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Security & Sovereignty in the 21St Century Conference Proceedings Security & sovereignty in the 21st century International Conference - 4−6 November, 2016 Editor | András Lőrincz Published by | Institute for Cultural Relations Policy Executive Publisher | Csilla Morauszki Kulturális Kapcsolatokért Alapítvány, Budapest http://culturalrelations.org [email protected] ISBN 978-963-12-7822-4 © ICRP 2017. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic type, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the copyright holders. ICRP INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE SECURITY AND SOVEREIGNTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY BUDAPEST, 4–6 NOVEMBER 2016 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Institute for Cultural Relations Policy SECURITY & SOVEREIGNTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................... 4 GYÖNGYVÉR HERVAINÉ SZABÓ: Identity based foreign policies in Eastern European and Central Asian states ................................... 5 EDIT LŐRINCZNÉ BENCZE: The structuring of the modern Croatian identity and sovereign nation .............................................. 22 ALDOREZA PRANDANA: The mentality of “Us” and “Others”: the perception of identity in Aceh .......................................... 38 DANIELLA VECSEI: National sovereignty in the United States ........................................................................................ 56 PÉTER KRISZTIÁN ZACHAR: The organisations of business interests in Europe ........................................................................... 68 DÓRA VETŐ: Failed states: safe haven for terrorist groups. The case of Libya ..................................................... 78 MIRJAM SZAKÁCS: Geopolitical aspects of the French security policy during the presidency of Francois Hollande ....... 94 CĂTĂLINA MARIA GEORGESCU, ANCA PARMENA OLIMID , DANIEL ALIN OLIMID, SILVIU DORIN GEORGESCU, COSMIN LUCIAN GHERGHE: Generating defence and security within national frameworks: A retrospective analysis of the romanian strategic concepts ........................................................... 103 ALI SARIKAYA: Russia as a global player .............................................................................................................. 113 ELENA A. MAKAROVA: Legal, social and gender aspects in migration flow regulation in frontier areas ............................ 126 KRISZTINA KÁLLAI: The prospects of rehabilitation concerning the underage migrant victims of human trafficking ...... 139 EDINA WITTMANN: The effects of migration produced on the German society .............................................................. 146 ADRIENN PRIEGER: How the migration crisis determines the relation between Turkey and EU? ................................... 163 ANCA PARMENA OLIMID, CĂTĂLINA MARIA GEORGESCU, DANIEL ALIN OLIMID, SILVIU GEORGESCU, COSMIN LUCIAN GHERGHE: Matrixing the security and strategy settings in the NATO summits 2012–2016 (MASES agenda’s focus on “population” and “territory”) ........................................................... 176 SEDEF ASLI TOPAL: The role of nuclear weapons in international security and peace from neo-realist perspective ....... 187 3 Institute for Cultural Relations Policy SECURITY & SOVEREIGNTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY FOREWORD The fourth international conference organised by the Institute for Cultural Relations Policy (ICRP) was hosted by Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences in November 2016. The keynote speakers of the event included diplomats, academics as well as representatives of the Hungarian Government. During the two days of the conference more than 30 speakers held their presentation. The lectures and presentations of the “Security & sovereignty in the 21st century” conference have certainly broadened its audience’s knowledge about the current affairs of security and defence policy, various sovereignty-related issues, the roles of state and non-state actors in cooperation and conflict as well as concerns of territorial, political and economic integrity of states and regions. Among the keynote speakers were Károly Grúber (Head of the Common Foreign and Security Policy department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary), H.E. Liubov Nepop (Ambassador of Ukraine to Hungary), H.E. Éric Fournier (Ambassador of the Republic of France to Hungary) and CSc. Dr. habil. Gyöngyvér Hervainé Szabó (Scientific Director of Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences). Through their lectures the participants of the conference were introduced to various approaches, notions and theories as well as practices regarding different researches on international security, while the high quality presentations of guest speakers proved how diverse thoughts are in connection with security policy. Therefore, we are grateful to all participants for their contributions to the conference, wishing success to the presenters in their future researches, and hoping that the conference proceedings and the interviews made with the keynote speakers will serve as resources for researchers as well as for a wider audience. Finally, the editor would like to thank the members of ICRP Advisory Board for assistance and the sponsors for supporting the event and the proceedings. This proceedings is issued on the responsibility of the Chief Operating Officer of Kulturális Kapcsolatokért Alapítvány.Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institution or its members. ICRP website | culturalrelations.org Conference website | http://culturalrelations.org/icrp/portfolio/security-and-sovereignty-in-the-21st-century/ 4 Institute for Cultural Relations Policy SECURITY & SOVEREIGNTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY IDENTITY BASED FOREIGN POLICIES IN EASTERN EUROPEAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STATES CSc. Dr. habil. Gyöngyvér Hervainé Szabó Scientific Director of Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences Abstract: Russia and the former Soviet influenced world became a conflicted area in new Cold and Hybrid War era. The politics of history became a key form of warfare between former hegemons and theirs subjects. The key element of confrontations is the battles of memories, the legacy of Kresy, the former Volhinia, where all overlords made theirs massacre, holocaust-type actions. The new narratives of former’s historical imperium’s, as Lithuanian Grand Duchy, Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Great Romania, the Ukrainian National republic, the Soviet Union, the Kazakh Kaganate are seeking the answers – can be the identity based foreign policy resolve the unsettled question of CEEC countries, Central Asia. The question is, can these new identity based foreign policies resolve the problems of anarchies in the global order in the region? The most influential answer is the Kazakh, how to deal with the clashes of memories and clashes of Universalist and nationalist identities. All western, eastern, southern European flank of Russia is under pressure, as well as Central Asia and the Caucasus. The banned, the absent, the stolen and the whitewashed histories became the new weapon hybrid wars of de-globalisations and denationalisations, and destructive informational warfare. * * * Introduction After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in an era of competitive states, nation branding became the most important tool for modify the physical and symbolic dimensions of place and space, as well as the collective identity, as integral component of national policy (Anholt, 2008), and nation brand became an asset from neoliberal perception. Nation branding includes state governmental actors, celebrities, MNCs, NGOs, international media platforms and actors, after the “End of History”, it is a technique, tool selling the nations, especially in case of new countries. While earlier so kind of companies as East India Company, Russia Company, artificial events, international exhibitions, so called commercial nationalism was the main route for exploring modern image of a nation, later national museums, heritage and other visual-informational products. In the Cold War era the US information campaigns, so called cultural diplomacy or public diplomacy as an American concept was connected with different global or regional aims. Nation branding is more than public diplomacy, it was connected with emotional, physical, financial, leadership, cultural and social dimensions. In this index and measurement the western democracies are among the first, because the first indicator is 5 Institute for Cultural Relations Policy SECURITY & SOVEREIGNTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY the governance, the export as popular force, tourism and touristic attractions, investments and immigration, life quality, culture and heritage, tolerance and openness of people. In 2008 Russia ranked 21st in nation branding, and for most of as surprise first appeared on the list of soft power index in 2015. After the 2008–2013, global financial crisis the neoliberalist political system and trend became questionable in Central and Eastern European countries, mainly by conservative parties. In early nineties, during the political system changes in CEEC countries the political landscape formed mainly the liberal dissidents, who decided the democratic content of political changes and made CEC countries liberal democratic parliament republics. Among the main political forces, participating in political
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