Yogyakarta Urban Energy Profile

LocalRenewables: South-south cooperation between cities in India, Indonesia and South Africa

Yogyakarta

Urban Energy Profile

1 Preface ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, with the support of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP), under a project entitled: ‘Local Renewables: South‐south cooperation between cities in India, Indonesia and South Africa’ initiated a project on carbon emission reduction through city level local action plans by integrating renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) measures into city activities. This project is led by the ICLEI South Asia Secretariat which through its city network is providing knowledge and experience on best practices and lessons learnt from the established ICLEI Local Renewables initiatives successfully implemented in Asia. Through the partnerships with ICLEI South East Asia and ICLEI Africa, the Indian city, Coimbatore, acted as the Local Renewables Resource City, providing guidance and experience to the two implementing project cities or Local Renewables Model Cities, which are Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality in South Africa and Yogyakarta City in Indonesia.

This project commenced in October 2011 with all activities and processes planned and implemented up to the project end date, March 2013. The main activities under this initiative was to strengthen stakeholder engagement, enhance and strengthen capacity of RE and EE, update the existing GHG into an urban energy profile, provide cost effective low emissions solutions and recommendations that could assist future plans to support local emission targets. This document aims to provide information that would assist future activities within the urban area to achieve carbon emission reduction across all city sectors and promote green urban growth by encouraging the use of RE and EE technologies at the city and community levels.

ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability – South Asia (ICLEI South Asia) and engaged with a stakeholder group throughout the project duration consisting of Yogyakarta municipal administration sectoral departments, Department of Energy from the local, provincial and national governments, private entities, NGOs, academic institutions, development agency, RE/EE equipment manufacturers and suppliers, energy consultancies, associations and architects. This group provided input to the project deliverables and supported the project team towards the development of the project outputs.

2 Disclosures

ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability ICLEI ‐ Local Governments for Sustainability is the world's leading association of cities and local governments dedicated to sustainable development. ICLEI is a powerful movement of 12 mega‐ cities, 100 super‐cities and urban regions, 450 large cities as well as 450 small and medium‐sized cities and towns in 84 countries. ICLEI provides technical consulting, training, and information services to build capacity, share knowledge, and support local government in the implementation of sustainable development at the local level. Our basic premise is that locally designed initiatives can provide an effective and cost‐efficient way to achieve local, national, and global sustainability objectives.

The ICLEI South Asia Secretariat (http://southasia.iclei.org/) collaborates closely with the global ICLEI network and other regional offices around the world, in sharing tools, materials, strategies and good practices specifically designed and implemented at the local level. The South Asian arm of ICLEI ‐ Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI South Asia) aims to build and serve a regional network of local governments to achieve tangible improvements in regional and global sustainability through local initiatives. Over seven years, ICLEI South Asia has emerged a strong and vibrant local government association with a membership base of almost 50 cities.

ICLEI South Asia works on climate change adaptation and mitigation, energy, and environmental sustainability initiatives with cities in the region with funding support from various national and international partners.

Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) is an active global partnership that structures policy initiatives for clean energy markets and facilitates financing for sustainable energy projects. The Partnership was established alongside the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg. Over its ten‐year lifespan, REEEP has established itself as a vocal champion for clean energy – energy efficiency and renewable energy – punching above its weight in three ways: by funding innovative projects, by providing internet‐based information resources, and by supporting clean energy stakeholders. The organisation is now comprised of 400 partners including 45 governments as well as a range of private companies and international organisations. Some 5200 individuals are also registered as Friends of REEEP.

Acknowledgement

ICLEI South Asia and South East Asia wish to thank the following organizations and their utilities for their cooperation in providing the information that made this publication possible.

 USAID  Yogyakarta Municipal Corporation  State Electricity Corporate Board  Electricity Department  Oil Distribution Companies  Research Institutions  Yogyakarta Development and Planning Board  Transport Department

Prepared by:

ICLEI – South Asia

Contributions by:

Yogyakarta Municipal Corporation

in partnership with

ICLEI – South East Asia

Further Information:

ICLEI South Asia Secretariat Iclei‐[email protected] www.southasia.iclei.org

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement 4

Table of Contents 5

Abbreviations 10

1. Yogyakarta City Profile 11

1.1 Geographical Location 12

1.2 Topography 12

1.3 Geology 12

1.4 Land Resources 12

1.5 Freshwater Resources 13

1.6 Climate 13

1.7 Natural Hazards/Constraints 14

1.8 Population 14

1.9 Tempo of Urbanization 15

1.10 Local Economy 15

1.11 Wastewater 15

1.12 Domestic Water Supply 15

1.13 Electric Power Supply 16

1.14 Transport Facilities 16

1.15 Solid Waste Management 16

1.16 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency 18

2. Methodology 18

2.1 Methodology 19

2.2 The HEAT+ Methodology/Formula 22

3. City Energy Consumption Status 28

3.1 Yogyakarta City Energy Consumption profile 28

3.2 Energy Consumption in Residential Sector 29

3.3 Energy Consumption in Commercial Sector 30

3.4 Energy Consumption in Industrial Sector 31

3.5 Waste Sector 32

3.6 Transportation Sector 33

3.7 Energy Consumption in Government Owned Operations 35

4. Yogyakarta GHG Inventory 38

4.1 Community Level GHG Emissions 38

4.2 GHG Emissions from Government Owned Operations 39

4.3 Total City Emissions 39

5. Low Carbon Action plans –Yogyakarta City 41

5.1 RE Strategies for Residential Sector 41

5.2 RE Strategy for Commercial and Institutional Sector 44

5.3 RE Strategy for Industrial Sector 47

5.4 Energy Efficiency Strategies 48

List of Table Table 1.1: Population by Income Category (Urban Classification) ...... 14

Table 1.2: Water Supply ...... 15

Table 1.3: Transport facilities in Yogyakarta city ...... 16

Table 2.1: List of Departments/Organizations Consulted for Data Collection ...... 22

Table 2.2: HEAT+ Use the Following Formula to Calculate the Emissions in the Waste Sector: ...... 24

Table 3.1: Power Consumption by Various Sectors in Yogyakarta City ...... 28

Table 3.2: Power Consumption in Yogyakarta City ...... 28

Table 3.3: Electricity Consumption in Residential Sector ...... 29

Table 3.4: LPG consumption in Yogyakarta city ...... 30

Table 3.5: Electricity consumption in commercial sector ...... 30

Table 3.6: Electricity Consumption in Industrial Sector ...... 31

Table 3.7: Coal Consumption in Industrial Sector ...... 32

Table 3.8: Waste Generation in Yogyakarta city ...... 32

Table 3.9: Category wise registration of Vehicle up to December 2011 ...... 33

Table 3.10: Petrol consumption in Yogyakarta city ...... 34

Table 3.11: Diesel consumption in Yogyakarta city ...... 34

Table 3.12: Power Consumption by SL Sector in Yogyakarta City ...... 35

Table 3.13: Energy consumption in building sector ...... 36

Table 3.14: Total energy consumption in water supply ...... 36

Table 3.15: Electricity Consumption in Sewerage Treatment Plants ...... 37

Table 4.1: Community GHG Inventory 2010‐11 ...... 38

Table 4.2: Government Owned Operation GHG Inventory 2010‐11 ...... 39

Table 4.3: Total City Emissions ...... 39

Table 5.1: Potential for SWHs installation in Yogyakarta City ...... 42

Table 5.2: Introducing solar lanterns in Yogyakarta City ...... 42

Table 5.3: Introducing solar home systems in Yogyakarta City ...... 42

Table 5.4: Target for replacement DG/Kerosene Generator sets with Solar PV units for Yogyakarta City ...... 43

Table 5.5: Renewable Energy Systems for Residential Apartment Complex ...... 43

Table 5.6: Summary of RE Strategy for Residential Sector ...... 44

Table 5.7: RE Strategy for Educational Institutes ...... 44

Table 5.8: Recommended Renewable Energy Systems for Hotels ...... 45

Table 5.9: Recommended Renewable Energy Systems for Restaurants ...... 45

Table 5.10: Recommended Renewable Energy Systems for Health Care Sector ...... 46

Table 5.11: Summary of RE Strategy for Commercial Sector ...... 46

Table 5.12: RE Strategy for Industrial Sector ...... 47

Table 5.13: Summary of RE Strategy in Industrial Sector ...... 48

Table 5.14: Replacement of incandescent lamps with fluorescent (CFL) ...... 48

Table 5.15: T5 tube light + Electronic Ballast to replace T12/T8 tube light+ Magnetic Ballast ...... 49

