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La Contribution De Pierre François Marie Bourdet (1785-1824), Dit Le Chevalier Bourdet De La Nièvre, À La Paléontologie

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La Contribution De Pierre François Marie Bourdet (1785-1824), Dit Le Chevalier Bourdet De La Nièvre, À La Paléontologie REVUE DE VOLUME 35 (1 ) – 2016 PALÉOBIOLOGIE Une institution Ville de Genève www.museum-geneve.ch Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève (juin 2016) 35 (1) : 1-110 ISSN 0253-6730 La contribution de Pierre François Marie Bourdet (1785-1824), dit le Chevalier Bourdet de la Nièvre, à la paléontologie Arnaud BRIGNON 5 villa Jeanne d’Arc, F-92340 Bourg-la-Reine, France. E-mail : [email protected] Résumé Ancien militaire français dans l’armée impériale, Pierre François Marie Bourdet se consacra à l’étude des fossiles entre 1820 et 1824 alors qu’il résidait à Genève. Ses travaux dans le domaine de la paléontologie n’étaient connus jusqu’alors que par quelques allusions faites par Cuvier dans ses Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles et par de courtes notices publiées dans des comptes rendus de séances de sociétés savantes de l’époque. Deux mémoires manuscrits de Bourdet conservés à la Bibliothèque de Genève et à la Bibliothèque centrale du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) permettent de faire la lumière sur son travail à une époque cruciale dans le développement de l’anatomie comparée et de la paléontologie. Ces travaux inédits sont intitulés « Histoire naturelle des ichthyodontes, ou dents de poissons fossiles » et « Mémoire sur différentes espèces de tortues fossiles ». La correspondance de Bourdet avec Alexandre Brongniart, Georges Cuvier, Henri-Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, Bernhard Studer et le prince Christian Frederik de Danemark permet de préciser le contexte historique de ces deux études. Les dessins accompagnant ces travaux inédits révèlent des fossiles qui étaient conservés dans les collections de la famille Deluc, Karl August Friedrich Meisner, Jakob Samuel Wyttenbach, Charles-Aloyse Fontaine et celle du prince Christian Frederik de Danemark. Plusieurs de ces spécimens historiques, découverts pour la plupart il y a plus de deux cents ans, ont pu ainsi être retrouvés au Muséum d’histoire naturelle de la ville de Genève et au Naturhistorisches Museum der Burger- gemeinde Bern. Bourdet est le premier à avoir utilisé la nomenclature binominale pour les chéloniens fossiles. Il est également un des premiers à avoir eu l’idée de publier une étude entièrement consacrée aux dents de « poissons » fossiles (Chondrichthyes et Actinopte- rygii), dix ans avant les travaux de Louis Agassiz. L’analyse détaillée des figures données par Bourdet révèle cependant des plagiats, des falsifications et des fabrications de données. Sa soif de reconnaissance par ses pairs et son empressement à être élu membre des plus prestigieuses sociétés savantes semblent avoir été les motivations principales qui poussèrent Bourdet à falsifier une partie de ses travaux pour les rendre plus attractifs. Cette étude dévoile ainsi un des premiers cas de fraude scientifique dans le domaine de la paléontologie. Mots-clés Histoire de la paléontologie, Georges Cuvier, Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii, Chelonii, Aptychus, fraude scientifique. Abstract The contribution of Pierre François Marie Bourdet (1785-1824), known as Chevalier Bourdet de la Nièvre, to palaeontology.- Former soldier in the French Imperial army, Pierre François Marie Bourdet focused his interest on studying fossils while living in Geneva between 1820 and 1824. His work in the field of palaeontology was hitherto known only by a few references made by Cuvier in his Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles and short notices and abstracts published in meeting proceedings of learned societies of that time. Two manuscripts from Bourdet’s hand kept in the Geneva Library and the Central Library of the “Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle” (Paris) shed light on his work at a crucial time for the development of comparative anatomy and palaeontology. These unpu- blished manuscripts are entitled “Histoire naturelle des ichthyodontes, ou dents de poissons fossilesˮ [Natural history of ichthyodonts, or fossil fish teeth] and “Mémoire sur différentes espèces de tortues fossilesˮ [Memoir on different species of fossil chelonians]. Bour- det’s correspondence with Alexandre Brongniart, Georges Cuvier, Henri-Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, Bernhard Studer and Prince Christian Frederik of Denmark provides further details on the historical context of these two studies. The drawings accompanying these unpublished works reveal fossils that were preserved in the collections of the Deluc family, Karl August Friedrich Meisner, Jakob Samuel Wyttenbach, Charles-Aloyse Fountain and Prince Christian Frederik of Denmark. Some of these historical specimens, discov- ered more than two hundred years ago, are still kept in the Muséum d’histoire naturelle de la ville de Genève and the Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern. Bourdet was the first to use binomial nomenclature for fossil chelonians and the first to have the idea to publish a study entirely devoted to fossil fish teeth (Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii), ten years before the works of Louis Agassiz. However, detailed analysis of the drawings in Bourdet’s works reveals plagiarism and falsifications. His thirst for recognition by his peers and his willingness to be elected as a member of the most prestigious learned societies prompted him to falsify part of his work to make it more attractive. This survey reveals an early example of scientific fraud in the domain of palaeontology. Keywords History of Palaeontology, Georges Cuvier, Elasmobranchii, Actinopterygii, Chelonii, Aptychus, scientific fraud. Soumis février 2015, accepté septembre 2015 Rédacteur en charge : L. Cavin DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.51871 2 A. BRIGNON Table des matières Abréviations et remarques préliminaires .............................................................................................................................2 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................2 2. Biographie de Bourdet ..................................................................................................................................................3 3. Histoire naturelle des ichthyodontes ............................................................................................................................5 3.1. Données historiques ...............................................................................................................................................5 3.2. Présentation du manuscrit et des planches ............................................................................................................7 3.3. Les espèces introduites par Bourdet ......................................................................................................................8 3.4. Les collections paléontologiques utilisées par Bourdet .......................................................................................16 4. Mémoire sur différentes espèces de tortues fossiles ...................................................................................................21 4.1. Données historiques .............................................................................................................................................21 4.2. Discussion sur les espèces introduites par Bourdet .............................................................................................25 5. Les travaux de Bourdet sur les mammifères fossiles ..................................................................................................32 6. Analyse critique des travaux de Bourdet ....................................................................................................................33 6.1. Positionnement de ces travaux dans le contexte des années 1820 ......................................................................33 6.2. Plagiats, falsifications et fabrications de données dans les travaux de Bourdet : un exemple de fraude en paléontologie au début du XIXe siècle ................................................................................................................35 7. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................42 Remerciements ...................................................................................................................................................................42 Références ..........................................................................................................................................................................42 Sources imprimées ......................................................................................................................................................42 Sources manuscrites et iconographiques ....................................................................................................................78 Annexe 1 : texte de l’« Histoire naturelle des Ichthyodontes » ..........................................................................................82 Annexe 2 : texte du « Mémoire sur différentes espèces de tortues fossiles » .....................................................................90 Annexe 3 : correspondance avec Alexandre Brongniart ....................................................................................................97 Annexe 4 : lettres à Georges Cuvier .................................................................................................................................104
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