matters related to the establishment of the outer limits of their continental shelf. The limits of the shelf established by a coastal State on the basis of these recommendations shall be final and binding.”

“9. The coastal State shall deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations charts and relevant information, including geodetic data, permanently describing the outer limits of its continental shelf. The Secretary-General shall give due publicity thereto.”

Article 1 of Annex II of the Convention provides that “In accordance with the provisions of article 76, a Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 nautical miles shall be established in conformity with the following articles.” Article 3 then provides at paragraph 1(a) that the functions of the Commission shall be:

“to consider the data and other material submitted by coastal States concerning the outer limits of the continental shelf in areas where those limits extend beyond 200 nautical miles, and to make recommendations in accordance with article 76 and the Statement of Understanding on 29 1980 by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea”

Articles 1 and 3 of Annex II of the Convention therefore underscore that the Commission possesses a unique competence conferred by UNCLOS to

8 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary delineate the outer limits of the continental shelf in those areas where the said limits extend beyond 200 M from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

In its Judgment in the Territorial and Maritime Dispute between and in the Caribbean Sea, the International Court of Justice considered it appropriate to acknowledge the unique treaty-based competence of the CLCS to determine whether or not a coastal State qualifies to extend its continental shelf jurisdiction beyond 200 M.

In deferring to the CLCS in the matter of the determination of which States qualify to extend their continental shelves beyond 200 M, the Court, at paragraph 319 of its 2007 Judgment, was moved to underscore that “… any claim of continental shelf rights beyond 200 nautical miles must be in accordance with Article 76 of UNCLOS and reviewed by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf established thereunder”. In deferring to the CLCS in this matter, the Court was signalling that a determination by the CLCS is a logical precursor to any delimitation by a tribunal or coastal States themselves involving the extended continental shelf, if such delimitation were to be regarded as satisfying the criteria laid down in Article 76 of UNCLOS for the extension of the continental shelf beyond 200 M.

10. Provisions of Article 76 invoked to support the Submission

Article 76, paragraph 1 defines the continental shelf that may be subject to the sovereign rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State as follows:

“The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical

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miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance.”

Article 76, paragraph 3 defines the nature of the continental shelf and its constituent parts:

“The continental margin comprises the submerged prolongation of the land mass of the coastal State, and consists of the sea-bed and subsoil of the shelf, the slope and the rise. It does not include the deep ocean floor with its oceanic ridges or the subsoil thereof.”

Article 76 of the UNCLOS and the Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the CLCS (CLCS/11) elucidate a clear process and identify distinct criteria for defining the outer limits of the continental shelf, where the continental margin extends beyond 200 M.

The first step in determining the outer limits of the continental shelf according to the Scientific and Technical Guidelines is for coastal States to satisfy a test of appurtenance, stated in paragraph 4(a) of Article 76 of the Convention:

“For the purposes of this Convention, the coastal State shall establish the outer edge of the continental margin wherever the margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured …”

Coastal States may resort to spatial, geographical, geomorphological, geological and geophysical criteria to demonstrate that the outer edge of their continental margins extends beyond 200 M from their baselines. If the test of appurtenance is satisfied, the coastal State is obliged to establish the outer limits of its continental shelf. The complex rules governing the exercise of this obligation are contained in paragraphs 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Article 76 of UNCLOS.

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Two of these rules are affirmative rules expressed in paragraph 4. Both rules base the determination of the outer edge of the continental margin upon reference to the foot of the continental slope:

“(i) a line delineated in accordance with paragraph 7 by reference to the outermost fixed points at each of which the thickness of sedimentary rocks is at least 1 per cent of the shortest distance from such point to the foot of the continental slope; or (ii) a line delineated in accordance with paragraph 7 by reference to fixed points not more than 60 nautical miles from the foot of the continental slope.”

The use of the inclusive disjunction “or” permits coastal States to use either one or both of the above rules to determine the outer edge of the continental margin.

The test of appurtenance requires the coastal State to demonstrate that the outer edge of its continental margin, determined on the basis of the distance formula line or the sediment thickness formula line set out in Article 76, paragraph 4, extends beyond 200 M from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. The conduct of the test of appurtenance confirms that with regard to both the distance formula line and the sediment thickness formula, the outer edge of the continental margin of Trinidad and Tobago extends beyond 200 M from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. The submarine projections of those baselines trend in a southeasterly direction along the continental shelf of the South American continent.

