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A STUDY ON OCCUPATIONAL STRESS OF EMPLOYEES IN PAPER INDUSTRY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAMIL NADU THESIS Submitted to the BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MANAGEMENT Submitted By G.GOPALAKRISHNAN Under the Supervision and Guidance of Dr.M.ARUNACHALAM, M.Sc., M.B.A., Ph.D., Principal, RDB College of Arts and Science, Papanasam – 614 025 Thanjavur BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY TIRUCHIRAPALLI, TAMILNADU, INDIA. MAY 2011 1 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis, entitled “ A STUDY ON OCCUPATIONAL STRESS OF EMPLOYEES IN PAPER INDUSTRY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAMIL NADU ”, submitted to the Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MANAGEMENT is a record of original research work done by Mr. G. GOPALAKRISHNAN , during the period 2008-2011 of his study in the Department of Management Studies, Rajagiri Dawood Batcha College of Arts and Science, Papanasam, under my supervision and guidance and the thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree / Diploma / Associateship / Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of any University. Place : Papanasam Signature of Research Supervisor Date : (Dr.M.Arunachalam) 2 DECLARATION I, G.GOPALAKRISHNAN hereby declare that the thesis, entitled “A STUDY ON OCCUPATIONAL STRESS OF EMPLOYEES IN PAPER INDUSTRY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAMIL NADU”, submitted to the Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MANAGEMENT is a record of original and independent research work done by me during 2008-2011 under the supervision and guidance of Dr.M.ARUNACHALAM, M.Sc., M.B.A., Ph.D., Principal, Rajagiri Dawood Batcha College of Arts and Science, Papanasam, Thanjavur and it has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree / Diploma / Associateship / Fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of any University. Station: Salem Signature of the candidate Date : Counter Signed (Dr.M.ARUNACHALAM) Research Supervisor 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am ever grateful to many personalities, who have extended their expertise and experience which helped me a lot in the preparation of this thesis work. I am highly indebted to my research supervisor, Dr.M.Arunachalam, M.Sc., M.B.A., Ph.D., Principal, RDB College of Arts and Science, Papanasam – 614 025 Thanjavur, Tamilnadu , India, under whose able guidance this study was carried out. His fluent, frank and frequent advice have got me on the right direction whenever and wherever I have deviated. I owe much for his labour and pains. Without his endeavour, sacrifice, constructive criticism and constant encouragement, this thesis would not have been completed so successfully in time. My deep sense of respect and gratitude goes to The Management, Paavai Educational Trust, Rasipuram, Namakkal District for granting me an opportunity to do this research work and complete the thesis in a successful manner. I am grateful to The Head of the Department, Faculty Members and the Students of Management Studies for giving their support to successfully complete of this work. 4 A special note of thanks is expressed to Mr. M. Murali and his colleagues at Aryaa Infostat Technologies, Erode , for their continuous assistance in providing me the technical details of this work and their patience during the countless revisions of the manuscript which enabled me to prepare the thesis. I am really grateful to my parents, brother, my wife, my childrens and friends who have encouraged me in completing this work. G.GOPALAKRISHNAN 5 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE PARTICULARS NO. NO. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF CHARTS INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE I 1 STUDY II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 18 III PAPER INDUSTRY – AN OVERVIEW 55 AN OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL IV 90 STRESS V DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 125 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS VI 214 AND CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Company Profile Questionnaire Publications 6 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE PARTICULARS NO. NO. 1.1 Paper units and their employees’ strength 11 1.2 List of paper units employing more than 1000 12 employees in the factory 1.3 Distribution of respondents in the study area 13 3.1 Paper industry – Developmental phases 56 3.2 Per capita consumption of paper in Asian countries 64 3.3 Details of paper demand and production in India 69 3.4 Details of paper mills