Lyell's Reception on the Continent of Europe: a Contribution to an Open Historiographical Problem

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Lyell's reception on the continent of Europe: a contribution to an open historiographical problem

EZIO VACCARI Centro di Studio sulla Storia della Tecnica, CNR Via Balbi 6, 16126 Genova, Italy

Abstract: After the publication of the Principles of Geology the name of Charles Lyell became well known among European geologists. However, the diffusion of his works and the intensity of the debates on his ideas varied throughout the continent. This paper attempts to analyse some aspects of Lyell's reception in Continental Europe, emphasizing the role of the translations of fundamental works such as the Principles of Geology and the Elements of Geology, as well as their influence on the first textbooks of geology published in Europe, especially from the 1840s onwards. Some significant examples of nineteenth-centuryEuropean reactions to Lyell's geology, and in particular to his uniformitarian statements, will be pointed out, in order to show the extent of Lyell's influence.

The question of Charles Lyell's reception in Europe The different kinds of sources may be briefly is undoubtedly a major topic in the history of described as follows : geology, which encompasses several stimulating historiographical and scientific issues. In 1990, at (1) Translations of Lyell's major works, such as the the end of his new introduction to the facsimile Principles of Geology (1830-1833), the reprint of the first edition of Lyell's Principles of Elements of Geology (1838) and Antiquity of Geology, Martin Rudwick (1990, p. Iv) remarked Man (1863a), but also other writings. Research that 'the nature and timing of Lyell's influence may allow us to understand the editorial story outside the English-speaking world is an important of some translations, i.e. to evaluate the role of topic on which little historical research has yet been the possible promoters, the scientific standing done'. Indeed, in most works published since the of the translators and the extent of diffusion of time of the Lyell Centenary Symposium held in these publications within their linguistic areas. 1975- but also in earlier literature- the diffusion (2) Reviews of LyelI's writings in scientific and reception of Lyell's geological ideas in the periodicals that were more or less specialized various European national and scientific contexts in the geological sciences. Research here have been studied only patchily, for example in should address the problem of surveying Germany (Guntau 1975), Poland (Maslankiewicz systematically all the European periodicals that & Wojcik 1975), Sweden (Fr~ingsmyr 1976) and may have treated subjects related to the Earth Spain (Ordaz 1976). In general, as Rachel Laudan sciences during the second half of the nine- (1987, p. 221) remarked on the question of Lyell's teenth century- not only the first specialized impact, there is still need for 'further historical journals of geology which started to appear in scholarship to reveal the developments in geology this century, but also the periodicals of general after 1830'. natural history and the bulletins, proceedings or In this paper I do not claim to give a final answer transactions of societies, academies and other to the various gaps in this open historiographical institutions. This is an impressive body of problem. Besides my preliminary conclusions, I literature (Bolton 1885; Gascoigne 1985), would like to propose an agenda for further which has rarely been investigated in relation research, in order to indicate the remarkable to the geological sciences. quantity and the variety of the primary sources that (3) The early textbooks of geology which followed should be explored in detail. These are, in my the publication of Lyell's Principles and were opinion, the necessary tools for overcoming the published, especially in France and Germany, historiographical impasse and for achieving the from the late 1830s onwards. most complete picture possible of such a complex (4) The numerous copies of Quarterly Journal of cultural phenomenon as the 'reception' of a the Geological Society of London which were scientific author in a continental context. sent to overseas Fellows and Correspondents.

VACCARL E. 1998. Lyell's reception on the continent of Europe: a contribution to an open historiographical 39 problem. In: BLUNDELL,D. J. & SCOTT, A. C. (eds) LvelI: the Past is the Key to the Present. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 143, 39-52. Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

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(5) The university courses (published or famed Principles of Geology (Lyell 1830- unpublished) and other public lectures given by 1833). It is well known that the first volume of this European geologists, especially in the second work, published in the summer of 1830 while Lyell half of the nineteenth century. was doing field work in France and Spain, was a (6) Debates during the meetings of geological and great success with the reading public in Britain and scientific societies during the early and middle was promptly reviewed in some British journals by nineteenth century, as already pointed out by distinguished authors such as George Poulett Rudwick (1986) in the cases of the Soci~t6 Scrope (1830) in the Quarterly Review, William Grologique de France and the Gesellschaft Conybeare (1830) in the Philosophical Magazine Deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte. and William Whewell (1831) in the British Critic. (7) Correspondence between geologists, including Nevertheless, some copies also reached Paris, Lyell himself- although a preliminary analysis where Constant Prrvost (1787-1856), the French of his published letters (Lyell 1881) has geologist and co-founder with Ami Bou6 of the revealed only a few comments about the recep- Socirt6 Grologique de France, already owned the tion of his ideas on the continent. Nevertheless, proof sheets of the first volume of the Principles, during his travels in Italy, France, Germany, which he had received directly from his friend Lyell Switzerland and Scandinavia, Lyell met several in order to prepare a French translation (Wilson scientists and gave lectures in some institu- 1972, p. 301). Prrvost, a former student of Georges tions: consequently the heritage of contacts and Cuvier, had developed a firm actualistic view about scientific exchanges he experienced in the continuity of Earth history even before meeting Continental Europe cannot be ignored. Lyell, with whom he had shared geological ideas and several field trips from 1823 onwards (Bork It is evident that any historical research arranged 1990, Gohau 1995). However, in spite of his role as according to this agenda is destined to deal for a a staunch supporter of Lyell's uniformitarian long time with a large amount of material, hence theory-well shown, for example, in the 1835 the risk of studying in depth some aspects more debate on Leopold von Buch's theory of craters of than others. Therefore, in this paper I present a elevation (Dean 1980; Laudan 1987, pp. 192-193; selection of sources, considered as significant Bork 1990, pp. 24-26) - Prrvost failed to translate samples of a larger potential field of research and the Principles during the 1830s. related to Lyell's reception in France, Germany, Instead, between 1831 and 1834, the three Italy, Spain, Belgium and Switzerland. I do not treat volumes of Lyell's work were reviewed for French here the British context, where the response to readers by Ami Bou6 (1794-1881), who was at that Lyell's scientific ideas has been discussed in detail time secretary for the foreign correspondence of the in several historical works, often with particular Socirt6 grologique de France, of which he became attention to the role of Lyell's influence on Charles President in 1835. This geologist, born in Germany, Darwin (Gillispie [1951] 1996; Rudwick 1967, had studied in Edinburgh, Paris, Berlin and Vienna: 1975, 1990; Cannon 1960, 1976; Wilson 1972, consequently he had a good knowledge of several 1996; Bartholomew 1976, 1979; Page 1976; languages, including English, and he made numer- Morrell 1976; Ruse 1976, 1979; Lawrence 1978). ous field trips in France, Germany, Austria- Hungary and Italy (Birembaut 1970). Together with Constant Prrvost, Bou6 has been considered 'the The first reviews of Lyell's Principles closest Lyell had come to an active supporter in Although this paper is a preliminary report of work France' (Lawrence 1978, p. 119). However, he did in progress, I hope that the historical data used to not embrace Lyell's most rigid uniformitarian show Lyell's influence, or lack of it, will provide a conclusions on the constant intensity of the useful contribution to the analysis of a topic that geological phenomena from the past to the present, has been treated in the past mainly in terms just as he only partially accepted Elie de of the 'uniformitarian/catastrophist' controversy Beaumont's theory on mountain building and (Hooykaas 1959; Cannon 1960; Hallam 1983)or in firmly refused its catastrophist historical the light of the historiographical debate on Lyell's framework (Laurent 1993). This position is well revolutionary or non-revolutionary impact (Elena expressed in Bour's writings published in the 1988). Bulletin de la Socidtd gdologique de France and in Without underestimating the role of various his new periodical, the Mdmoires G~ologiques et scientific travels throughout the continent Pal~ontologiques, which continued from the undertaken by Lyell during the late 1820s, previous Journal de Gdologie, also edited by Bou6 especially in France and Italy (Wilson 1972, pp. from 1830 to 1831. 183-261), the beginning of his influence on the In the first discussion of Lyell's geological work, Continent was linked to the reception given to his Bou6 recognized its accuracy ('compilation Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