Having satisfied the test of appurtenance, the coastal State may then proceed to the delineation of the constraint lines. The maximum distance to which the outer limits of the continental shelf can extend is subject to the two negative rules, expressed as spatial constraints, contained in paragraph 5 of Article 76:

“The fixed points comprising the line of the outer limits of the continental shelf on the sea-bed, drawn in accordance with

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paragraph 4 (a)(i) and (ii), either shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured or shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2,500 metre isobath, which is a line connecting the depth of 2,500 metres.”

The geography, bathymetry and morphology of the continental shelf in the maritime area adjacent to the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured reveals that both the distance constraint, 350 M from the baselines, and the depth constraint, 100 M from the 2,500 m isobath, are relevant for the delineation of the outer limits of the continental shelf in the maritime area of interest to Trinidad and Tobago.

Trinidad and Tobago has gathered and analyzed geomorphological, geological, geophysical and hydrographic data and information whose results are reflected in the different chapters of the Main Body of the present Submission and has established the outer limit of its continental shelf in accordance with paragraphs 4 through 10 of Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). These results show that the natural prolongation of the land territory of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago extends beyond 200 M, thereby fulfilling the test of appurtenance. Having regard to its archipelagic status, the delineation of the outer limit of the Trinidad and Tobago continental shelf is based on the combined application of the two formulae and the two constraints set forth in Article 76 paragraphs 4 (a) (i) and (ii), 4 (b) and 5 of UNCLOS. Trinidad and Tobago followed a three-step process to delineate the outer limit as stipulated in paragraph 2.3.3 of the Guidelines:  First, the two affirmative formulae were applied, which allowed the delineation of the outer envelope or formulae line.  Secondly, the two constraints were applied, which allowed the delineation of the constraint line.

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 Finally, the combination of the aforementioned lines allowed the delineation of the inner envelope representing the outer limit of the Trinidad and Tobago continental shelf.

11. Settled maritime boundaries

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

The between Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela was established by Article II of the 1990 Treaty on the Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas (the 1990 Treaty).

Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela share a 441-nautical-mile long maritime boundary that terminates in the Atlantic Ocean. The 1990 Treaty which is in force between the two States provides at Article II, paragraph 2 that they reserve their respective rights if it is determined, in accordance with international law, that the outer limit of the continental shelf is closer to 350 M than it is to the current terminus of the boundary between Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. It is now known that the current terminus falls appreciably short of the outer limit of the continental shelf.

Trinidad and Tobago therefore acknowledges its obligations to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela under the 1990 Treaty and recognizes as well that negotiation of the extension of the boundary line beyond the current terminus at 11º 23′ 48.98334″N and 56º 06′ 35.50997″ awaits action by the CLCS so that further negotiation may proceed. This Submission is made in full recognition that the CLCS is the final arbiter of whether a coastal State satisfies the criteria laid down in Article 76 of UNCLOS for the extension of its continental shelf beyond 200 M from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, and that a determination by the CLCS that a coastal State is entitled

13 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary to extend its continental shelf jurisdiction beyond 200 M is made without prejudice to the delimitation of overlapping maritime entitlements between neighbouring States.

Barbados

The maritime boundary between Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados up to 200 M was settled by the Award of an Annex VII Tribunal in April 2006.

In reporting on the consultations held with neighbouring States, excepting Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados informed the CLCS in its Executive Summary that “[t]he award of an UNCLOS Annex VII Tribunal in April 2006 determined the areas of maritime entitlement as between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago”3. The ineluctable implication of this assertion to the CLCS was that the Annex VII Tribunal which had issued an Award in April 2006 in respect of the maritime dispute between Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago had determined the outer continental shelf dispute between Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados when it ended the boundary line between the two coastal States at Point A on the limit of Trinidad and Tobago’s 200 M EEZ. On this matter, the Commission is requested to consider the following:  the Tribunal in its Award emphasized that the boundary line would be determined for the respective 200 M areas of entitlement in respect of both the EEZ and the continental shelf 4;  the Tribunal had no recommendation from the Commission before it regarding the existence and extent of the extended continental shelf appertaining to Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados when it