Table 5.16: Proper pump‐system design (efficient Pump, pumps heads with system heads) ...... 50

Table 5.17: Variable Speed Drivers ...... 50

Table 5.18: Power saver installation in pump house ...... 50

Table 5.19: Variable speed drives ...... 51

Table 5.20: Power saver installation in pump house ...... 51

Table 5.21: Thermal Energy Conservation strategies ...... 52

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Average Precipitation in Yogyakarta City ...... 13

Figure 1.2: Average temperature of 23° C ‐ 26°C ...... 14

Figure 3.1: The Sectoral Electricity consumption Pattern ...... 28

Figure 3.2: Trend of Electricity Consumption ...... 29

Figure 3.3: Trend in electricity consumption ...... 29

Figure 3.4: Trend of LPG consumption in Yogyakarta city ...... 30

Figure 3.5: Trend in electricity consumption in commercial sector ...... 31

Figure 3.6: Trend in electricity consumption in industrial sector ...... 31

Figure 3.7: Trend in coal consumption in industrial sector ...... 32

Figure 3.8: Trend of Waste Generation in Yogyakarta city ...... 33

Figure 3.9: Trend of Petrol consumption in Yogyakarta city ...... 34

Figure 3.10: Trend of Diesel consumption in Yogyakarta city ...... 35

Figure 3.11: Trend of Electricity Consumption in SL Sector ...... 36

Figure 3.12: Trend of Electricity Consumption in Building Sector ...... 36

Figure 3.13: Electricity consumption trend for water pumping ...... 37

Figure 3.14: Electricity Consumption trend in Sewage Treatment Plants ...... 37

Figure 4.1: Yogyakarta City Carbon Emission (Community level), (2010‐11) ...... 39

Figure 4.2: Yogyakarta City Carbon Emission (Govt. operations), (2010‐11) ...... 39

Figure 4.3: Yogyakarta Total City Carbon Emission (2010‐11) ...... 40

Abbreviations

CH4 Methane

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

GHG Green House Gas

HEAT+ Harmonised Emissions Analysis Tool PLUS

IEAP International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

MTeCO2 Million Metric Tons of Carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e)

TPD Tones Per Day

WRI World Resource Institute

1. Yogyakarta City Profile

Yogyakarta, as the capital city of Yogyakarta Special Region Province, has developed rapidly in all sectors. In recent times, a spurt in the growth of population and business activities has been witnessed, as a consequence of Yogyakarta being a cultural and tourism hub for foreign and local tourists, and as a centre for education city. People from smaller neighbouring cities come to Yogyakarta to study or to make a living in the city.

The growth of population and development of urban activities needs a commensurate increase in supporting infrastructure, such as water supply and sanitation systems. Intensive groundwater withdrawal in this city without sufficient recharge of groundwater affects the groundwater supply balance from time to time, indicated by a decreasing in groundwater levels (decrease in potential energy) and a reduction in groundwater supply capacity (decrease in quantity).

Increasing population density and insufficiently treated domestic wastewater coupled with the sandy nature of the local soil, contribute to deteriorating groundwater quality. This is indicated by increasing faecal coliform content in groundwater wells in the urban area.

Yogyakarta is unique with respect to its physical location:

1. Geographically: Yogyakarta lies between Merapi Mountain to the North and the Indonesian ocean to the South.

2. Topographically: The city is naturally sloping towards the South

3. Its hydro-climatic conditions make rain water a viable source of groundwater recharge, because of the sandy nature of the soil

4. Hydrodynamic conditions support the natural water cycle system, which is regulated by rivers flowing in parallel from North to South, across the Yogyakarta area.

Technological interventions are comprehensively undertaken to maintain ground water flows and prevent ground water pollution. Some of the initiatives are:

1. Preventing groundwater pollution through adequate waste water management (off- stream approach);

2. Optimizing river flushing from Mataram channel (in-stream approach) and upgrading the existing weir and drop structure along the river , which is to be equipped with a fishway to maintain river water quality, water surface and fish habitat;

3. Natural groundwater recharge systems aimed at creating a “water barn” in Yogyakarta urban area. All activities including legal aspects of pollution controlling and monitoring will be promoted to the urban community.

Population growth and urban development need supporting infrastructure such as water supply. Limited service area coverage of piped water supply and unwillingness of most citizens to use water supplied by the local government company (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum - PDAM), results in the rampant use of borewells to meet water demand.

Historically, Yogyakarta city was developed based on “local wisdom” and sustainable practices, such as the construction of the Mataram channel to ensure prosperity in the region. This channel connected the Progo River in the West and the Opak River in the East, across an area in the north of Yogyakarta city. Formerly, the main function of the channel was for irrigation, but it also serves to flush out city water and as a source for groundwater recharge for the area towards the South of Mataram channel (Yogyakarta city).

1.1 Geographical Location

Yogyakarta City is located in the province of Central Java. It lies between 110° 24 I 19 II up to 110° 28 I 53 II East Longitude and 7° 15 I 24 II until 7° 49 I 26 II South latitude with an average altitude of 114 m above sea level.

1.2 Topography

Average Elevation: Yogyakarta is located at162 meters above sea level

Slope: Yogyakarta is a low lying city. From West to East, the topography is relatively flat and from North to South, the city has a slope of ± 1 degree.

1.3 Geology

1.3.1 Landforms Mount Merapi or Gunung Merapi (Fire Mountain in Indonesian/Javanese), is an active strato volcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548.

This volcano is located approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) north of Yogyakarta city, and thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) above sea level.

1.4 Land Resources

1.4.1 Total Land Area  Land Area: 32.5 km ²  The city covers 1.025% of the area of DIY Province

1.4.2 Land Classification Yogyakarta City is in the central part of the Yogyakarta Province. About 31% of the province land is classified as dry land (land with no irrigation system and used to grow rain fed paddy, cassava, maize, and annual crops, such as coconut, fruit, bananas), while land used for paddy fields accounted for approximately 18.3%.

1.4.3 Existing General Land Use In 2008, most land area was used for dwellings or residential purposes - 2,106.338 hectares and a very small area was fallow land, 20.041 hectares was non-productive land. The rest of the land use was divided into establishments - 277.56 ha, service areas - 275.56 ha, agricultural land - 130.02 ha. and industrial land - 52.23 ha. Remaining 388.16 hectares was used for other purposes.

Approximately 90% of the area of Yogyakarta city is used for community housing and urban activities.

1.5 Freshwater Resources

1.5.1 Surface Run-off Yogyakarta is crossed by 3 rivers flowing in parallel from the North to the South. The rivers originate on the south side of Merapi Mountain and become part of rivers flowing radially from Merapi Mountain. When rainfall occurs on the side of Merapi Mountain that contains permeable soil, then this water infiltrates and percolates to the aquifer. Rivers in the region are spring-fed and flows are commensurate to rainfall in the region.

1.5.2 Groundwater Resources The source of groundwater recharge in Yogyakarta City can be differentiated into two sources; natural recharge from precipitation and urban recharge. As only 9% of the population in the city is served by the sewage system, it can be assumed that wastewater from on-site sanitation, latrines, soakaways and leakages from water supply also add significantly to groundwater recharge.

1.6 Climate

1.6.1 Type of Climate The weather in Yogyakarta is warm, with equatorial sunshine all year round. Yogyakarta weather doesn't have a wide variation throughout the year, with two basic seasons dominating the calendar:  Dry season during April-October  Wet season during November-March

Figure 1.1: Average Precipitation in Yogyakarta City

1.6.2 Wind Profile The monsoon winds blowing to the South-West direction (220°) are moist and bring rain. The summer monsoon winds blowing to the South-East direction (90° - 140°) are somewhat dry with ± with an average speed of 5-16 knots / hour.

1.6.3 Average Daytime Temperature

Figure 1.2: Average temperature of 23° C - 26°C

1.7 Natural Hazards/Constraints

Yogyakarta is known as a volcanic disaster prone city. It is near the "ring of fire" of Mount Merapi, a very active volcano that often emits gray smoke and hot molten lava. Despite it being a dangerous and active volcano, it is one of the major tourist attractions in Yogyakarta.

Earthquakes and tsunamis also occur in the city. Although few were recorded as compared to volcanic eruptions, the 2006 earthquake caused severe damage in the region, which resulted in increasing awareness among citizens about the impacts of earthquakes and required precautionary measures.