RECEPTION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE 41 judicieuse') and identified the author as 'un homme geologists who established the French geological d'esprit'; but on the other hand the French geologist society of the early 1830s was essentially was not convinced by Lyell's 'philosophical' use of composed of the scientists who best knew Lyell's the present for explaining the past, which had led to ideas. Apart from PrEvost and BouE, the the application of a 'marche philosophique du conchologist GErard Paul Deshayes (1796-1875) connu h l'inconnu' (the philosophical procedure was also one of the founding members of the from what is known to what is unknown) (Bou6 SociEtE gEologique de France. He had provided 1830-1831, pp. 182-183). Not by accident, the Lyell with the indispensable series of data on the short review of the first two volumes of the Tertiary molluscan faunas, and the two scientists Principles which was printed in the Mdmoires had also examined some palaeontological G6ologiques et Palrontologique identified Lyell's collections in Paris together (Wilson 1972, pp. books as a very interesting 'traitE philosophique de 259-260, 301-303). However, in spite of his gEogEnie' (a philosophical treatise of geogeny) cooperation with the British geologist, Deshayes (Boufi 1832, p. 317). Here a brief and neutral remained substantially a catastrophist in his account of the content of the two volumes was conception of the history of life (Laurent 1987, pp. significantly followed by a long French abstract 147-151). taken from two critical papers on Lyell's theory At the beginning of his last review of the published by William Conybeare in the Principles, Boufi (1834, p. 170) emphasized the Philosophical Magazine (Conybeare 1830-1831). lack of and need for a French translation of Lyell's According to Bou6, Conybeare's attack on Lyell work, pointing out that one of the German members was an answer full of healthy criticism ('response of the Socifit~ geologique de France, the pleine de saine critique') and deserved to be widely mineralogist Carl Friedrich Alexander Hartmann known among French scientists, although Boud (1796-1863), had completed the publication of the himself clearly stated that he did not agree entirely first German translation of the Principles, based on with all Conybeare's ideas. Moreover, the publi- its second edition. The three volumes entitled cation of other critical contributions, in particular a Lehrbuch der Geologic were printed from 1832 to paper by Charles Daubeny against Lyell, was also 1834, immediately after the original publication in announced in the M6moires. English (which included the first edition of the third Two years later, in the Bulletin de la Sociiti volume), and can be regarded as the first translation gdologique de France, Bou6 again reviewed Lyell's published in Europe of Lyell's major work (Lyell work (Bou6 1834, pp. 170-176). Here the third 1832-1834). It must be noted that the German title volume of the Principles, published in 1833, was was different from the original and the word warmly welcomed because it was considered more 'Principles' was changed to 'Lehrbuch' (textbook). geological (thus less 'philosophical') than the Now, we know that for Lyell the word 'principles' previous ones and because Bou6 found in its was not a synonym of 'textbook' and he did not content a total correspondence with his own intend to produce a summary or compilation of stratigraphical views, presented in Vienna in contemporary geological knowledge (Rudwick September 1832. According to the reviewer, Lyell's 1990, p. xiii). Consequently it is possible that he did treatment of the Tertiary formations, based on a not like the title of this first translation, because it great amount of new data collected in the field, was contained a significant conceptual change. In fact by far the highlight of the Principles and deserved in the second German translation, based on the to be translated even on its own, because it intro- sixth English edition of 1840, the title was changed duced new ideas (including a new nomenclature of to Grundsiitze der Geologic, Fig. 1, the literal the periods, Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene) in the translation of Principles of Geology (Lyell footsteps of Brongniart's research. The two chap- 1841-1842). ters on the phenomena of denudation and erosion of valleys were also judged positively by Bou6, who The response to Lyelrs concept of only regretted Lyell's indifference to the discussion uniformitarianism of the facts supporting the theory of the parallel elevations in the same epoch, put forward by Carl Hartmann, the translator responsible for both Ldonce Elie de Beaumont (1798-1874). Lyell's these German editions, was the commissioner of denial of this interpretation of geological history in mines in Brunswick and had an extensive know- the Principles was based on theoretical arguments, ledge of the English and French languages and of which were considered by Bou6 insufficient for a technical-scientific literature (Koch 1972). For this convincing contrary explanation. reason, during his career he translated, revised and In spite of these and other elements of criticism edited about forty books on mining, mineralogy, expressed by French commentators on Lyell's metallurgy and geology, including Lyell's work, it is a matter of fact that the group of Principles and Elements of Geology (Lyell 1838). Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

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Fig. 1. Title page of Lyell 1841-1842 vol. 1.