3 Barbados Executive Summary 4 The Award of the Tribunal in Barbados-Trinidad and Tobago Arbitration, para. 297

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issued its Award in April 2006 in settlement of the competing maritime claims of the two coastal States;  the International Court of Justice in the Nicaragua v. Honduras Case confirmed that the CLCS is the only entity competent to determine if a coastal State could extend its continental shelf jurisdiction beyond 200 M from the baselines from which the territorial sea is measured; and  the Tribunal emphasized that its jurisdiction is limited to the dispute concerning the delimitation of maritime zones as between Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago and noted that it had no jurisdiction in respect of maritime boundaries between either of the Parties and any third State, and the Award does not prejudice the position of any State in respect of any such boundary.

12. Absence of disputes

It is recognized that off the north east shoulder of the South American continent, there is an area of continental shelf in the Atlantic Ocean where the extended continental shelf claims of Barbados, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and the non-State Party, Venezuela, converge and overlap. Some outstanding questions remain in relation to the bilateral delimitation of the continental shelf appertaining to Trinidad and Tobago and neighbouring States. Trinidad and Tobago has considered these questions with its neighbouring States in accordance with Article 76, paragraph 10 of the Convention and Rule 46 and Annex I of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission.

Trinidad and Tobago understands that the relevant provisions of the Convention relating to the definition of the continental shelf as well as the requirements of general international law on the subject of the delimitation of the continental shelf

15 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary beyond the 200 M limit of EEZ, require that the resolution of these questions is informed by, or is contingent on, the action of the Commission in respect of submissions made to it by the coastal States concerned. This Submission for the establishment of the outer limits of Trinidad and Tobago’s continental shelf and the recommendations of the Commission made in respect of it are accordingly, in accordance with Article 76, paragraph 10 of the Convention and Article 9 of the Annex II to the Convention, understood to be without prejudice to the delimitation of maritime boundaries between States.

Trinidad and Tobago has held consultations with its neighbours on its intention to make a submission to the Commission in accordance with paragraph 8 of Article 76 of the Convention. The Governments of Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname have each agreed not to object to the consideration by the Commission of the Submission of Trinidad and Tobago.

Mindful of the obligation on a State Party to make a submission to the Commission within ten years of the entry into force of the Convention for that State, as set out in Article 4 of Annex II to the Convention, the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago has initiated consultations with in fulfilment of its obligations to that State Party under the Convention and the Rules of the CLCS in the event of overlapping claims to sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the continental shelf beyond 200 M. Trinidad and Tobago undertakes to inform the Commission of the outcome of the consultations with France. Trinidad and Tobago’s submission of, and the Commission’s consideration of and recommendation on, the area of overlap with France is without prejudice to the question of the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 M between Trinidad and Tobago and France.

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The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago represents to the Commission that to the extent that its Submission encompasses maritime space also claimed by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, this Submission is made in conformity with Article 76, paragraph 10, without prejudice to the question of delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts, and having regard to the 1990 Treaty which is binding on Trinidad and Tobago. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago represents to the Commission that to the extent that its Submission encompasses maritime space also claimed by the Republic of Guyana, this Submission is made in conformity with Article 76, paragraph 10 of the Convention and in the context of the overlapping entitlements between the two States in respect of which the two States have agreed to reserve their rights under international law. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago represents to the Commission that to the extent that its Submission encompasses maritime space also claimed by the Republic of Suriname, this Submission is made in conformity with Article 76, paragraph 10 of the Convention and the two States have agreed not to object to each other’s submission to the Commission and to reserve their rights under international law.

With respect to Barbados, the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is unable to make any representation regarding overlapping maritime entitlements similar to that made in respect of Venezuela, Guyana or Suriname. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago nevertheless represents to the Commission, in respect of the maritime area beyond 200 M in which Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and Barbados may also maintain claims, that this Submission covers maritime space over which the Arbitral Tribunal in its 2006 Award exercised no jurisdiction and accordingly made no award, as well as maritime space over which Barbados maintains no claim. While acknowledging the Tribunal’s finding that the and the continental shelf are independent institutions and the

17 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary former did not extinguish the latter, this Submission is not dependent on the utilization of maritime space within 200 M of the Barbados coastline.