1.8 Population

1.8.1 Population Size  636,660 (GeoNames geographical database, January 17, 2012)

1.8.2 Population Growth  Growth Rate: -0.22% / year (2010)

Table 1.1: Population by Income Category (Urban Classification) Income Category 1999 2002 2005 2006 2007 Under Poverty Line 31,443 17,420 20,777 21,226 21,203 Under 1.5X Poverty Line 57,724 59,003 52,394 45,990 37,443 Middle Income 300,820 329,856 262,874 286,551 302,249 20% Highest Income 97,145 101,148 84,463 88,442 90,223 Total 487,132 507,427 420,508 442,209 451,118 Source: Susenas or National Socio-Economic Survey

1.9 Tempo of Urbanization

Percentage of urban population in Yogyakarta City is 11.24%. It is the lowest among the cities in the districts of the DIY (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta) province.

1.9.1 Housing As a developing country, most cities of Indonesia face urbanization problems. The prediction of rapid urbanization in big cities of Indonesia like Yogyakarta is expected to result in a large number of informal settlements, accounting for more than 80% of total city population in 2025. To overcome this problem, the Indonesian Government issued the Flat Housing Regulation no. 16/1985 to bench mark those cities and improve housing conditions.

1.10 Local Economy

Table 1.2: Water Supply Production of water supply 15,603,774 m2 Water volumes distributed 9,678,818 m2 (62.027% of total production) Number of customers (2008) 34,320 Household 31,063 Government 1,084 Source: http://www.jogjakota.go.id/app/modules/upload/files/dok-perencanaan/13-jogja-dlm-angka2009.pdf

To fulfil the need of water for the community, the local government has developed a water supply system by a local government company (PDAM). But, limitation of service coverage of the water supply system and unwillingness of people to use water supplied by PDAM, has resulted in the cropping up of dug wells to fulfil their water supply.

1.11 Wastewater

Centralized wastewater facility in Yogyakarta is managed by Dinas or the local government. Shallow infiltration wells are used as alternative way to dispose domestic wastewater direct into groundwater.

1.12 Domestic Water Supply

PDAM is a local water service provider for the whole region of Yogyakarta. In Indonesia, the government manages water supply and distribution. The central government has responsibility as a supervisor and policy maker at the national level, while the local government together with local water enterprise (PDAM) is responsible for daily operation and distribution of water to citizens. Groundwater is considered as the main source of water by the people of Yogyakarta City.

1.13 Electric Power Supply

The Perusahaan Listrik Negara is the State Electricity Company in Indonesia that helps regulate the supply of electricity in Yogyakarta.

Electrical current is 120/230 volts, 50 Hz. A variety of plugs are in use including the European two-pin and UK-style three-pin.

1.14 Transport Facilities

Yogyakarta Airport is the local airport in the city. Trans Jogja, the official public bus service is also operational in the city.

Table 1.3: Transport facilities in Yogyakarta city Number of 4-wheeled or more 1,468 units Public Transportation 32.56% Truck 3.27% Bus 63.56%

Tugu Station (business and executive class) 2 Railways Stations Lempuyangan Station (goods and economic class) Source: http://www.jogjakota.go.id/app/modules/upload/files/dok-perencanaan/13-jogja-dlm- angka2009.pdf

1.15 Solid Waste Management

1.15.1 Waste Data

Waste Generated: 0.66 kg/capita/day Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in Yogyakarta city is estimated at around 349 ton/day (0.66 kg/capita/day) with the level of service (LoS) of 85% in 2009.

Waste Reduction  Paper: 12.9%  Plastic: 7.5%

Waste Density  400 kg/m3

1.15.2 Programs for Solid Waste Management:

Independent Solid Waste Management of the City Since 2005, Yogyakarta City has implemented a 3R program (Reduce, Reuse, dan Recycle). Socialization of Independent Solid Waste Management Movement (Gerakan Pengelolaan Sampah Mandiri) is conducted frequently in order to change people's behaviour and encourage them to manage their own garbage.

Biopores

Biopores is one example of an independent waste management system implemented in Yogyakarta City. Biopores recycles organic waste to produce compost fertilizer. Organic wastes are placed in the biopore and harvesting is done at a maximum of 4 months later. The Mayor of Yogyakarta City launched "A Million Biopores Movement" in all the 45 Kelurahan (sub-districts) of Yogyakarta City in July 2009. It is done by the people and supported by all institutions within Yogyakarta Municipality.

Urban Solid Waste Management On average, there is a solid waste generation of 1,010.784 m3/day (± 202 ton) to TPA Piyungan (Piyungan Landfill), citizens manage their waste through the 3R program (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) which has significantly reduced the daily garbage picked-up and deposited to landfills.

“No Stay-Overnight Garbage” Law enforcement for those who dispose garbage inappropriately according to the Perda Kota Yogyakarta (City Ordinance) No. 18 Year 2002 on Urban Solid Waste Management is a fine that can be as high as Rp. 20,000,000.00 equivalent to USD 2,124.00

1.15.3 Yogyakarta Province Primary Energy Supply In order to meet local energy needs, the regional government of Yogyakarta needs to import almost all primary energy. Yogyakarta Province has identified that it does not have any non- renewable energy sources such as liquid fossil fuels, coal and natural gas. Consequently, these fuels must be sourced from other provinces in Indonesia. However, regional governments, research institutions, universities and NGOs are focusing on the development and use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, ocean wave, hydro and biomass, available in different cities in the province, particularly in Yogyakarta city.

1.15.4 Local Policies Plans and Guidelines Province of Yogyakarta Law no. 30 of 2007 (on energy) states that, in accordance with the national energy plan, interaction between central and local governments should aim to increase the capacity of institutional resources in the central and regional levels must be held. In this regard, the province of Yogyakarta was one of the five provinces to have joined the program CASINDO, which includes:

 Provincial Energy Efficiency Master Plan  Utilize energy efficiently and rationally without limiting the function in support of national development.  Using optimal energy needed to reduce the cost incurred (cost-effective energy saving).  Maintaining the sustainability of natural resources in the form of an energy source, through a policy of technology selection and use energy efficiently, rationally, and to realize a sustainable energy supply capability.  Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and emissions of other gases (SOx, NOx) to become an important part in preventing or mitigating climate change.

1.16 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

According to CASINDO 2011 Report, the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) depends on energy supply from other regions. The increase in energy demand and decreasing energy supply has to be addressed through strategic measures.

Measures to reduce energy consumption within the community are being actively promoted. The existing energy policy aims at promoting the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency measures.

2. Methodology

One of the major outputs of the project is to come out with a GHG inventory of Yogyakarta city in Indonesia. The report includes sector wise carbon emissions from various energy and other sources. The emission inventory follows the principle drawn from WRI/WBCSD/ICLEI GHG Protocol (IEAP Protocol). Assessment of carbon emissions is based on fuel & electricity consumption in various sectors (Residential, Commercial, Industrial, and Transportation, etc) and on quantities and type(s) of waste disposal.

ICLEI has developed a country specific software tool - Harmonized Emissions Analysis Tool (HEAT) Plus to calculate and prepare the GHG inventory from energy consumption and waste disposal in urban areas. This software tool is specifically designed for urban local governments and specifically considers the type of energy used in the urban sector and in services delivered by the urban local bodies. The software addresses operations owned by the Government under Government Operation Emissions (which include all services such as street lighting, water supply system, sewage system, etc.) and Community Level Emissions which includes the rest of the city information (such as residential, transportation, commercial, Industrial etc.).

Measures and Metrics

Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e): CO2e is the reference of comparison of all GHGs

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CDE): A metric measure used to compare the emissions from GHGs based on their GWP. Carbon dioxide equivalents are usually expressed as “Million Metric Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide Equivalents (MMTCDE)” or “Million Short Tonnes of Carbon Dioxide Equivalents (MSTCDE)”.

Notes and Assumptions

Data has been collected from various sources, a few of which have been mentioned in the sections below. However, some information was not available, so the study used various methodologies and assumptions to create most relevant values.

2.1 Methodology

2.1.1 Project Boundaries Various services like – street lighting, water supply and water treatment, sewage treatment plants and sewage pumping stations, waste management etc are maintained by Yogyakarta City Local Government. Study area has been limited to city government jurisdiction areas.

2.1.2 Methodology Followed For the purpose of this study GHG emissions for Yogyakarta city have been estimated for both government operations and community level activities:

 Government operations inventory includes emissions from all operations that a local government owns or controls. Common sectors in a government operations inventory include local government buildings & other facilities, streetlights, and water delivery facilities.  Community-level inventory includes emissions from all community activities within the local government's jurisdiction, including emissions from residential, commercial, transportation, industrial and waste sectors.