The latter was promptly translated the year after the generally 'understood the Earth's history as a first English edition (Lyell 1839a), which process of development'. Among the most positive demonstrates a continuity of interest among the reactions, Karl Ernst Adolf von Hoff (1771-1837) German scientific community in Lyell's work. Not warmly welcomed the publication of the by accident, a note by the publisher Bernhard Principles, which reinforced his own actualistic Friedrich Voigt in the preface to the Principles' views (von Hoff 1834, pp. 3-8), while Carl Vogt second translation of 1841-1842 reveals that (1817-1895) and Bernhard von Cotta (1808-1879) Lyell's work was positively reviewed in several praised Lyell's anti-catastrophist and anti- German journals, such as Helios (no. 24, 1841), diluvialist approach. Nevertheless, von Cotta, like which named the British scientist as 'the best other German geologists, criticized the rigidity of leading star in the field of geology' ('Es ist der Lyell's views on the uniformity of the different beste Leitstern auf dem Gebiete der Geologie': stages in the Earth's past and underlined the Lyell 1841-1842, vol. 1, p. viii, footnote). qualitative peculiarities of the individual periods of In spite of this, as Martin Guntau (1975) has geological history (Guntau 1975). In opposition to clearly pointed out, the German scientists only Lyell's uniformitarianism, von Cotta elaborated his partially accepted Lyell's ideas because on the one 'law of development of the Earth' since 1839, hand they were strongly influenced by the authority which was explicitly formulated for the first time in of Leopold von Buch and on the other hand they 1858 and more widely discussed in 1866 (Cotta Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

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1858, 1866). In short, according to von Cotta's volume of the Grundsiitze der Geologie (Lyell 'natural law', the accumulation of all results of 1841-1842, vol. 1, pp. 400-576). In this long geological causes increased the degree of diversity appendix Hartmann praised the importance of far beyond its original magnitude (Wagenbreth Lyell's four chapters on the history of geology 1992). published in the first volume of the Principles and Significantly, in the same year, 1858, von Cotta provided an enlargement based on the analysis of also published the last volume of his translation of the works of several German, Swiss, English and Lyell's Elements of Geology, the second German French geologists of the nineteenth century. This edition of this work, under the title Geologie oder 'modern' history of geology clearly emphasized the Entwickelungsgeschichte der Erde und ihrer role of German scientists, in the light of the new Bewohner, Fig. 2. At the end of the first volume historical accounts by Friedrich Hoffmann (1838) von Cotta included an appendix on the chalk and Christian Keferstein (1840). However, formations in Germany (Lyell 1857-1858, vol. 1, Hartmann significantly concluded his supplement pp. 409-412). It was not the first time that a with a positive discussion of Elie de Beaumont's German translator added some new material to 'geognostische Systeme', considered impregnable Lyell's original text: Carl Hartmann had already in its essential principles and of great importance inserted a historical supplement ('Anhang. Neuere for the development of 'teoretische Geologie' Geschicte der Geologie') at the end of the first (Lyell 1841-1842, vol. 1, pp. 548-576).

Fig. 2. Title page of Lyell 1857-1858 vol. 1. Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

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Lyell's influence on geological thought in the auspices of Arago and in the same year as the Europe first German edition (Lyell 1839a). Consequently, in spite of Ami Bou6's stimulating reviews Other signs of Lyell's influence among German published in the early 1830s, French readers had to scholars around the middle of the nineteenth wait about fifteen years for the complete edition of century can be found in authoritative geological the Principles in their own language. On the other textbooks such as Karl C~isar yon Leonhard's hand, the prompt translation of the Elements, both (1779-1862) Lehrbuch der Geognosie und in France and in Germany, indicates the appeal Geologie (1835), Gustav Bischof's (1792-1870) of Lyell's synthesis of his subject in a single Lehrbuch der chemischen und physikalischen volume. Geologie (1847-1855), Carl Vogt's Lehrbuch der French translations of the Manual of Elementary Geologie und Petrefactenkunde (1846-1847) and Geology (Lyell 1856-1857, 1863b: translated with Karl Friedrich Naumann's (1797-1873) Lehrbuch the collaboration of Lyell himself), as well as other der Geognosie (1850-1866). The Principles and French editions of the Principles (Lyell 1873) and the Elements are often quoted in these texts, of the Elements (Lyell 1864a), see Fig. 3, the sometimes even in the original English, but discus- Suppldment au Manuel de Gdologie (Lyell 1857) sion of Lyell's theoretical positions remained and the Abr~gd des E,l~ments de Ggologie (Lyell undeveloped. As in the case of Alexander yon 1875) were carried out by little known scholars Humboldt's (1769-1859) Kosmos (1845), the such as M. Hugard - assistant of mineralogy at the references to Lyell's work usually focused on his Museum of Histoire Naturelle in Paris and vice- contribution to the definition of Tertiary form- secretary of the Soci6t6 geologique de France- ations. and Jules Ginestou- librarian of the SociEt6 Besides the Geological Society of London, Lyell d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale. How- was a member of other national geological societies ever, the French editions of Lyell's major works in Europe: his name is included in the official list of were widely known outside France during the the members of the Deutschen Geologischen nineteenth century, for example in Italy, where Gesellschaft (the German Geological Society), Lyell was never translated. Usually the French published in 1856, although the library of the same translator did not add new material to Lyell's text as institution did not contain a copy of the Principles the German ones did. In his translation of 1873, or the Elements by June 1858 (Zeitschrift Fig. 4, based on the tenth English edition of the 1856--1858). The Soci6t6 g6ologique de France Principles (Lyell 1867-1868), Jules Ginestou also counted Lyell's name on the list of its early inserted an appendix at the end of the second members (Bou6 1834, p. x). volume (Lyell 1873). However, this appendix Nevertheless, as we have seen, this institution contained only the amendments listed by Lyell did not officially promote the first French edition of himself in the preface of the new eleventh edition the Principles, which instead was translated of the Principles, which had been published in between 1843 and 1848 under the auspices of London in 1872 while Ginestou was still com- Dominique Franqois Jean Arago (1786-1853), pleting his translation. distinguished scientist and influential member of In the main French textbooks of geology and the Chamber of Deputies in Paris (Lyell 1843- palaeontology published after the 1830s Lyell's 1848). This work was based on the sixth English ideas were generally ignored: the Belgian geologist edition of 1840 and the translation was made by Jean Baptiste Julien D'Omalius d'Halloy (1783- Mme Tullia Meulien, an obscure figure compared 1875) could certainly not adopt them within the with the scientific stature of the German translators catastrophist framework of his 1Elements de Hartmann and yon Cotta. According to the French G~ologie, where the mechanisms for explaining the translator, the main reasons of the publication of the upheaval of mountains were De Beaumont's Principes de G~ologie were 'la grande c616brit6 que concept of 'revolutions' and the action of the s'est acquise l'ouvrage de M. Lyell' (the great Deluge (Omalius d'Halloy 1835, 1843). On the celebrity reached by Lyell's works) and its 'th6orie other hand, Franqois Sulpice Beudant (1787-1850), ing6nieuse, adopt6e par 1' auteur et soutenue de son in his classic textbook Gdologie (1851) - later brillant talent' (ingenious theory, adopted by the officially adopted in French secondary and author and supported by his outstanding talent), religious schools- clearly stated his views about that is to say 'le systeme si controvers6 des causes the unacceptability of the uniform application of actuelles', the much debated uniformitarian system present geological facts to ancient phenomena: 'il (Lyell 1843-1848, vol. 1, pp. vii-ix). Tullia est a croire en effet que les causes qui agissent Meulien had already translated into French the aujourd'hui sous nous yeux sont aussi celles qui ont Elements of Geology (Lyell 1839b), regarded as a agi de tout temps, mais qui sans doute ont d6ploy6 natural introduction to the Principles, again under une 6nergie sup6rieure ~. de certaines 6poques que Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