In accordance with paragraph 2(a) of Annex I to the Rules of Procedure of the Commission, Trinidad and Tobago wishes to inform the Commission that there is no dispute related to the present Submission. Trinidad and Tobago provides the Commission with the assurance that its Submission can be treated without prejudice to issues related to the delimitation of the continental shelf between neighbouring States.

13. Description of the outer limit of the continental shelf

The Trinidad and Tobago continental margin is located at the boundary between the south-eastern edge of the Caribbean and the northern South American Plates.The tectonic interactions of two plates have influenced the geology of the region. The margin is underpinned by a wedge shaped basin which contains a vast quantity of sediment, thought to be derived from proto-Orinoco and proto- Amazon sources from as early as the Tertiary. Deposition continues to the present day and studies have shown that currently, more than 3x108 tons of sediment per year is transported northward from the Orinoco and Amazon river systems.

14. Applications of constraints

The geographical location of Trinidad and Tobago permits it to use both the distance and depth constraints provided for in Article 76, paragraph 5 in order to establish the maximum possible outer limit of the continental shelf appertaining to Trinidad and Tobago in the Atlantic Ocean. The 350 M arc drawn from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured intersects the line defining the 100 M from the 2,500 m isobath constraint line at a point with

18 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary coordinates of latitude and longitude of 11° 00′ 45″N and 54°34′ 26″W. This point is 350 M from Trinidad and Tobago, 313 M from the coast of Barbados, 329 M from coast of Guyana and 302 M from the coast of Suriname.

In order to define the constraint line, Trinidad and Tobago applied both constraints in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 76, which states: “The fixed points comprising the line of the outer limits of the continental shelf on the seabed, drawn in accordance with paragraph 4 (a)(i) and (ii), either shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured or shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2,500 metre isobath, which is a line connecting the depth of 2,500 metres.” The 350 M arcs were generated from the points of the relevant archipelagic baselines selected. The 100 M from 2,500 m constraint line was drawn as detailed in the Main Body. The areas where this constraint is more favourable than 350 M constraint form part of the combined constraint detailed in the Main Body.

15. Description of the fixed points of the outer limit of the Trinidad and Tobago continental shelf

The outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 M from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured have been delineated by fixed points connected by straight lines not longer than 60 nautical miles in accordance with the provisions of Article 76, paragraph 7 of the Convention which provides:

“The coastal State shall delineate the outer limits of its continental shelf, where that shelf extends beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, by straight lines not exceeding 60 nautical miles in length, connecting fixed points, defined by coordinates of latitude and longitude.”

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Trinidad and Tobago has used the notation “TT” for the fixed points of the outer limit of its continental shelf. One hundred and ninety one fixed points have been used. The description of the fixed points of the outer limit of the continental shelf starts with TT-FP1, located east of Trinidad, and continues, generally south- eastwards, following the numbers allocated, until it reaches the last fixed point, TT-FP191, located on the 100 M from 2,500 m constraint line. The first and second fixed points are determined by applying the 1 % sediment thickness formula. These are followed by a group of 27 fixed points up to TT-FP29 (included) located on the 350 M arc, which also comply with the 1 % sediment thickness formula. Fixed points from TT-FP30 to TT-FP191 are located on the 100 M rom 2,500 m isobath constraint line.

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16. The outer limit of the Trinidad and Tobago continental shelf and list of coordinates

Figure 3: Outer limit of the continental shelf of Trinidad and Tobago

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The map in Figure 1 shows the location of Trinidad and Tobago in relation to the South American continent. Figure 2 shows the archipelagic basepoints and baselines.Figure 3 outlines the outer limit of the continental shelf claimed by Trinidad and Tobago as the result of the combined application of the formulae and constraints, generating the inner envelope connecting the fixed points.

Table 1 shows the list of coordinates of the fixed points defining the outer limit of the Trinidad and Tobago continental shelf. The list has five columns, in turn subdivided into:

 First column: identification of the points as “TT” and continuous numbering. There are 16 points.

 Second and third columns: geodetic coordinates of each of the points.

 Fourth column: indication of the provision of Article 76 of UNCLOS invoked for that point.

 Fifth column: indication of the distance between that point and the previous one in nautical miles (M).