The emissions inventory is built on carbon emission reporting standards adopted from WRI, WBSCD and ICLEI GHG protocols (IEAP protocol). Carbon emissions are estimated as a function of the total energy consumed (fuel and electricity) and/or solid wastes generated within a city and are reported according to whether emissions result from activities undertaken within the purview of government operations or community activities. Within each of these modules (government/community), emissions are further classified according to the sector in which fuels are used / waste generated (e.g.: Community module: Residential,

commercial, industrial, transportation and waste sectors). The complete methodology followed for the project is represented graphically below:

Emission Inventory for Yogyakarta City

Community level Government

Inventory level Inventory

Residential Street Light

Emission estimation Emission based on total LPG estimation based on & electricity total electricity consumption consumption

Commercial Water Supply

Emission estimation Emission based on total diesel estimation based on & electricity total electricity consumption consumption

Industrial Sewerage

System

Emission estimation based on total fuel & Emission electricity estimation based on

consumption total electricity consumption Transportation

Emission estimation based on total fuel consumed by vehicles

Waste

Emission estimation based on total waste generated by community

2.1.3 Data Collection For the purpose of data collection and GHG inventory, energy consumption in the urban area has been divided into two parts, based on the nature of activities – Community activities and Government operations.

Energy consumption for community activities undertaken within the municipal corporation jurisdiction includes electricity consumption, fuel consumption for different sectors including the consumption of fuel for waste management. Waste disposal is also considered under community activities.

Energy consumption from Government operations includes the energy consumed for maintaining various municipal services, street lighting, water supply and treatment, sewage treatment and waste management.

Yogyakarta Local Government The Regional Government of Yogyakarta consists of the Head of the Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Region. The Governor of the territory is considered the Head of the Special Region of Yogyakarta and also the Head of the Territory.

Unlike other heads of regions in Indonesia, the governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has the privilege or special status of not being bound by a specified duration of holding office, nor by the requirements for appointment to the office of the Governor. However, he still has to, in terms of responsibility, carry out their duties. He has the same responsibilities as other heads of regions in Yogyakarta.

Yogyakarta City consists of 14 districts, 45 sub-districts, 614 surrounding groups, and 2.524 neighborhood groups with area of 32.5 km².

Regency (Kabupaten) and city (Kota) are levels of local government within a province. They are responsible for the provision of civic amenities like public schools and public health facilities.

Regency and city are both governed by an elected local government and legislative body. The difference between regency and city lies in demographics, size and economics. Generally regency has a larger area than a city and a city usually has non-agricultural economic activities. Regency is headed by a regent (Bupati), while a city is headed by a mayor (Walikota) and each has their own representatives. They are elected by popular vote for a term of 5 years.

2.1 Data pertaining to energy consumption in the project city is collected from different departments. The data collected is then analyzed and GHG inventory is prepared for the city.

Following Table 2.1 lists the different departments from where data has been collected for the study:

Table 2.1: List of Departments/Organizations Consulted for Data Collection Department/Organization's Energy Department, Yogyakarta Municipal Corporation Environment Department, Yogyakarta Municipal Corporation Oil Distribution Companies Food and civil Supply Department Transport Department Electricity Department Waste Department

2.1.4 Tool Used ICLEI has developed an in house software tool called Harmonised Emissions Analysis Tool (HEAT) plus to calculate GHG emissions from energy consumption in urban areas. This software tool is specifically designed for urban local governments. Carbon emissions are estimated as a function of the total energy consumed (fuel and electricity) and/or solid wastes generated within a city and are reported according to whether emissions result from activities undertaken within the purview of government operations/community activities. Within each of these modules (government/community), emissions are further classified according to the sector in which fuels are used / waste generated (e.g.: Community module: Residential, commercial, industrial, transportation and waste sectors). This software tool is equipped with multiple features which not only calculate emissions for cities, but also provides cities with a number of reports for different sectors and also helps identify priority sectors for the action plan. For more information on HEAT+ software please login www.heat.iclei.org.

2.2 The HEAT+ Methodology/Formula

Estimation of GHG gases from Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Transport and Waste sectors using HEAT+ software, is on the basis of secondary data collected from various city departments listed in Table 2.1 and the published reports of the Govt. Departments.

2.2.1 The Overall HEAT+ -Community Inventory Module HEAT+ uses the IPCC methodology approach (based on fuel and electricity consumption in the source sectors) for GHG gases emission estimation.

A. Residential, Commercial and Industrial Sectors

Data required on:  Fuel and electricity consumption

HEAT+ uses the following formulae to calculate emissions in the residential/commercial/industrial sectors:

Stationary Fuel Consumption Fuel Usage(Tonnes)*Emission Factor(Kg/Gj)*Energy Density(Gj/Tonnes) Electricity Grid Electricity Energy Input(eKWh)*Emission Factor(Gms/KWh) Consumption

B. Transportation Sector

Data required on:  Fuel consumed by vehicle type OR  Total annual vehicle miles/kilometers traveled in your community by vehicle type OR  Vehicle miles/kilometers (VMT/VKT) traveled, passenger miles/kilometers traveled (PMT/PKT)

The transportation sector includes all fuel use associated with the movement of goods and people within the boundaries of your community. This sector calculates emissions based on either vehicle miles/kilometers traveled or fuel consumption data by vehicle type.

HEAT+ uses the following formulae to calculate the emissions from the transportation sector: Fuel Consumption Based Emission Factor (Gm/Km)*Fuel Efficiency (Considering Fuel Efficiency) (Km/Mj)*Energy Density (Gj/Ltr)*Fuel Usage (Ltrs) Transportation Fuel Consumption Based Fuel Usage (ltrs)*Emission Factor (Considering Energy Density) (Kg/Gj)*Energy Density (Gj/Ltr) Distance Based (Considering Emission Factor (Kg/Km)*Distance Travelled VKT/VMT) – No Fleet (Km) Makeup Distance Based (Considering (Distance Travelled(Km)*Fuel Fuel Economy) – No Fleet Consumption(Ltr/Km))/Occupancy Makeup Factor*Emission Factor(Kg/Gj)*Energy Density(Gj/Ltr)

C. Waste Sector

Data required on:  Total annual amount of waste hauled to landfill  Percentage composition breakdown of landfill waste  Estimate of the percent of landfill methane recovered  Amount of waste present in local landfills  Landfill opening and closing dates

Emission from the waste sector has been estimated using default method by using the total waste reaching the landfill sites annually and its organic content. The waste sector covers all

waste generated by the community, as well as any waste that is brought to landfills or other waste management facilities that are wholly or partly owned or controlled by the local government. As it decomposes, waste creates emissions (e.g., methane) that can be significant in the context of your inventory.

HEAT+ calculates emissions from waste based on the amount and composition of waste in your community, waste management strategies employed, and the rate of methane recovery (if any) at local landfills. Using the Methane Commitment calculator, HEAT+ calculates the methane emissions that will eventually occur due to waste production in the base year, and assigns them to the base year. HEAT+ can also calculate methane emissions occurring from waste already present in landfills using the Waste Site Closure - OD calculator, based on the First Order of Decay algorithm.

Table 2.2: HEAT+ Use the Following Formula to Calculate the Emissions in the Waste Sector: [(1-R)A+B+C+D]*Quantity of Waste R - Methane Recovery Factory, A - eCO2 emissions of methane per tonne of waste at the disposal site, B - eCO2 sequestered at the disposal site, in tonnes per tonne of waste, Methane Commitment C - eCO2 sequestered in the forest as the result of waste reduction and recycling measures Forest Sq, D - Upstream emissions from manufacturing energy use saved as the result of waste reduction or recycling, in tonnes of eCO2 per tonne of waste

Landfill Waste (Managed or Unmanaged)

QCH4= annual methane generation in the year of the calculation (m3/year) i = 1 year time increment - goes from 0 to n and not 1 to n n = (year of the calculation) - (initial year of waste acceptance) j = 0.1 year time increment Waste Site Closure – k = methane generation rate (year-1) FOD Lo = potential methane generation capacity (m3/Mg) Mi = mass of waste accepted in the ith year (Mg) tij = age of the jth section of waste mass Mi accepted in the ith year (decimal years, e.g., 3.2 years)

2.2.2 Government Inventory Module The government inventory module is designed to help you create an inventory of greenhouse gas and criteria air pollutant emissions produced directly by government's own operations (e.g., from local government-owned and local government-operated buildings, vehicles, streetlights, water pumping and sewage treatment operations). Operationally similar to the community inventory module, the government inventory module is organized into following sectors: buildings, facilities (streetlights, water/sewage), transportation, waste and other. Based on the information on fuel and electricity use and waste production, this module calculates greenhouse gas and criteria air pollutant emissions resulting directly from your local government's operations.