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46 E. VACCARI l'observation va nous faire connaitre' (it is fight to (1789-1859), one of the leading geologists of his believe that the causes which act now under our country in the nineteenth century, who also added eyes are also the same that have always acted, but to his translation some pages on the geological they have certainly unfolded more energy in some features of Spain (Ordaz 1976). The Elements were particular epochs, as we learn from the obser- chosen mainly to fill the absence of an exhaustive vations) (Beudant 1851, p. 102). This does not modern elementary treatise of geology in Spanish, mean that the French geologists neglected other but the translator also stated his agreement with aspects of Lyell's work, such as his lithological Lyell's 'revolutionary' geological theories and classification, which was in fact cited by Alcide remarked on the fact that Lyell's geological d'Orbigny (1802-1857) in the Cours Elgmentaire nomenclature had been accepted by all con- de Pal~ontologie et de Ggologie Stratigraphiques temporary geologists: 'toda la nomenclatura que (Orbigny 1852, pp. 262-263). Lyell ha introducido en la ciencia ... ha merecido la Lyell's reception in other countries, such as aceptacion general de los ge61ogos, que la han Switzerland is also of interest. The paper 'On the recibido sin sequiera modificarla. Grande ha sido la Proofs of a gradual rising of the land in certain parts revolucion que Lyell ha hecho en esta ciencia' (the of Sweden', read by Lyell at the Royal Society of full scientific nomenclature introduced by Lyell ... London in 1834 and published in the Philosophical has deserved the general acceptance from all the Transactions of the following year (Lyell 1835), geologists, who accepted it without even modifying was translated in its entirety into French by Louis it. Lyell has introduced a great revolution in this Coulon, President of the Soci6t6 des Sciences science) (Lyell 1847, pp. v-vi). Naturelles de Neuch~tel (Lyell 1840). Although the Finally, we can briefly examine Lyell's reception Bulletin Bibliographique of the Swiss society in Italy, which presents a singular situation. It is published only abstracts of foreign papers already well known that Lyell studied several regions of the printed elsewhere, Lyell's paper was treated as an peninsula in 1828-1829 (Lyell 1881, vol. 1, pp. exception because of its great general interest. 200-246; Wilson 1972, pp. 218-261) and their Moreover, numerous references to Lyell can be geological features had an important role in the found in the geological textbook published by argument of the Principles. Nevertheless, this work Bernhard Studer, professor in Bern (Studer 1844). and the Elements of Geology were not translated Both Coulon and Studer knew Lyell personally, into Italian. The reason for this is not yet known, having met him during his travels in Switzerland in but the main consequence was that most Italian the summer of 1835 (Wilson 1972, p. 417). geologists started to read Lyell after the publication The long paper 'On Tertiary strata of Belgium of the French editions of the Principles and the and French Flanders', published by Lyell in the Elements, which circulated widely in Italy from the Quarterly Journal of the Geological SocieO' of 1860s onwards. London (Lyell 1852), interested two Belgian But it should be noted that the stratigraphic scholars: Charles Le Hardy de Beaulieu (professor nomenclature established by Lyell in the 1830s was at the l~cole des Mines of Hainaut) and Albert already well known by some of the leading geolo- Toillez (engineer of the Belgian Corps des Mines). gists who attended the first congresses of Italian Some years later they published a complete French scientists, beginning in 1839 (Morello 1983, p. 73). translation of Lyell's paper in the periodical In 1840 the marquis Lorenzo Pareto (1800-1865), Annales des Travaux Publique de Belgique (1856) president of the geological section of the second and as a separate booklet (Lyell 1856). Although congress held in Turin, mentioned explicitly the the translators remarked on the utility of this work 'terreno mioceno del Lyell' (miocenic terrain of for understanding the geo-palaeontological features Lyell) in referring to some alternations of strata of Belgium, they also declared their disagreement near Siena in Tuscany (Atti 1841, p. 93). A few with some of Lyell's conclusions: 'Nous devons years later, at the sixth meeting organized in Milan, drclarer, toutefois, que nous ne partageons pas two geologists from central Italy, Antonio Orsini enti~rement le vues de l'auteur, surtout en ce qui from Ascoli and count Alessandro Spada Lavini concerne le passage graduel de la faune d'une from Rome, presented a geological section of the formation ~ celle de la formation suivante' (we central Apeninnes which subdivided the younger must declare, however, that we do not entirely share tertiary rocks into 'Terziario Subappennino (Older- the ideas of the author, especially concerning the pliocene Lyell)' and 'Terziario superiore (Newer- gradual passage of the fauna of one formation to the pliocene Lyell)' (Atti 1845, pp. 571-572). Orsini fauna of the following formation) (Lyell 1856, p. 3, and Spada Lavini published the results of their footnote). research (1845, 1855) in the Bulletin de la Socidtg In Spain the Elements of Geology was translated geologique de France and included several in 1847 with the title Etementos de Geologia by the geological sections which provided a detailed mining engineer Joaqufn Ezquerra del Bayo stratigraphy of central Italy, from lower Lias Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