The outer limit is generated using the 1% sediment thickness rule and straight lines no longer than 60M. Twenty one (21) foot of the slope points have been identified (FOS-1 to FOS-21). FOS-3 is responsible for TT-FP1 and TT-FP2. The other fixed points lie on the combined constraint lines. In accordance with Article 76, paragraph 5 of the Convention, all fixed points constituting the line delineating the outer limits of the continental shelf appertaining to Trinidad and Tobago are either not more than 350 M from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, or not more than 100 M from the 2,500

22 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary m isobath. Consistently with paragraph 2.1.8 of the Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the CLCS, in no case is any fixed point delineating the outer limits of the continental shelf both more than 350 M from the baselines as well as more than 100 M from the 2,500 m isobath.

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Table of Fixed Points, defined by coordinates of longitude and latitude delineating the outer limits of the continental shelf for Trinidad and Tobago.

All coordinates in this Submission are referenced to WGS 84.

Fixed Longitude Latitude Article 76 Method Distance Points ° ' " ° ' " to last FP TT-FP1 55 37 21.678 W 12 48 5.381 N 1% Sediment Thickness 0.00 TT-FP2 55 19 35.386 W 12 29 49.920 N 1% Sediment Thickness 25.14 TT-FP3 54 36 46.219 W 12 9 22.668 N 350 M 46.60 TT-FP4 54 36 41.949 W 12 8 52.216 N 350 M 0.51 TT-FP5 54 36 33.777 W 12 7 52.594 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP6 54 36 25.771 W 12 6 52.945 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP7 54 36 17.930 W 12 5 53.276 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP8 54 36 10.267 W 12 4 53.586 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP9 54 36 2.782 W 12 3 53.875 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP10 54 35 55.463 W 12 2 54.140 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP11 54 35 48.322 W 12 1 54.385 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP12 54 35 41.359 W 12 0 54.616 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP13 54 35 34.561 W 11 59 54.819 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP14 54 35 27.942 W 11 58 55.012 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP15 54 35 21.487 W 11 57 55.178 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP16 54 35 15.225 W 11 56 55.330 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP17 54 35 9.114 W 11 55 55.465 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP18 54 35 3.195 W 11 54 55.586 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP19 54 34 57.427 W 11 53 55.690 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP20 54 34 51.852 W 11 52 55.773 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP21 54 34 46.441 W 11 51 55.843 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP22 54 34 41.209 W 11 50 55.895 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP23 54 34 36.155 W 11 49 55.934 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP24 54 34 31.266 W 11 48 55.962 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP25 54 34 26.556 W 11 47 55.980 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP26 54 34 22.024 W 11 46 55.978 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP27 54 34 17.657 W 11 45 55.962 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP28 54 34 13.455 W 11 44 55.942 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP29 54 34 9.445 W 11 43 55.905 N 350 M 1.00 TT-FP30 53 56 48.632 W 10 58 59.537 N 2,500 m + 100 M 57.85 TT-FP31 53 55 47.864 W 10 58 54.391 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP32 53 54 47.151 W 10 58 48.651 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP33 53 53 46.492 W 10 58 42.299 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP34 53 52 45.903 W 10 58 35.347 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP35 53 51 45.396 W 10 58 27.801 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP36 53 50 44.971 W 10 58 19.643 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP37 53 49 44.628 W 10 58 10.889 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP38 53 48 44.368 W 10 58 1.540 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00