A. Buildings, Streetlights, Water/Sewage Sector These sectors include fuel and electricity use (owned and/or occupied by local government) HEAT+ uses the following formulae to calculate emissions in building sectors:

Stationary Fuel Consumption Fuel Usage(Tonnes)*Emission Factor(Kg/Gj)*Energy Density(Gj/Tonnes) Electricity Grid Electricity Energy Input(eKWh)*Emission Factor(Gms/KWh) Consumption

B. Transportation (Vehicle Fleet) The vehicle fleet includes all vehicles owned and/or operated by local government, including road vehicles, construction equipment etc. Both owned and leased vehicles should be included. HEAT+ allows users to define fleet characteristics within the emission factor trees – which can then be used in the “with fleet” calculators. The fleet characteristics may be enhanced as and when there is a modification in the number and nature of vehicles in the Government fleet.

HEAT+ uses the following formulae to calculate the emissions in the transportation sector:

Fuel Consumption Based Emission Factor (Gm/Km)*Fuel Efficiency (Considering Fuel (Km/Mj)*Energy Density (Gj/Ltr)*Fuel Usage Transportation Efficiency) (Ltrs) Fuel Consumption Based Fuel Usage (ltrs)*Emission Factor (Kg/Gj)*Energy (Considering Energy Density (Gj/Ltr) Density) Distance Based Emission Factor (Kg/Km)*Distance Travelled (Considering VKT/VMT) (Km) Distance Based (Distance Travelled(Km)*Fuel (Considering Fuel Consumption(Ltr/Km))/Occupancy Economy) Factor*Emission Factor(Kg/Gj)*Energy Density(Gj/Ltr)

2.2.3 Emission Factors HEAT+ contains thousands of emission factors and energy densities for a wide range of fuels, combustion technologies and waste types. HEAT+ uses these values to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions and criteria air pollutants resulting from electricity usage, fuel consumption and waste decomposition. HEAT+ maintains a set of default emission factors and energy densities. It also allows for the creation of user defined emission factors. You are able to view the values in the default set, but you cannot change these values. If you would like to edit certain factors, you are required to write to the HEAT+ coordinator with a specific request; the emission factor data is then visible and can be modified in your HEAT+ login session.

2.2.4 Energy Densities HEAT+ contains energy densities for three different fuel types: solid, liquid, and gaseous. Solid fuels only have a weight (mass) density. Liquid fuels have both a weight (mass) and volume (liquid volume) density. Gaseous fuels only have a gas (gaseous volume) density. HEAT+ maintains a set of default energy densities. You are able to view the values in the default set, but you cannot change these values.

2.2.5 How does HEAT+ Calculate Emissions? HEAT+ calculates greenhouse gas and criteria air pollutant emissions produced and avoided based on energy use, waste production and other sources. The pollutants that HEAT+ tracks are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and coarse particulate matter (PM10). In addition to reporting emissions of these individual gases, HEAT+ also aggregates the emissions of the three primary greenhouse gases—CO2, N2O and CH4 - and reports them in carbon dioxide equivalence (eCO2), a commonly used unit that combines greenhouse gases of differing impact on the earth's climate into one weighted unit.

HEAT + calculates emissions from energy use on an end-use basis. For example, HEAT+ attributes the emissions associated with a kilowatt-hour of electricity to the jurisdiction using the electricity, not the power plant at which the electricity is generated. For emissions from energy use, the software converts energy use data into emissions using specific emission

factors (coefficients) that relate the emissions of a particular pollutant (e.g., carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide) to the quantity of the fuel used (e.g., kilograms of coal or therms of natural gas) and the technology in which the fuel is combusted (e.g., a two-stroke internal combustion engine).

HEAT+ calculates methane emissions from the waste sector based on the way in which the biomass component of the waste decomposes over time. The amount of methane generated by waste depends on its composition and on the waste disposal technology. In addition, for measures that reduce waste generation or divert waste to more productive uses (e.g., composting and recycling), HEAT+ calculates upstream energy and non-energy emissions reductions from manufacturing.

3. City Energy Consumption Status

This chapter details out the total energy consumption from different energy sources in Yogyakarta city. Energy consumption in the residential, commercial, industrial, waste and municipal sectors is also identified.

3.1 Yogyakarta City Energy Consumption profile

3.1.1 Sectoral Electricity Consumption Pattern for Yogyakarta City The power consumption status in various sectors is given in the table below. The domestic, industrial and commercial sectors account for a majority of the power consumption out of the total supply.

Table 3.1: Power Consumption by Various Sectors in Yogyakarta City Sector 2011-12 (KWh) Residential 273782962 Commercial 170204228 Other 7183837 Industry 27453449 Street Lighting 15650223 Water Supply & Sewage 572704 Total 494847403 Source: Electricity Department, City Local Government

Figure 3.1: The Sectoral Electricity consumption Pattern

Table 3.2: Power Consumption in Yogyakarta City Energy (kWh) 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Power 444,430,085 474,901,997 503,766,172 Consumption

Electricity consumption is also increasing and has gone up by 13% between 2008-09 and 2010-11. Figure 4.2 shows the electricity consumption trend in Yogyakarta city.

Figure 3.2: Trend of Electricity Consumption

3.2 Energy Consumption in Residential Sector

Electricity consumption in the residential sector is given in the table below.

Table 3.3: Electricity Consumption in Residential Sector Year Electricity Consumption (kWh) 2009 231,197,173 2010 132,746,155 2011 273,782,962

Figure 4.3 shows the electricity consumption trend in the residential sector.

300 250 h 200 W k 150 n lio 100 il M 50 - 2009 2010 2011 Year

Figure 3.3: Trend in electricity consumption

The amount of kerosene consumed in Yogyakarta city in 2011 is 1840 MT. The amount of LPG consumed in the city since 2009 is tabulated in Table 4.4. The consumption of kerosene has marginally reduced over the last one year though not significantly.

Table 3.4: LPG consumption in Yogyakarta city Year Consumption (Kilo Liter) 2009 3537038 2010 4191038 2011 3997360

Figure 4.4 gives the trend in LPG consumption

Figure 3.4: Trend of LPG consumption in Yogyakarta city

3.3 Energy Consumption in Commercial Sector

The amount of electricity consumed in the commercial sector in Yogyakarta since 2009 is tabulated in Table 4.5. The consumption has marginally increased over the past years.

Table 3.5: Electricity consumption in commercial sector Year Electricity Consumption (kWh) 2009 163,137,431 2010 168,470,214 2011 170,204,228

Figure 4.5 gives the trend of electricity consumption in Commercial sector

Figure 3.5: Trend in electricity consumption in commercial sector

3.4 Energy Consumption in Industrial Sector

The amount of electricity consumed in the industrial sector in Yogyakarta since 2009 is tabulated in Table 4.6. The consumption has marginally increased over the past years.

Table 3.6: Electricity Consumption in Industrial Sector Year Electricity Consumption (kWh) 2009 27,723,035 2010 29,544,616 2011 27,453,449

Figure 4.6 gives the trend in industrial sector

Figure 3.6: Trend in electricity consumption in industrial sector

Coal Consumption in Industrial Sector

The amount of coal consumed in the industrial sector in Yogyakarta since 2009 is tabulated in Table 4.7.

Table 3.7: Coal Consumption in Industrial Sector

Year Kilo Grams 2009 1,425,600 2010 1,651,800 2011 1,658,700

Figure 4.7 gives the trend in coal consumption in Industrial Sector

Figure 3.7: Trend in coal consumption in industrial sector

3.5 Waste Sector

Figure 4.8 illustrates the trend of waste generation in the city which was the highest in the year 2010. The city is witnessing a decrease in waste generation since 2010, due to the initiatives on the 3Rs taken up by the City.

Table 3.8: Waste Generation in Yogyakarta city Year Total Volume of Solid Waste Generated (ton) 2009 50,261.74 2010 71,156.51 2011 60,392.93

Figure 4.9 gives the trend in Waste Generation in Yogyakarta city

Figure 3.8: Trend of Waste Generation in Yogyakarta city

3.6 Transportation Sector

Yogyakarta city has significant reliance on its private transport infrastructure. There are 243576 registered vehicles in the city as per the data from December 2011.