RECEPTION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE 47 to Pleistocene (Parotto & Praturlon 1984, pp. the geologist Pietro Doderlein (1809-1895), who 242-244). This did not represent the attitude of all taught natural history in Modena and later in Italian geologists towards Lyell's stratigraphic Palermo, published in 1870 a geological map of the nomenclature. In the meeting of 1846 in Genoa, the provinces of Modena and Reggio Emilia entirely division between Newer and Older Pliocene was based on Lyell's stratigraphic classification, discussed again by Lorenzo Pareto and the French literally defined as 'la classica partizione di Lyell' geologist Henri-Jean-Baptiste Coquand (1813- (Doderlein 1871, p. 17). 1881). They both argued that in the sub-Apennines The task of preparing a complete geological map of Tuscany there was no field evidence of a precise of Italy was a fundamental desiderata in nineteenth boundary between the two formations (Atti 1847, century Italian geology and was often a major topic p. 672). in the discussion of the geological sections of the Among the Italian geologists who critically annual congress of Italian scientists (Riunione degli considered Lyell's views, mention must be made of Scienziati Italiani). This tendency towards a more Leopoldo Pilla (1805-1848), an important expo- descriptive geology based on detailed fieldwork, nent of the 'Pisa school of geology' in Tuscany well synthesized by Igino Cocchi (1827-1913) in (Corsi 1995; D'Argenio 1996). In 1847 Pilla the introduction to the Memorie per servire alla published the first volume of the Trattato di descrizione della carta geologica d'ltalia (Cocchi Geologia, where he stated that most of the 1871-1893, vol. 1), probably determined the way information and illustrations about the geology of Lyell's work was received by several Italian northern Europe had been taken directly from the geologists: far from adopting or even discussing in French translation of Lyell's Elements of Geology detail the validity of the most rigid theoretical (Pilla 1847, p. x). Pilla had also adopted Lyell's uniformitarian statements, the Italian geologists nomenclature of the rocks from post-Pleistocene to preferred instead to verify Lyell's new stratigraphic Tertiary, but did not agree with the idea of the rigid classification directly in the field. It is significant uniformity of the geological causes. In his opinion that probably the most violent theoretical rejection the slow cooling of the Earth had determined a of Lyell's ideas was published in the book Diluvio constant diminution in the intensity of geological by Alberto Cetta (1814-1890), a Jesuit scholar and phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions and earth- professor of philosophy, but certainly not a field quakes, from the past to the present (Pilla 1847, pp. geologist (Cetta 1886). 383-386). Another aspect of Lyell's reception in Europe It is important to point out that Lyell's geology was linked to his role as a historian of geology was particularly well received and discussed by (Porter 1976; Rudwick 1990). Chapters 1 to 4 of the geologists who worked in the Italian Apenninic Principles probably stimulated the publication of regions, such as Tuscany and Emilia Romagna. similar historical accounts, for example by This happened because those terrains offered more Friedrich Hoffmann (1838), Christian Keferstein possibilities for the application of the new Lyell (1840) Carl Hartmann (Lyell 1841-1842, vol. 1, pp. nomenclature of Tertiary formations. In 1867 the 401-576) and Carl Vogt (1846-1847) in Germany Fisiocritici Academy of Science of Siena in and by Carlo Gemmellaro (1862), Antonio Tuscany had acquired for its library the French Stoppani (1881) and Giovanni Omboni (1894) in translation of the Manual of Elementary Geology, Italy. because the book was widely regarded as a classic The Antiquity of Man was also translated into ('libro che si ritiene come classico') and its wide both French (with the collaboration of Lyell treatment of the Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene himself) and German (Lyell 1864b, 1867), Fig. 5, terrains was considered very useful for the geology and stimulated more studies, particularly in France of southern Tuscany (Pantanelli 1869, p. 56). In and Italy, on the question of the local Emilia Romagna a group of geologists active in palaeontological evidence of 'fossil man' (Lyell Bologna and Modena were strongly influenced by 1864c; Cocchi 1866). However, this subject will Lyell's geology. The young Giovanni Capellini not be treated here, as it deserves a detailed analysis (1833-1922), later professor of geology in on its own. Bologna, personally met Lyell in 1857 at La Spezia In conclusion, study of Lyell's reception in and two years later in London (Capellini 1914, pp. Continental Europe, especially related to the 136-141, 177). Giovanni Giuseppe Bianconi publication and diffusion of the Principles of (1809-1878), professor of natural history at the Geology and Elements of Geology, presents some University of Bologna, published in 1862 a common themes throughout the continent. Catalogo della serie geognostica dei terreni Generally, nineteenth-century geologists praised bolognesi which explicitly followed Lyell's the systematic nature of Lyell's work and the stratigraphic subdivisions from the Recent back to internal organization of his treatises, but they often the Eocene (Bianconi 1862, pp. 251-267). Finally, also criticized the dogmatic presentation of his Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