in India 71 3.5 Total paper production in Tamil Nadu 83 5.2.1 Age and level of perception towards job 129 5.2.2 Age and level of perception towards job 132 (Two-way table) 5.2.3 Age and level of perception towards job 133 (Chi-square test) 5.2.4 Gender and level of perception towards job 134 5.2.5 Gender and level of perception towards job 136 (Two-way table) 5.2.6 Gender and level of perception towards job 137 (Chi-square test) 7 TABLE PAGE PARTICULARS NO. NO. 5.2.7 Marital status and level of perception towards job 138 5.2.8 Marital status and level of perception towards job 140 (Two-way table) 5.2.9 Marital status and level of perception towards job 141 (Chi-square test) 5.2.10 Educational qualification and level of perception 142 towards job 5.2.11 Educational qualification and level of perception 144 towards job (Two-way table) 5.2.12 Educational qualification and level of perception 145 towards job (Chi-square test) 5.2.13 Experience and level of perception towards job 146 5.2.14 Experience and level of perception towards job 148 (Two-way table) 5.2.15 Experience and level of perception towards job 149 (Chi-square test) 5.2.16 No. of earning persons in the family and level of 150 perception towards job 5.2.17 No. of earning persons in the family and level of 152 perception towards job (Two-way table) 5.2.18 No. of earning persons in the family and level of 153 perception towards job (Chi-square test) 5.2.19 Monthly income and level of perception towards 154 job 5.2.20 Monthly income and level of perception towards 156 job (Two-way table) 5.2.21 Monthly income and level of perception towards 157 job (Chi-square test) 5.3.1 Age and level of occupational stress 159 8 TABLE PAGE PARTICULARS NO. NO. 5.3.2 Age and level of occupational stress (Two-way 161 table) 5.3.3 Age and level of occupational stress (Anova test) 162 5.3.4 Gender and level of occupational stress 163 5.3.5 Gender and level of occupational stress 164 (Two-way table) 5.3.6 Gender and level of occupational stress 165 (Anova test) 5.3.7 Marital status and level of occupational stress 166 5.3.8 Marital status and level of occupational stress 167 (Two-way table) 5.3.9 Marital status and level of occupational stress 168 (Anova test) 5.3.10 Educational qualification and level of occupational 169 stress 5.3.11 Educational qualification and level of occupational 170 stress (Two-way table) 5.3.12 Educational qualification and level of occupational 171 stress (Anova test) 5.3.13 Experience and level of occupational stress 172 5.3.14 Experience and level of occupational stress 173 (Two-way table) 5.3.15 Experience and level of occupational stress 174 (Anova test) 5.3.16 No. of earning persons in the family and level of 175 occupational stress 9 TABLE PAGE PARTICULARS NO. NO. 5.3.17 No. of earning persons in the family and level of 176 occupational stress (Two-way table) 5.3.18 No. of earning persons in the family and level of 177 occupational stress (Anova test) 5.3.19 Monthly income and level of occupational stress 178 5.3.20 Monthly income and level of occupational stress 179 (Two-way table) 5.3.21 Monthly income and level of occupational stress 180 (Anova test) 5.3.22 Perception of respondents on occupational stress 181 5.3.23 Personality traits of the respondent 183 5.4.1 Perception about job 185 5.4.2 Perception about family 187 5.4.3 Impact of occupational stress 189 5.4.4 Work related causes 191 5.4.5 Organizational related causes 192 5.4.6 Psychological consequences 194 5.4.7 Physical consequences 195 5.4.8 Coping strategy 197 5.5.1 Multiple regression analysis 199 5.5.2 Multiple regression analysis 201 5.5.3 Variable with extracted communality factor value – 203 perception of the job 10 TABLE PAGE PARTICULARS NO. NO. 5.5.4 Total variance – Perception of the job 206 5.5.5 Rotated Component Matrix a –Perception of the job 208 5.5.6 Variable with extracted communality factor value – 209 Impact of occupational stress 5.5.7 Total variance – Perception of the job 211 5.5.8 Rotated Component Matrix a – Perception of the 213 job 11 LIST OF CHARTS CHART PAGE PARTICULARS NO. NO. 5.2.1 Age of the respondents 130 5.2.2 Gender of the respondents 135 5.2.3 Marital status of the respondents 139 5.2.4 Educational qualification of the respondents 143 5.2.5 Experience of the respondents 147 5.2.6 Number of earning persons in the family of the 151 respondents 5.2.7 Monthly income of the respondents 155 12 CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY 1. INTRODUCTION Stress is an inevitable concomitant of organizational life. Its source in an organization is task or role related. An organization, being a network of roles performed in interconnected positions, is dynamic in nature.