Table 3.9: Category wise registration of Vehicle up to December 2011

Type of Vehicle PU BN-I Sedan Station (private) 8,639 71 Sedan Station (public) 399 -- Jeep (private) 3,239 144 Jeep (public) -- -- Minibus St. Wagon, Amb, Combi (private) 20,832 2,201 Minibus St. Wagon, Amb, Combi (Public) 80 19 Bus, Micro Bus (private) 283 13 Bus, Micro Bus (Public) 606 46 Pick Up, Box (private) 5,060 284 Pick Up, Box (public) -- -- Truck (private) 1,856 71 Truck (public) 36 2 motorcycle 1,80,860 18,835 Sum 221890 21686 Total -- 243576 PU : activated vehicles BN I : new vehicles this year; Source: Vehicle Register and Pay Tax, Regional Tax Services Office for City/Region

The following section gives a brief overview about the amount of fuel (petrol, diesel, kerosene and LPG) consumed by within Yogyakarta city. The amount of petrol consumed in the city since 2006 is tabulated in Table 4.10. With the increase in the number of vehicles, the consumption of petrol has also increased. Figure 4.9 gives the trend in petrol consumption.

Table 3.10: Petrol consumption in Yogyakarta city Year Quantity (KL) Increase/Decrease 2006-07 348512 5.09% 2007-08 364473 4.58% 2008-09 392320 7.64% 2009-10 425688 8.51% 2010-11 458064 7.61%

Figure 4.9 gives the trend of petrol consumption in Yogyakarta City

Figure 3.9: Trend of Petrol consumption in Yogyakarta city

The amount of diesel consumed in the city since 2006 is tabulated below. With the increase in the number of vehicles, the consumption of diesel has also increased. Diesel consumption follows a similar trend as that of petrol.

Table 3.11: Diesel consumption in Yogyakarta city Year Quantity (MT) 2006-07 91,496 2007-08 92,822 2008-09 101,456 2009-10 104,504 2010-11 112,640

Figure 4.10 gives the trend in diesel consumption.

Figure 3.10: Trend of Diesel consumption in Yogyakarta city

3.7 Energy Consumption in Government Owned Operations

Water supply, sanitation and solid waste management constitute basic essential services for which the main responsibility of service provision lies with public authorities. Provision of potable water and safe sanitation to all is the ultimate goal of the government. However, achieving this goal and providing services at the desired level has been the main challenge for public authorities concerned with these services. The cost of service provision is a primary concern. Energy costs contribute significantly to the overall cost of service provision. Decreasing the energy intensity of service provision also has a significant impact on carbon emissions from government owned operations. However, in order to understand the potential for increasing the energy efficiency of service provision, an overview of the status of these basic services is necessary.

3.7.1 Electricity Consumption The table below gives a brief overview of the electricity consumed in street lighting. The maximum energy sold has been in the year 2011-12. Figure 4.11 shows the trend of electricity consumption in Street Lighting Sector. Electricity consumption in street lighting (SL) has also been increasing since 2006.

Table 3.12: Power Consumption by SL Sector in Yogyakarta City Sold energy (KWH) 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Street Lighting 11165845 12387959 12304520 14794626 15650223

Figure 3.11: Trend of Electricity Consumption in SL Sector

The table below gives a brief overview of the electricity consumed in the government building sector. The maximum energy supplied to this sector has been in the year 2011-12.

Table 3.13: Energy consumption in building sector Year Energy Sold (kWh) 2008-09 4284220 2009-10 1092984 2010-11 1732360

Figure 4.12 shows the trend of electricity consumption in the building sector.

Figure 3.12: Trend of Electricity Consumption in Building Sector

3.7.2 Water Supply and Treatment Electricity consumption for water pumping is tabulated below

Table 3.14: Total energy consumption in water supply Year Electricity Consumption (kWh) 2009 220420 2010 115380 2011 356080 2012 188345

Figure 4.13 shows the trend of electricity consumption for water pumping

Figure 3.13: Electricity consumption trend for water pumping

Electricity consumption in sewerage treatment plants is tabulated below

Table 3.15: Electricity Consumption in Sewerage Treatment Plants Year Electricity Consumption (kWh) 2009 186000 2010 175200 2011 216624 2012 149536

Figure 4.14 shows the trend of electricity consumption in sewerage treatment plants

Figure 3.14: Electricity Consumption trend in Sewage Treatment Plants

4. Yogyakarta GHG Inventory

4.1 Community Level GHG Emissions

The community level GHG emission inventory was created by compiling available data on fuel and electricity consumption, within the given time frame and resources of the project, and is intended to identify the city’s primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions. City specific consumption data was used where available. In the absence of city-specific data, available consumption data for the country or province was then proportionately extrapolated to the city based on appropriate population ratios. The data presented in the following sections represents a best estimate of the city’s greenhouse gas emissions, based on available data sources.

Greenhouse gas emissions inventory for Yogyakarta was developed on the basis of the IEAP protocol. Based on this inventory, the total emissions from the City of Yogyakarta for the year 2010-2011 were 0.41 million metric tons (MMT).

Table 4.1: Community GHG Inventory 2010-11 Sector GHG Emissions as CO2 e (tones) Percentage (%) Domestic 215,373 55 Commercial 126,557 32 Industrial 21,593 5 Transportation 2,173 1 Waste 23,780 6 Others 5,122 1 Total 394,598 100

The above figure summarizes city greenhouse gas emissions by sector. For the year 2010-11, over 55% of the city’s greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to residential sector. The commercial sector accounts for 32% of the city’s total emissions. The industrial sector produces 5% of the total city emissions.

Figure 5.1 shows the carbon emission pattern for Yogyakarta city.

Figure 4.1: Yogyakarta City Carbon Emission (Community level), (2010-11)

4.2 GHG Emissions from Government Owned Operations

An inventory for GHG emissions from government owned operations of Yogyakarta was developed based on the IEAP protocol. Based on this inventory, 0.02 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) GHG emissions were estimated from government owned operations in Yogyakarta.

Table 4.2: Government Owned Operation GHG Inventory 2010-11 Particulars GHG Emissions as CO2e (tonnes) % Contribution Government Buildings 6,359.08 35.5 Street Lighting 11,158.61 62.2 Water Supply (SPS) 253.89 1.4 Sewerage System (STP) 154.45 0.9 Total 17,926.03

The above figure summarizes the city greenhouse gas emissions from government owned operations. For the year 2010-11, street lighting (62.2%) is the major contributor to GHG emissions in government owned operations, followed by government buildings (35.5%). Public water supply & sewerage pumping stations contribute minimally to GHG emissions (2.4%).

Figure 5.2 shows sectoral contribution to carbon emissions from government operations within Yogyakarta city.

Figure 4.2: Yogyakarta City Carbon Emission (Govt. operations), (2010-11)

4.3 Total City Emissions

Table 4.3: Total City Emissions Sector GHG Emission (MMT) Community 0.39 Corporation 0.02

Total 0.41

The above figure summarizes the total city greenhouse gas emissions. For the year 2010-11, 93% emissions came from the community sectors and 7% emissions came from government owned operations.

Figure 4.3: Yogyakarta Total City Carbon Emission (2010-11)

5. Low Carbon Action plans –Yogyakarta City

This chapter presents various low carbon sectoral action plans for Yogyakarta city, exclusively targeted towards Yogyakarta city, based on the priority sectors identified in the GHG emissions inventory. Three action plan scenarios have been developed with 5%, 10%, and 15% reduction targets.

Yogyakarta city government may consider these suggested low carbon actions while drafting their ‘city climate change agenda’ for the next five years.

For the residential sector, potential for introducing renewable energy based devices has analyzed based on present energy use pattern of the residents, economic level, availability of such products and economic feasibility. The most suitable technology options for this sector are:

(i) Solar water heaters (ii) Solar lanterns (iii) Solar home system (iv) Solar PV system

The commercial and institutional sector has been divided in to three broad categories – hotels, restaurants and hospitals. These categories are again sub divided based on their capacity and functional differences.

An indicative financial implication, energy savings, payback period and GHG emission reductions has been estimated for each renewable energy option that has been suggested in each of these sectors. Based on the energy utilization pattern, the following renewable energy systems have been recommended in this sector.

(v) Solar water heaters for all hotels, hospitals, restaurants & residential institutes (vi) Solar steam cooking for hostels and restaurants (vii) Solar PV system for captive use and peak load reduction

5.1 RE Strategies for Residential Sector

Different renewable energy options have been proposed based on the technology available and economic feasibility. Only those renewable energy devices are recommended which are technically proven, commercially available and attractive in terms of financial benefit from energy savings.