48 E. VACCARI

Fig. 5. Title page of Lyell 1864b.

uniformitarian theory. The theoretical aspects were gists of Continental Europe remained doubtful considered and debated, but the numerous specific about Lyell's uniformitarianism. geographical-geological examples included in the During the last twenty years some historical pages of the Principles and the Elements were studies have tried to identify the cause or causes particularly appreciated by geologists on the that hindered Lyell's reception in Europe. continent. Sometimes quotations of certain parts of According to Mott Greene (1982, p. 76), Lyell Lyell's works were accompanied by a request for 'never developed a satisfactory theory of mountain additional data in future editions (for example, ranges' and consequently 'this lacuna was a great Bou6 1834, p. 176). barrier to the acceptance of Lyell's geology in As has been observed, it was not necessary to Europe', where the major geological question accept completely Lyell's methodology and theory during the nineteenth century was 'precisely the in order to profit from the Principles or the origin of the great mountain ranges'. On the other Elements. These two works, especially the latter, hand, Greene continues, Lyell's contemporary, were often taken as useful reference works, written Lronce Elie de Beaumont, enormously influenced in an enjoyable style and rich in nice illustrations. European geology with his catastrophist ideas on In spite of the great success of the several editions the causes of mountain formation, which firmly of the Principles of Geology in the English- hindered Lyell's reception in Europe. Philip speaking world, most of the contemporary geolo- Lawrence (1978, p. 110) has stated that the general Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

RECEPTION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE 49 acceptance of the theory of central heat among italiani tenuta in Genova dal 14 al 24 settembre nineteenth century geologists was reinforced by De 1846. Ferrando, Genoa. Beaumont's synthesis which connected the cooling BARTHOLOMEW, M. 1976. The non-progress of non- of the Earth's crust with periodic episodes of progression: two responses to Lyell's doctrine. British Journal for the History of Science, 9(2), mountain building (orogenies), considered to be the 166--174. main events of geological history. Consequently, -- 1979. The singularity of Lyell. History of Science, according to Lawrence, 'the theory of central heat 17, 276-293. was potentially the most significant obstacle to the BEUDAr,rr, E S. 1851. Gdologie. Ouvrage adopt6 par le general acceptance of Lyell's theoretical system'. Conseil d'Instruction Publique pour l'enseignement Rachel Laudan (1987, p. 221) has partially dans les Lycres et Collrges et approuv6 par confirmed these conclusions on the opposition of Monsigneur I'Archevbque de Paris pour two contemporary rival systems, in stating that Elie l'enseignement dans les &ablissements religieux. de Beaumont was probably more influential than 5th edn. Langlois & Leclerq / Masson, Paris. BIANCONI, G. G. 1862. Sugli studj paleontologici e Lyell in Europe, but in any case 'continental geologici in Bologna. Cenni storici. Atti della geologists read the French and German trans- Societ~ ltaliana di Scienze Naturali, 4, lations, appreciating Lyell's methodological 241-267. ingenuity, but not changing their historical or causal BIREMBAUT,A. 1970. Bour, Ami. In: GILLISPIE,C. C. (ed.) theories'. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles These historiographical judgements may be Scribener's Sons, New York, vol. 2, 341-342. substantially confirmed by present research, at least BISCHOF, G. 1847-1855. Lehrbuch der chemischen und in the case of France and Germany. Nevertheless, physikalischen Geologie. 2 vols. Marcus, Bonn. the case of Italy shows that, in spite of the lack of a BOLTON, H. C. 1885. A Catalogue of Scientific and Technical Periodicals (1665-1882) Together with translation, Lyell's stratigraphic nomenclature and Chronological Tables and a Library Check-List. classification of Recent and Tertiary formations Smithsonian Institution, Washington. were openly defined as 'classic' at the beginning of BORK, K. B. 1990. Constant Prrvost (1787-1856). The the 1870s, a few years before Lyell's death. life and contributions of a French uniformitarian. Alongside the search for possible instances of Journal of Geological Education, 38, 21-27. acceptance or refusal of Lyell's complete Bout, A. 1830-1831. Lecture du compte rendu des geological theory, it may be important to "Progr~s de la Grologie". Bulletin de la Socidtd investigate in detail how the works and the words g~ologique de France, 1, 105-124. -- 1832. Les Principes de la Grologie ... par M. Ch. of one of the most famous geologists of the Lyell. Mdmoires G~ologiques et Pal~ontologiques, nineteenth century were diffused, translated, read, 1,315-356. discussed and used. 1834. Rrsum6 des Progr~s des Sciences Grologiques pendant l'annre 1833. Bulletin de la The research for this paper was made possible by my Soci(td gdologique de France, 5, 1-518. appointment as Resident Fellow for the academic year CANNON, W. F. 1960. The uniformitarian - catastrophist 1996-1997 at the Dibner Insitute for the History of debate. Isis, 51, 38-55. Science and Technology of Cambridge, MA. I would also -- 1976. Charles Lyell, radical actualism, and theory. like to thank Kenneth Taylor (Department of History of British Journal for the History of Science, 9(2), Science, University of Oklahoma), Marilyn Ogilvie 104-120. (History of Science Collections, University of CAPELLINI, G. 1914. Ricordi. Volume I : 1833-1860. Oklahoma), Chiara Bratto (Accademia dei Fisiocritici di Zanichelli, Bologna. Siena, Italy), Martin Guntau (Rostock), Stefano Marabini CETTA, A. 1886. Diluvio. Fratelli Speirani, Turin. (Faenza), the staff of the Kummel Library of Geological COCCHI, I. 1866. L'uomo fossile nell' Italia centrale. Sciences (Harvard University) and the staff of the Library Memorie della Societd Italiana di Scienze Naturali, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard 2, 3-80. University). I am particularly grateful to the two COCCHI, I. (ed.) 1871-1893. Memorie per servire alla anonymous referees whose comments and suggestions descrizione della carta geologica d'Italia, have greatly improved this paper. pubblicate a cura del R. Comitato Geologico del Regno. 5 vols. Barbera, Florence. CONYBEARE, W. D. 1830. Letter on Mr. Lyell's "Principles of Geology". Philosophical Magazine, 8, 215-219. References -- 1830--1831. An examination of those phenomena of ATTI 1841. Atti della Seconda Riunione degli scienziati geology which seem to bear most directly on italiani tenuta in Torino nel settembre del 1840. theoretical speculation. / On the phenomena of Cassone e Marzorati, Turin. geology. Philosophical Magazine, 8, 359-362, 1845. Atti della Sesta Riunione degli scienziati 402-406; 9, 19-23, 111-116, 118-197, 258-270. italiani tenuta in Milano nel settembre del 1844. CORSI, P. 1995. The "Pisa School of geology" of the 19th Pirola, Milan. century: an exercise in interpretation. Palaeonto- -- 1847. 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COYrA, B. YON 1858. Geologische Fragen. Engelhardt, KOCH, M. 1972. Hartmann, Carl Friedrich Alexander. In: Freiberg. GmLISPIE, C. C. (ed.) Dictionary of Scientific -- 1866. Die Geologie der Gegenwart. Weber, Leipzig. Biography. Charles Scribener's Sons, New York, D'ARGENIO, B. 1996. Gli anni della maturith di Leopoldo vol. 6. 142-143. Pilla geologo. In: PILLA, L. Notizie storiche della LAUDAN, R. 1987. From Mineralogy to Geology. The mia vita quotidiana a cominciare dal 1 gennaio Foundations of a Science 1650--1830. University of 1830 in poi. Edited by M. Discenza, Vitmar, Chicago Press, Chicago. Venafro, XIX-XXX. LAURENT, G. 1987. Paldontologie et gvolution en France, DEAN, D. R. 1980. Graham Island, Charles Lyell and the 1800-1860. l~ditions du CTHS, Paris.

