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A Comparative Investigation of a Ground and Air Launch of LEO-Bound Microsatellites

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A Comparative Investigation of a Ground and Air Launch of LEO-Bound Microsatellites A Comparative Investigation of a Ground and Air Launch of LEO-Bound Microsatellites By Michael Labib B.Eng., Carleton University M.Sc., International Space University A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science t Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario March 2007 © Copyright 2007, Michael Labib Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-26994-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-26994-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet,distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To Diane and Reda ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Microsatellites have shown that it is possible to execute missions effectively and rapidly. Despite the current oversupply of launch capacity, there are no operational dedicated microsatellite launch vehicles. This study investigated a ground and air launched vehicle based on the Orbital Express conceptual launcher. Analytical considerations were largely based on a commercial trajectory optimization software package and were validated with numerical models. Favourable ground and air launch circumstances were identified while accounting for technical and operational aspects. Ground and air launch payload capability results to a 600 km and 60° circular orbit were 55 kg and 35 kg with 0.34% and 0.74% payload mass fractions respectively. Although the ground launch was often preferred, the air launch was better suited in some instances, particularly for responsive services. In developing a Canadian micro class access to space, this study proposed to operate a ground launched vehicle followed by an air launched system. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The findings in this report along with the knowledge gained throughout the duration of the author's Master of Applied Science degree could not have been achieved without the assistance, expert support and insight of the staff at Carleton University. The author would like to thank his thesis supervisor, Dr. Kaya for his expertise, invaluable suggestions, encouragements and time he so willingly granted. His availability and interest in the work depicted in this thesis were instrumental in the success of this project; the financial support was also greatly appreciated. Much gratitude is directed towards Dr. Wiegand, member of the AeroSpace Trajectory Optimization Software development team from the Institute of Flight Mechanics and Control at the University of Stuttgart, for his generous assistance. Special thanks are also due to Dr. Farinaccio, Scientific Authority from the Defence Research and Development Canada, Valcartier, Quebec, for the financial support of a study which led to the work herein along with those who provided information for the study. Sincere thanks are due to Ms. Powell, Graduate Assistant for the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department, for her interest and support throughout the program. The author would also like to thank his family and friends for their never ending support and encouragements. It has been a privilege to have been given the opportunity to participate in this program. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................ix NOMENCLATURE................................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Launching Small and Microsatellites ..................................................................... 5 1.3 Global Launch Vehicle Programs ...........................................................................8 1.3.1 Small and Micro Launcher Initiatives ...................................................... 8 1.3.2 Exotic and Heavy Launch Programs ......................................................20 1.4 Summary .................................................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................ 26 THE ORBITAL EXPRESS PROJECT................................................................................... 26 2.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................27 2.2 Ground Launch Scenario ....................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 AeroSpace Trajectory Optimization Software ......................................30 2.2.2 MATLAB Model ......................................................................................44 2.3 Air Launch Scenario ...............................................................................................56 2.3.1 Methodologies ........................................................................................... 56 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.2 Recommendations 61 2.3.3 AeroSpace Trajectory Optimization Software.....................................65 2.3.4 MATLAB Model .................................................................................... 70 2.4 Summary .................................................................................................................71 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................74 ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION.........................................................................................74 3.1 Ground Launch Scenario ......................................................................................75 3.1.1 Validation ..................................................................................................75 3.1.2 Trajectory Analysis ................................................................................. 78 3.2 Air Launch Scenario ............................................................................................. 90 3.2.1 Validation ..................................................................................................91 3.2.2 Trajectory Analysis ................................................................................. 93 3.2.3 Parametric Study ....................................................................................103
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