Installation of Solar Water Heating (SWH) System The installation of SWH systems in residential complexes has significant impact on energy savings and on the consequent emission reduction potential. The energy saving and GHG reduction potentials for 3 different target scenarios are presented in the table below.

Table 5.1: Potential for SWHs installation in Yogyakarta City Particulars Unit Data Total Residential households in Yogyakarta Nos. 252400 Residential household using geysers % 20% Percentage Target to replace electric geyser by % 5% 10% 15% SWH in next 5 years Number of SWH to be installed in five years Nos. 2524 5048 7572 Total energy saved in five years MU 4 8 11.9 Indicative cost of Installation Million USD 1.17 2.34 3.51 Emission Reduction per year Tonnes 3220 6440 9660

Solar lanterns to replace kerosene lamps/ candles The use of kerosene lanterns is fairly considerable in Yogyakarta. The emissions reduction that can be brought about by the replacement of kerosene/candles with solar lanterns is substantial. The relevant techno-commercial details are provided in the table below for the three different target scenarios – replacement of kerosene lamps in 5%, 10% and 15% of households that are using them.

Table 5.2: Introducing solar lanterns in Yogyakarta City Particulars Unit Data Total Residential household Nos. 252400 Residential household use kerosene lamps –assuming % 4% Target to replace kerosene lamp in 5 years % 5% 10% 15% Number of SL to be installed in 5 years plan Nos. 505 1010 1514 Million Indicative cost of installation 0.03 0.06 0.08 USD Savings in terms of Electricity MU 0.18 0.37 0.55 Emission reduction per year Tonnes 46 92 138

Use Solar Home Systems (SHS) A Solar Home System is a fixed indoor lighting system and consists of a solar PV module, a battery and the balance of systems (BOS). The capacity of such a system could be 18Wp, 37Wp and 74Wp, depending on the configuration. The luminaries used in the above systems comprise compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) of 7 W / 9 W / 11 W capacities respectively. The fan is of a DC type with less than 20 W rating. One battery of 12 V, 40 / 75 Ah capacity is also provided with SPV modules of 37Wp / 74Wp, as required. The system will work for about 4 hours daily, if charged regularly.

Table 5.3: Introducing solar home systems in Yogyakarta City Capacity of residential Solar Home System 74 Wp Number lights per Solar Home System 4 Nos. Investment (USD) $296 USD

Particulars Unit Data Total Residential households Nos. 252400

Particulars Unit Data Target to implement SHS in 5 years % 5% 10% 15% Number of SHS to be installed in 5 years Nos. 505 1010 1514 Million Indicative cost of installation USD 0.15 0.30 0.45 Savings in terms of Electricity MU 0.80 1.60 2.39 Emission reduction in five years Tonnes 202 403 605

Using Solar PV for Generator sets The replacement of diesel generator sets with solar photo voltaic (SPV) units is being encouraged as a means of limiting their use as a power back up option.

Table 5.4: Target for replacement DG/Kerosene Generator sets with Solar PV units for Yogyakarta City Particulars Unit Data Total Residential household Nos. 252400 Residential household using generators during load shedding % 5% Target to introduce solar power pack in 5 years % 5% 10% 15% Number of solar power pack to be installed in 5 years Nos. 631 1262 1893 plan Total Energy generated by PV arrays in five years MU 0.95 1.89 2.84 Million Indicative cost of installation 3.04 6.09 9.13 USD Total Emissions reduction in five year for replacement of Tonnes 1282.19 2564.38 3846.58 diesel

Table 5.5: Renewable Energy Systems for Residential Apartment Complex Solar Water Heater System Particulars Unit Data Total number of apartment in the city Nos. 332 % of residential apartment suitable for 30 installation of RE system % % of residential apartment targeted for RE % system integration 5% 10% 15% Total capacity of SWH to be installed in 5 LPD 49800 99600 149400 years plan Total energy saved in five years MU 0.59 1.18 1.76 Million Indicative cost of installation USD 0.2 0.41 0.61 Emission reduction in five years Tonnes 498 996 1494 Solar PV Power Plant for Backup power Total number of apartment in the city Nos. 332 % of residential apartment suitable for % 30 installation of RE system % of residential apartment targeted for RE % system integration 5% 10% 15% Total capacity of PV systems for targeted kWp 498 996 1494 apartments for 5 years Indicative cost of incorporating Solar PV to Million 2.08 4.16 6.24 Home Inverter USD Total Energy generated by PV arrays in five MU 7.47 14.94 22.41

years Emission reduction in five years Tonnes 6051 12101 18152 All techno-economical details of renewable energy strategic key action plans for especially residential sector are summarized below:

Table 5.6: Summary of RE Strategy for Residential Sector RE Strategy for Number of RE System Total Investment Amount of Energy Emissions Reductions Residential Sector will be Installed (Million USD) Saved (MU) (Tonnes) Different Scenario 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% (%) SWHS 2524 5048 7572 1.17 2.34 3.51 4 8 11.9 3220 6440 9660

Solar Lanter to replace Kerosene 505 1010 1514 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.18 0.37 0.55 46 92 138 lamps

Solar Home System for kerosene lamp 504.8 1009.6 1514.4 0.15 0.30 0.45 0.80 1.60 2.39 202 403 605 replacement

Solar PV system for replacement of diesel 631 1262 1893 3.04 6.09 9.13 0.95 1.89 2.84 1282 2564 3846 set for residential use

Solar Water Total capacity of SWH Total Investment Total energy saved Emission reduction in five to be installed in 5 years Heater (Million USD) in five years (MU) years (tonnes) System plan (LPD) 49800 99600 149400 0.20 0.41 0.61 0.59 1.18 1.76 498 996 1494 Solar PV Total capacity of PV Total Energy Power Plant systems for targeted Total Investment generated by PV Emission reduction in five for Back up apartments for 5 years (Million USD) arrays in five years years (tonnes)

Renewable Energy Renewable Energy (kWp) (MU) Apartment Complex Complex Apartment power Systems for Residential 498 996 1494 2.08 4.16 6.24 7.47 14.94 22.41 6051 12101 18152 Total 6.67 13.36 20.02 13.99 27.98 41.85 11299 22596 33896

5.2 RE Strategy for Commercial and Institutional Sector

The commercial & institutional sector accounts for a substantial portion of the energy consumption in Yogyakarta city. Introduction of solar water heater systems should be given prime importance in the hospitality and health care sectors and also in educational campuses.

Table 5.7: RE Strategy for Educational Institutes Solar Cooker/ Steam Educational Institutes generating system for Cooking Solar PV System (kWp) (sqm collector area) % Target in 5 years 5% RE System Proposed 403 118 Energy Savings (MU) 0.26 0.18 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 223 151 Investment (Million USD) 0.11 0.38 Target in 5 years 10% RE System Proposed 806 237 Energy Savings (MU) 0.52 0.00 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 445 0.20 Investment (Million USD) 0.22 0.77 Target in 5 years 15%

Solar Cooker/ Steam Educational Institutes generating system for Cooking Solar PV System (kWp) (sqm collector area) RE System Proposed 1209 355

Energy Savings (MU) 0.79 0.01

Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 668 1589 Investment (Million USD) 0.34 1.15

RE Strategy for Hospitality Sector Yogyakarta has 301 hotels including two 5-star category hotels and three 3-star category hotels. Major energy requirements such as hot water and electricity could partially be met by solar energy. Solar thermal systems can be used to generate hot water or steam for cooking. Solar PV power plants can be used to reduce or eliminate use of diesel generators. Hotels also generate bio waste which can be used to produce biogas through a bio-methanation process. Solar pumps and solar garden lights can be used for sprinkling water and beautification.

Table 5.8: Recommended Renewable Energy Systems for Hotels

Hotels Solar Water Solar PV System Biogas System Heating System (kWp) (CuM) (LPD) Target in 5 years 5% RE System Proposed 47150 33 156 Energy Savings (MU) 0.71 0.05 0.3316 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 601 43 282 Investment (Million USD) 0.18 0.11 0.04 Target in 5 years 10% RE System Proposed 94300 67 313 Energy Savings (MU) 1 0.10 1 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 1202 85 564 Investment (Million USD) 0.35 0.22 0.09 Target in 5 years 15% RE System Proposed 141450 100 469 Energy Savings (MU) 2.12 0.15 0.9949 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 1803 128 846 Investment (Million USD) 0.53 0.32 0.13

Renewable Energy Systems for Restaurants Yogyakarta has a number of restaurants and eateries. Solar water heaters and solar steam generating systems can be introduced in these restaurants to meet their hot water demand for cooking and utensil cleaning. Introduction of solar water heater systems should be given prime importance followed by biogas systems and solar PV systems for diesel use abatement.