craters of elevation controversy. Isis, 71, 571-588. -- 1993. Ami Bou6 (1794-1881): sa vie et soil oeuvre. DODERLEIN, P. 1871. Note illustrative della carta Travaux du Comitg Frangais d'Histoire de la geologica del Modenese e del Reggiano, 1870. Ggologie, ser. 3, 7(3), 19-30. Memorie della Regia Accademia di Scienze, Lettere LAWRENCE, P. 1978. Charles Lyell versus the theory of ed Arti in Modena, 12, 5-114. central heat: a reappraisal of Lyell's place in the ELENA, A. 1988. The imaginary Lyellian revolution. Earth history of geology. Journal of the History of Sciences Histoo', 7(2), 126-133. Biology, 11(1), 101-128. FRANGSMYR, T. 1976. The geological ideas of J. J. LEONHARD, K. C. VON 1835. Lehrbuch der Geognosie und Berzelius. British Journal for the Histor~' of Geologie. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart. Science, 9(2), 228-236. LYELL, C. 1830-1833. Principles of Geology, Being an GASCOIGNE, R. M. 1985. A Historical Catalogue of Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Scientific Periodicals, 1665-1900, with a Sura,ev of Earth's Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Their Development. Garland Publishing, New York Operation. 3 vols. Murray, London. & London. 1832-1834. Lehrbuch der Geologie. Ein Versuch, GEMMELLARO, C. 1862. Sommi capi di una storia della die friiheren VeriT"nderungen der Erdoberfliiche geologia sino a tutto il secolo XVIII pe' quali si durch noch jetzt wirksame Ursachen zu erklg~'ren detegge che le vere basi di questa scienza sono state (trans. C. Hartmann on 2nd English edn). 3 vols. fondate dagli italiani. Atti dell'Accademia Gioenia Basse, Quedlinburg & Leipzig.

di scienze naturali, ser. 2, 18, 5-40. -- 1835. On the proofs of a gradual rising of the land in GILLISPIE, C. C. [1951] 1996. Genesis and Geology. A certain parts of Sweden. Philosophical Transactions Study in the Relations of Scientific Thought, Natural of the Royal Socie~', 125, 1-38. Theology, and Social Opinion in Great Britain, -- 1838. Elements of Geology. Murray, London.

1790-1850. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, -- 1839a. Elemente der Geologie (trans. C. Hartmann). MA & London. Voigt, Weimar.

GOHAU, G. 1995. Constant Prrvost (1787-1856), -- 1839b. Elements de gdologie. (Traduit de l'anglais grologue critique. Mdmories de la Socidtg sous les auspices de M. Arago, trans. T. Meulien). ggologique de France, 168, 77-82. Langlois & Leclerq, Paris. GREENE, M. T. 1982. Geology in the Nineteenth Century. -- 1840. Sur les preuves d'une dldvation graduelle du Changing Views of a Changing World. Cornell sol dans certaines parties de la Suede (trans. P. L. A. University Press, Ithaca & London. Coulon). Jent et Gassmann, Soleure (Bulletin GUNTAU, M. 1975. Charles Lyell's Influence on the Bibliographique des Mrmoires de la Societ6 des Development of Geological Thought in Germany. Sciences Naturelles de Neuch~tel, Vol. 1). Paper read at the Charles Lyell Centenary 1841-1842. Grundsiitze der Geologie oder die Symposium, 6th INHIGEO Symposium, London, neuen Verginderungen der Erde und ihrer Bewohner 1-5 September. Abstract in IUGS/INHIGEO in Beziehung zu geologischen Erliiuterungen (trans. Charles Lyell Centenary Symposium. Programme & C. Hartmann on 6th English edn). Voigt, Weimar, 3 Abstracts. Roberts, Cardiff, 24-25. vols. HALLAM, A. 1983. Great Geological Controversies. -- 1843--48. Principes de ggologie, ou illustrations de Oxford University Press, Oxford. cette science empruntges aux changements HOFF, K. E. A. VON 1834. Geschichte der durch modernes que la terre et ses habitants ont subis Ueberlieferung nachgewiesenen natiirlichen (Traduit de l'anglais sous les auspices de M. Arago, Veriinderungen der Erdoberfliiche. Perthes, Gotha, trans. T. Meulien on 6th English edn). 4 vols. vol. 3. Langlois & Leclerq, Paris. HOFFMANN, E 1838. Geschichte der Geognosie und 1847. Elementos de Geologia (trans. D. Joaquin Schilderung der vulkanischen ercheinungen. Ezquerra del Bayo). Yenes, Madrid. Nicolaischen Buchhandlung, Berlin. 1852. On tertiary strata of Belgium and French HOOYKAAS, R. 1959. Natural Law and Divine Miracle: A flanders. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Historical-Critical Study of the Principle of Socie~' of London, 8, 277-371. Uniformity in Geology, Biology, and Theology. 1856. Mgmoire sur les Terrains Tertiaires de la Brill, Leiden. Belgique et de la Flandre Frangaise (trans. C. Le HUMBOLDT, A. VON 1845. Kosmos. Entwurf einer Hardy de Beaulieu & A. Toilliez). Van Dooren, physischen Wehbeschreibung. Cotta, Stuttgart, vol. Brussels. 1. 1856-1857. Manuel de gdologie dldmentaire ou KEFERSTEIN, C. 1840. Geschichte und Literatur der changements anciens de la terre et de ses habitants Geognosie. Ein Versuch. Lippert, Halle. tels qu'ils sont reprgsentgs par les monuments Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021

