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Component-I (A) – Personal Details Component-I (A) – Personal details: Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati Prof. R. Thiagarajan Presidency College, Chennai. Prof. R. Thiagarajan Presidency College, Chennai. Prof. N. Veezhinathan University of Madras, Chennai 1 Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Indian Aesthetics and Fine Arts Module Name/Title Dramas of Kalidas, Bhavabhuti and Others Module Id I C / IAFA / 15 Pre requisites Knowledge in Indian Drama – Poets of Ancient Sanskrit Literature To know about the plays of Bhasa, Dramas of Objectives Kalidasa, Sriharsha, Bhavabhuti, Sudraka, Visakadatta, Bhattanarayana and others. To know about the Allegorical Dramas. Keywords Indian Drama / Kalidasa / Bhasa / Bhavabhuti / Visakadatta E-Text (Quadrant-1) 1. 13 plays of Bhasa The earliest of dramas that are available, are the 13 plays of Bhasa, a predecessor of Kalidasa. The greatest of the Sanskrit poets, Kalidasa mentions, in the prologue of his drama 'Malavikagnimitram' - Bhasa, Saumilla and Kaviputra as three great dramatists, who lived before him. Trivandrum plays Till 1921 A.D., Bhasa was known to the world only as the author of a drama 'Svapnavasavadatta’. In 1921 A.D. one Mr. Ganapathi Sastri of Kerala, unearthed bundle of manuscripts consisting 13 dramas including Svapanavasava datta. After a close study of the 13 dramas Mr. Sastri proved that all the 13 dramas were written by Bhasa .These 13 dramas are popularly known as the Trivandrum plays. Plays of Bhasa The 13 dramas of Bhasa are Pratimanataka, Abhishekanataka ,Balacarita, Madhyamavyayoga, Pancaratra, Dutavakya Dutaghatotkaca, Karnabhara, Urubhanga, Svapnavasavadatta, Pratignayaugandharayana Daridracarudatta, and Avimaraka. Of the 13 dramas, the two dramas Pratimanataka and Abhishekanataka are based on the Ramayana story. Pratimanataka in seven acts describes the incidents in the life of Rama beginning with the exile of Rama and ending with the coronation. Bharata understands, on arriving at Ayodhya, that his father was dead, by seeing a statue. 2 1.1 Pratimanataka 'Pratima' of his father placed along with the statues of the earlier kings of surya vamsa Hence the play acquires the title 'Pratimanataka’. In this drama Bhasa has enriched the character of Rama, Bharata and Kaikeyi. Here, Kaikeyi has been portrayed as one possessed of very good heart and character. The Abhishekanataka, in 6 acts, depicts the story of Rama from the death of Valin up to Rama's coronation at Ayodhya . On the epic Mahabharata are based Bhasa's Pancaratra, Madhyamavyayoga, Dutavakya Dutaghatotkaca, Karnabhara, and Urubhanga. Pancaratra in 3 acts describes Duryodhana's promise to fulfill the desire of his preceptor Drona who demands the grant of half the kingdom of Pandavas, if the pandavas' who were in 'ajnaatavasa' could be found out before five nights. When the presence of the Pandavas was found out Duryodhana agrees to abide by his word. His dutavakya, in one act, deals with Lord Krishna's unsuccessful mission to Kauravas on behalf of the Pandavas. Pancaratra in 3 acts, describes Duryodhana's promise to fulfill the desire of his preceptor Drona who demands the grant of half the kingdom of Pandavas, if the pandavas' who were in 'ajnaatavasa' could be found out before five nights. When the presence of the Pandavas was found out Duryodhana agrees to abide by his word His dutavakya, in one act, deals with Lord Krishna's unsuccessful mission to Kauravas on behalf of the Pandavas. Karnabhara, again in one act describes Kama's generous gift of his own kavaca and kundala to Indra which ultimately, was responsible for his death .Urubhanga, another one act drama, shows the mace fight between Bhima and Duryodhana and the killing of the later by the former, striking at his thighs with his mace Bhasa's Balacarita, in five acts, describes the birth and sportive exploits of Lord Krishna described in Srimadbhagavata, Vishnupurana and Harivamsa. Bhasa's other four plays are based on social plot. His pratignayaugandharayana, in five acts, deals with the fulfillment of the promise undertaken by Yaugandharayana, the minister of king Udayana in effecting the marriage of Vasavadatta, daughter of Pradyota, with Udayana. Daridra carudatta describes in five acts, the love of a brahmin Carudatta for a courtesan Vasantasena. Avimaraka, another social play in six acts, describes the secret love between Kurangi, the daughter of Kuntibhoja and prince Avimarka who lost his princely dignity owing to the effect of a curse. At last the identity of the prince was revealed by sage Narada and the marriage of the loving pair was celebrated. 1.2 Appreciations to Bhasa’s Plays The 13 plays attributed the Bhasa reveal Bhasa as an eminent dramatist. His eminence was recognised by the great dramatists Kalidasa and prose writers Bana and Dandin. 