24 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary

Fixed Longitude Latitude Article 76 Method Distance Points ° ' " ° ' " to last FP TT-FP39 53 47 44.218 W 10 57 51.587 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP40 53 46 44.164 W 10 57 41.040 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP41 53 45 44.234 W 10 57 29.896 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP42 53 44 44.413 W 10 57 18.161 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP43 53 43 44.716 W 10 57 5.832 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP44 53 42 45.143 W 10 56 52.906 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP45 53 41 45.707 W 10 56 39.397 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP46 53 40 46.422 W 10 56 25.296 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP47 53 39 47.274 W 10 56 10.602 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP48 53 38 48.291 W 10 55 55.317 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP49 53 37 49.460 W 10 55 39.459 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP50 53 36 50.779 W 10 55 23.018 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP51 53 35 52.290 W 10 55 5.982 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP52 53 34 53.967 W 10 54 48.369 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP53 53 33 55.835 W 10 54 30.184 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP54 53 32 57.896 W 10 54 11.424 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP55 53 32 0.135 W 10 53 52.085 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP56 53 31 2.581 W 10 53 32.172 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP57 53 30 5.232 W 10 53 11.693 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP58 53 29 8.103 W 10 52 50.644 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP59 53 28 11.180 W 10 52 29.028 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP60 53 27 14.491 W 10 52 6.853 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP61 53 26 18.035 W 10 51 44.108 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP62 53 25 21.812 W 10 51 20.807 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP63 53 24 25.823 W 10 50 56.949 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP64 53 23 30.081 W 10 50 32.532 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP65 53 22 34.601 W 10 50 7.566 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP66 53 21 39.367 W 10 49 42.053 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP67 53 20 44.408 W 10 49 15.992 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP68 53 19 49.709 W 10 48 49.381 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP69 53 18 55.286 W 10 48 22.231 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP70 53 18 1.137 W 10 47 54.542 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP71 53 17 7.277 W 10 47 26.317 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP72 53 16 13.718 W 10 46 57.564 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP73 53 15 20.448 W 10 46 28.275 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP74 53 14 27.480 W 10 45 58.458 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP75 53 13 34.815 W 10 45 28.118 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP76 53 12 42.465 W 10 44 57.250 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP77 53 12 42.465 W 10 44 57.250 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.00 TT-FP78 53 11 50.445 W 10 44 25.870 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP79 53 10 58.727 W 10 43 53.979 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP80 53 10 7.352 W 10 43 21.566 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP81 53 9 16.306 W 10 42 48.648 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00

25 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary

Fixed Longitude Latitude Article 76 Method Distance Points ° ' " ° ' " to last FP TT-FP82 53 8 25.591 W 10 42 15.229 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP83 53 7 35.219 W 10 41 41.309 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP84 53 6 45.203 W 10 41 6.884 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP85 53 5 55.545 W 10 40 31.971 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP86 53 5 6.244 W 10 39 56.561 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP87 53 4 17.300 W 10 39 20.663 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP88 53 3 28.727 W 10 38 44.285 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP89 53 2 40.524 W 10 38 7.422 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP90 53 2 40.524 W 10 38 7.422 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.00 TT-FP91 53 1 52.706 W 10 37 30.089 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP92 53 1 52.706 W 10 37 30.089 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.00 TT-FP93 53 1 5.259 W 10 36 52.276 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP94 53 0 18.210 W 10 36 13.995 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP95 52 59 31.545 W 10 35 35.248 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP96 52 15 1.332 W 9 57 13.310 N 2,500 m + 100 M 58.17 TT-FP97 52 14 48.780 W 9 57 2.482 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.27 TT-FP98 52 13 58.188 W 9 56 29.073 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP99 52 13 7.926 W 9 55 55.156 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP100 52 12 18.034 W 9 55 20.745 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP101 52 11 28.486 W 9 54 45.836 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP102 52 10 39.281 W 9 54 10.443 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP103 52 9 50.446 W 9 53 34.552 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP104 52 9 1.983 W 9 52 58.180 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP105 52 8 13.890 W 9 52 21.335 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP106 52 7 26.169 W 9 51 44.005 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP107 52 6 38.831 W 9 51 6.202 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP108 52 5 51.878 W 9 50 27.932 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP109 52 5 5.338 W 9 49 49.198 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP110 52 4 19.167 W 9 49 10.004 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP111 52 3 33.409 W 9 48 30.350 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP112 52 2 48.050 W 9 47 50.240 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP113 52 2 3.102 W 9 47 9.687 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP114 52 1 18.566 W 9 46 28.684 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP115 52 0 34.442 W 9 45 47.238 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP116 51 59 50.758 W 9 45 5.356 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP117 51 59 7.499 W 9 44 23.041 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP118 51 58 24.666 W 9 43 40.308 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP119 51 20 18.741 W 9 7 10.094 N 2,500 m + 100 M 52.33 TT-FP120 51 19 34.287 W 9 6 29.105 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP121 51 18 50.232 W 9 5 47.666 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP122 51 18 6.617 W 9 5 5.801 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP123 51 17 23.427 W 9 4 23.490 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP124 51 16 40.662 W 9 3 40.760 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00