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g~ologiques (trans. M. Hugard on 5th English edn). NAUMANN, C. F. 1850-1866. Lehrbuch der Geognosie. 3 5th edn, 2 vols. Langlois & Leclerq, Paris. vols. Engelmann, Leipzig. 1857. Supplement au Manuel de g~ologie OMALIUS D'HALLOY, J. J. D' 1835. Elements de G~ologie, ~l~mentaire (trans. M. Hugard on 10th English edn). ou, seconde partie des ~l~ments d'histoire naturelle Langlois & Leclerq, Paris. inorganique. 2nd edn. Levrault, Paris. 1857-1858. Geologie oder Entwickelung- 1843. Prdcis dl~mentaire de G~ologie. Bertrand, sgeschichte der Erde und ihrer Bewohner (trans. B. Paris. Cotta on 5th English edn). 2 vols. Dunker & OMBON1, G. 1894. Brevi cenni sulla storia della geologia. Humblot, Berlin. Sacchetto, Padova. -- 1863a. The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of ORBIGNY, A. D' 1852. Cours El~mentaire de Man, with Remarks on Theories of the Origin of Pal~ontologie et de G~ologie Stratigraphiques. Species by Variation. Murray, London. Masson, Paris, vol. 2. 1863b. Manuel de G~ologie Elgmentaire ou ORDAZ, J. 1976. The first Spanish translation of Lyell's changements anciens de la terre et de ses habitants "Elements of Geology". British Journal for the tels qu'ils sont repr~sent~s par les monuments Histor 3" of Science, 9(2), 237-240. g~ologiques (trans. M. Hugard on 5th English edn). ORSIM, A. & SPADA LAVINI, A. 1845. Note sur la 6th edn. Gamier Fr~res, Paris. constitution g6ologique de l'halie centrale. Bulletin 1864a. Elements de G~ologie ou changements de la Soci~t~ gdologiques de France, ser. 2, 2, anciens de la terre et de ses Habitants tels qu 'ils 408-411.

sont repr~sent~s par les monuments g~ologiques -- & -- 1855. Quelques observations g6ologiques (trans. J. Ginestou on 6th English edn). 6th edn, 2 sur les Apennins de I'Italie centrale. Bulletin de la vols. Gamier Fr6res, Paris. SociFtF gFologiques de France, ser. 2, 12, -- 1864b. L'Anciennetd de l'homme prouvde par la 1144-1172. g~ologie et remarques sur les theories relatives PAGE, L. E. 1976. The rivalry between Charles Lyell and l'origine des espkces par variation (trans. M. Roderick Murchison. British Journal for the History. Chaper). Bailli~re et ills, Paris. of Science, 9(2), 156-165. -- 1864c. L'anciennet~ de l'homme. Appendice par sir PANTANELU, A. 1869. Relazione annuale del Museo Charles Lyell. L'homme fossile en France. Mineralogico. Atti dell'Accademia dei Fisiocritici Communications faites ~ I'Institut (Acad~mie des di Siena, ser. 2, 5, 55-58. Sciences) par MM. Boucher de Perhtes, Boutin, P. PARO'VFO, M. & PRATURLON, A. 1984. Duecento anni di Cazalis de Fondouce, Christy. J. Desnoyers, 14. et ricerche geologiche nell' Italia centrale. In: Societh Alph, Milne Edwards, 14. Filhol, A. Fontan, E Geologica Italiana Cento anni di geologia italiana. Garrigou, Paul Gervais, Scipion Gras, Ed. Hebert, Pitagora, Bologna, 241-278. Ed. Lartet, Martin, Pruner-Bey, De Quatrefages, PILLA, L. 1847. Trattato di geologia. Diretto specialmente Trutat, De Vibraye. Bailli~re et Fils, Paris. a fare un confronto tra la struttura fisica del -- 1867. Das Alter des Menschengeschlechts auf der settentrione e del mezzogiorno di Europa. Erde und der Ursprung der Arten durch Vannucchi, Pisa., vol. 1. Abiinderung, nebst einer Beschreibung der Eiszeit PORTER, R. 1976. Charles Lyell and the principles of the in Europa und Amerika. (trans. L. Biichner on 3rd history of geology. British Journal for the History of English edn). Thomas, Leipzig. Science, 9(2), 91-103. --- 1867-1868. Principles of Geology or the Modern RUDWlCK, M. J. S. 1967. A critique to uniformitarian Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants geology: a letter from W.D. Conybeare to Charles Considered as Illustrative of Geology. 10th edn, 2 Lyell, 1841. Proceedings of the American vols. Murray, London. Philosophical Society, 111,272-287. --- 1873. Principes de G~ologie ou illustrations de cette 1975. Charles Lyell, ER.S. (1797-1875) and his science empruntges aux changements modernes de London lectures on geology, 1832-33. Notes and la terre et de ses habitants (trans. J. Ginestou on Records of the Royal Socie~' of London, 29(2), 10th English edn). 2 vols. Gamier Fr~res, Paris. 231-263.

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