2. Plays of Kalidasa Malavikagnimitram, Vikramorvasiyam and Sakuntalam are the three dramas written by the famous poet Kalidasa. Malavikagnimitram, in five acts, describes the marriage of Malavika with Agnimitra, a historical personage belonging to Sungam dynasty, through the various plans made by Gautama, king's personal friend and Vidushaka. 3 2.1 Vikrmorvasiyam The marriage of Urvasi, the heavenly nymph, with king Pururavas, is described by Kalidasa in his Vikrmorvasiyam, a play in five acts. The heavenly nymph Urvasi was carried away by a demon was rescued by king Pururavas. They fell in love with each other. After her return to heaven Urvasi paid a secret visit to her lover. Once Urvasi while playing an important role in a drama, staged before gods, committed a mistake by mentioning the name Pururavas instead of Lord Vishnu. There upon she was cursed to live on the mortal world along with her lover for some time. She came down to the earth and enjoyed the company of her lover. When the time for her return to her original abode came, the king unable to bear her separation decided to live in the forest At that time, sage Narada comes and informs that Urvasi can live with her lord during his life time. 2.2 Shakuntalam The story of Dushyanta and Shakuntala, the foster daughter of sage Kanva, found in the Mahabharata epic, is the subject matter of his internationally reputed drama Abhignanasakuntala consisting of 7 acts. The story is from Mahabharata. King Dushyanta of lunar race, in the course of a hunting trip meets Shakuntala the foster daughter of Kanva and falls in love with her.In the absence of the sage the king marries her by gandharva rules returns to his capital leaving with her a signet ring promising to take her to his palace. A curse of Durvasa and the accidental loss of the signet ring blind the memory of the King and therefore fails to recollect her when she is taken to him later by the disciples of Kanva. Shakuntal so rejected is taken away by Menaka, her true mother. The sight of the signet ring which is casually discovered by a fisherman and brought to the king’s notice throws the king into a fit of repentant grief. He is reunited with Shakuntala. It is This drama that has won for kalidasa the deep admiration and appreciation of all scholars. 3. Plays of Sriharsha Harsavardhana, popularly known as Sriharsa or Harshadeva, was the king of Sthaneshwar between 606 and 648 A.D. He was himself a poet and also patron of poets prominent among who were Bana, Mayura and others. Ratnavali, Priyadarshika and Naganandam are the three dramatic works ascribed to him.This Harsha is different from poet Harsha, author of Naishadhiyacarita.His Ratnavali and Priyadarshika are natikas or short dramas in 4 acts each, written on the model of Kalidasa's Malavikagnimitram In Ratnavali Harsha describes the marriage of Udayana of Kausambi with Saagarika the princess of Ceylon Saagarika who was imprisoned by Vasavadatta, Udayana's chief queen, for her intimacy with Udayana, was released by Udayana through the help of a magician .Happy union between the lovers, is made by a message from Ceylon king referring Saagarika as his daughter. His Priyadarsika, another natika in four acts, describes the love of king Udayana with princess Aranyaki. The plot is similar to the plot in Ratnavali and Malavikagnimitram. Nagananda is a fully fledged nataka of Harshadeva. In five acts the play describes the self sacrificing spirit of Jimutavahana, a Vidhyadhara prince. This drama, was probably written after his conversion to Buddhism. The hero offers his life to Garuda in exchange for the life of a serpant. Service to parents (pitrsusrusha), paropakara and non-violence or ahimsa is the ideals stressed in the play. The predominant sentiment is shanta. Harsha, when compared to other dramatists, is not clever at the plot. He is diligent in borrowing the plot from others and 4 shaping them to suit to his needs. Among his two love plays Ratnavali stands better, through his graceful treatment of sentiment. His Naganada does not rise to a high level as drama. 4. Dramas of Bhavabhuti Bhavabhuti was a court poet of king Yashovarman of 700 A.D., Malatimadhava, Mahaviracarita and Uttara ramacarita are the three dramas written by him. From the prologues of his dramas it is clear that his original name was Srikantha and that he acquired the title Bhavabhuti, through his devotion to Lord Siva. Uttara Ramacharita is considere as the best of Bhavabhuti. Hence the saying “ Uttare ramacharite Bhavabhutir vishishyate”. It is in this drama he proclaims that there is only one sentiment, that is Karuna. “Eko rasah Karuna eva” 4.1 Mahaviracarita Mahaviracarita probably his first drama, in seven acts, deals with the story of Ramayana from Sita's marriage to Rama's coronation. Many incidents like wordy duet between Rama and Parasurama, Surpanakha episode, Valivadha etc. described in the epic, are found here also.
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