26 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary

Fixed Longitude Latitude Article 76 Method Distance Points ° ' " ° ' " to last FP TT-FP125 51 16 40.662 W 9 3 40.760 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.00 TT-FP126 51 15 58.337 W 9 2 57.604 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP127 51 15 16.452 W 9 2 14.030 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP128 51 14 35.006 W 9 1 30.033 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP129 51 13 54.013 W 9 0 45.634 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP130 51 13 54.013 W 9 0 45.634 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.00 TT-FP131 51 13 13.460 W 9 0 0.827 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP132 51 12 33.374 W 8 59 15.612 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP133 51 11 53.741 W 8 58 30.005 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP134 51 11 14.561 W 8 57 44.000 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP135 51 10 35.861 W 8 56 57.617 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP136 51 9 57.629 W 8 56 10.846 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP137 51 9 19.877 W 8 55 23.694 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP138 51 8 42.606 W 8 54 36.164 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP139 51 8 5.802 W 8 53 48.267 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP140 51 7 29.492 W 8 53 0.010 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP141 51 6 53.676 W 8 52 11.388 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP142 51 6 18.342 W 8 51 22.420 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP143 51 5 43.515 W 8 50 33.095 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP144 51 5 9.183 W 8 49 43.423 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP145 51 4 35.359 W 8 48 53.422 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP146 51 4 2.029 W 8 48 3.077 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP147 51 3 29.221 W 8 47 12.409 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP148 51 3 29.221 W 8 47 12.409 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.00 TT-FP149 51 2 56.921 W 8 46 21.412 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP150 51 2 25.157 W 8 45 30.096 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP151 51 1 53.887 W 8 44 38.467 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP152 51 1 23.153 W 8 43 46.529 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP153 51 0 52.940 W 8 42 54.282 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP154 51 0 23.250 W 8 42 1.747 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP155 50 59 54.109 W 8 41 8.909 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP156 50 59 25.489 W 8 40 15.791 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP157 50 58 57.405 W 8 39 22.383 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP158 50 58 29.857 W 8 38 28.698 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP159 50 58 2.872 W 8 37 34.741 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP160 50 57 36.409 W 8 36 40.527 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP161 50 57 10.508 W 8 35 46.042 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP162 50 57 10.508 W 8 35 46.042 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.00 TT-FP163 50 56 45.157 W 8 34 51.309 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP164 50 56 20.356 W 8 33 56.323 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP165 50 55 56.104 W 8 33 1.092 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP166 50 55 32.428 W 8 32 5.618 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP167 50 55 9.288 W 8 31 9.918 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00

27 Trinidad and Tobago Continental Shelf Submission Executive Summary

Fixed Longitude Latitude Article 76 Method Distance Points ° ' " ° ' " to last FP TT-FP168 50 54 46.725 W 8 30 13.980 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP169 50 54 24.725 W 8 29 17.830 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP170 50 54 3.288 W 8 28 21.463 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP171 50 54 3.288 W 8 28 21.463 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.00 TT-FP172 50 53 42.427 W 8 27 24.876 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP173 50 53 22.130 W 8 26 28.091 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP174 50 53 2.410 W 8 25 31.103 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP175 50 52 43.252 W 8 24 33.929 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP176 50 52 24.685 W 8 23 36.560 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP177 50 52 6.695 W 8 22 39.009 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP178 50 51 49.282 W 8 21 41.279 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP179 50 51 32.445 W 8 20 43.388 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP180 50 51 16.213 W 8 19 45.325 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP181 50 51 0.544 W 8 18 47.105 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP182 50 50 45.465 W 8 17 48.729 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP183 50 50 30.977 W 8 16 50.207 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP184 50 50 17.079 W 8 15 51.543 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP185 50 50 3.772 W 8 14 52.752 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP186 50 50 3.772 W 8 14 52.752 N 2,500 m + 100 M 0.00 TT-FP187 50 49 51.055 W 8 13 53.818 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP188 50 49 38.915 W 8 12 54.770 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP189 50 49 27.393 W 8 11 55.601 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP190 50 49 16.448 W 8 10 56.313 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00 TT-FP191 50 49 6.107 W 8 9 56.928 N 2,500 m + 100 M 1.00

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