Table 5.9: Recommended Renewable Energy Systems for Restaurants Restaurants Solar Water Solar PV System Biogas System Heating System (kWp) (CuM) (LPD) Target in 5 years 5% RE System Proposed 4080 41 94 Energy Savings (MU) 0.06 0.06 0.1985

Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 52 52 169 Investment (Million USD) 0.02 0.13 0.03 Target in 5 years 10% RE System Proposed 8160 82 187

Energy Savings (MU) 0.12 0.12 0.40 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 104 104 337 Investment (Million USD) 0.03 0.27 0.05 Target in 5 years 15% RE System Proposed 12240 122 281 Energy Savings (MU) 0.18 0.18 0.5954 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 156 31 101 Investment (Million USD) 0.05 0.40 0.08

Renewable Energy Systems for Health care Sector Yogyakarta’s health care facilities consist of dispensaries, dental clinic, microsurgery, day care centre and pathological laboratories. Recommended renewable energy systems have been shown in the table below.

Table 5.10: Recommended Renewable Energy Systems for Health Care Sector

Solar Water Heating Solar PV System (kWp) Hospitals System (LPD) PV system

Target in 5 years 5% RE System Proposed 27050 60 Energy Savings (MU) 0.41 0.09 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 345 76 Investment (Million USD) 0.10 0.19 Target in 5 years 10% RE System Proposed 54100 119 Energy Savings (MU) 0.81 0.18 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 690 152 Investment (Million USD) 0.20 0.39 Target in 5 years 15% RE System Proposed 81150 179 Energy Savings (MU) 1.22 0.27 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 1035 228 Investment (Million USD) 0.30 0.58

All techno-economical details of renewable energy strategic key action plans for especially commercial sector are summarized below:

Table 5.11: Summary of RE Strategy for Commercial Sector RE Strategy for Commercial Total Investment Amount of Energy Emissions Reductions Units Target Capacity and (Million USD) Saved (MU) (Tonnes) Institutional sector Different 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% Scenario (%)

RE Strategy for Commercial Total Investment Amount of Energy Emissions Reductions Units Target Capacity and (Million USD) Saved (MU) (Tonnes) Institutional sector Different 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% Scenario (%) Solar Steam sqm 403 806 1209 0.11 0.22 0.34 0.26 0.52 0.79 223 445.32 667.97 Cooker for Cooking in Schools, Hostels, Hotels, Restaurant Solar Water LPD 78280 1996 234840 0.29 0.20 0.87 1.17 0.58 3.52 998.07 1996.14 2994.21 Heaters for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals Solar PV Power kWp 252 342 756 0.82 0.39 2.45 0.38 0.87 0.61 321.17 341.01 1975.64 Plant for Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals. Biogas for CuM 250 901 749 0.07 0.09 0.21 0.53 0.14 1.59 450.57 901.15 946.88 Hotels and Restaurants Total 1.29 0.91 3.87 2.34 2.11 6.51 1992.47 3683.62 6584.71

5.3 RE Strategy for Industrial Sector

Renewable energy devices are suggested for different categories of industrial consumers based on the type and quantum of energy demand. Low temperature solar thermal application for boiler feed water preheating is highly feasible and economically beneficial for low heat process industries like diary, textile, food process industries etc. Concentrated solar thermal application can be directly used to meet medium temperature process heat for textile, dying and food processing industries.

Solar PV system based uninterrupted power supply system will increase productivity and profitability for small industries. For medium and large industries using diesel generators, solar PV can be used for reducing the use of expensive diesel fuel. Industries with large roof areas can install solar PV power either to meet their own Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) or make investments to take benefit under Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) mechanism.

Table 5.12: RE Strategy for Industrial Sector Industries Solar Water Heating Solar PV System (kWp) System (LPD) Target in 5 years 5% RE System Proposed 230800 2310 Energy Savings (MU) 3.46 3.46 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 2943 2945 Investment (Million USD) 1 8 Target in 5 years 10% RE System Proposed 461600 4619 Energy Savings (MU) 6.92 6.93 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 5885 5889 Investment (Million USD) 2 15 Target in 5 years 15%

RE System Proposed 692400 6929 Energy Savings (MU) 10.39 10.39 Total Emission reduction (tonnes) 8828 8834 Investment (Million USD) 3 23 All techno-economical details of renewable energy strategic key action plans for especially industrial sector are summarized below:

Table 5.13: Summary of RE Strategy in Industrial Sector RE Strategy for Commercial Total Investment Amount of Energy Emissions Reductions Units Target Capacity and (Million USD) Saved (MU) (Tonnes) Institutional sector Three 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% 5% 10% 15% Scenario Solar Water LPD 230800 461600 692400 0.86 1.71 2.57 3.46 6.92 10.39 2942 5885 8828.10 Heaters Solar PV kWp 2310 4619 6929 7.50 15.00 22.50 3.46 6.93 10.39 2944 5889 8833 Power Plant 8.36 16.72 25.07 6.93 13.85 20.78 5887 11774 17661

5.4 Energy Efficiency Strategies

5.4.1 EE Strategy for Residential sector The city’s residential sector consumes the largest amount of energy. Important proven and cost effective measures for the sector are described in this section.

Replace Incandescent Lamps with Fluorescent Incandescent bulbs are the major and the most common source of high-energy consumption in residential areas. Replacement of incandescent lamps has acquired a substantial precedence in all energy efficiency strategies as the most feasible option. The techno-commercial details for the replacement of incandescent bulbs with CFLs are given below in Table 6.12. The households using incandescent bulbs have been considered as a target group for replacements.

Table 5.14: Replacement of incandescent lamps with fluorescent (CFL) Particulars Unit Data Total Residential household Nos. 252400 Household using incandescent bulb % 50% Target to replace incandescent bulb with CFL % 5% 10% 15% Number of incandescent bulb to be replaced per household Nos. 4 4 4 Total number of incandescent bulb to be replaced Nos. 25240 50480 75720 Indicative cost of installation USD 70267 140535 210802 Energy saved by replacing 60W bulb with 15W CFL kWh 2487402 4974804 7462206 Cost of electricity savings USD 161580 323159 484739 Payback period years 0.43 0.43 0.43 Emission reduction per year Tonnes 2015 4030 6044

T5 tube light + Electronic Ballast to replace T12/T8 tube light+ Magnetic Ballast

A conventional tube light (with magnetic ballast consuming 15W) consumes around 55 watts. It can be replaced with a T5 tube (28W) with electronic ballast (4W) which will require around 32W. The techno-commercial details for the replacement of T12/T8 tube lights+ magnetic ballast with T5 tube lights + electronic ballast are given below. The calculations have been done for a period of 5 years assuming replacement of T 12 /T8 tube lights in three scenario 5%, 10% and 15% of the city’s households.

Table 5.15: T5 tube light + Electronic Ballast to replace T12/T8 tube light+ Magnetic Ballast Particulars Unit Data Total Residential household Nos. 252400 Household using T8/T12 tube lights % 50% Target to replace T8/T12 by T5 tube % 5% 10% 15% lights Number of T8/T12 to be replaced per Nos. 2 2 2 household Total number of T8/T12 tubelights to be Nos. 12620 25240 37860 replaced Indicative cost of installation USD 117112 234224 351336 Energy saved by replacing T8/T12(with magnetic ballast) with T5 (with electronic kWh 423780 847559 1271339 ballast) Cost of electricity savings USD 27528 55057 82585 Payback period years 4 4 4 Emission reduction per year Tonnes 343 687 1030

5.4.2 EE Strategy for Government and Municipal Sector Government establishments and municipal services annually incur huge expenditures on electricity consumption. Hence energy efficiency has become the call of the day for municipal organizations around the world, owing to growing city needs.

Sensors for automatic on/off of street lights Yogyakarta city showed predominantly manual control of municipal streetlights and hence it is highly recommended for switch over to automatic sensors preferably solar automatic sensors.

Energy Efficiency Measures in Water Pumping Water pumping is one of the major utility practices which consume high energy. The energy efficiency initiatives for water pumping in the developing world have been going on for quite some time.

Proper pump-system design (efficient Pump, pumps heads with system heads) Proper water pumping design can result in substantial energy savings in the running and maintenance cost of water pump systems. Appropriate flow volumes and pumping head need to be defined to ensure optimum performance of the pump. Fluid flow modelling software can be utilized for designing water pumps in municipal bodies. A 10% saving is assumed for design based energy efficiency of water pumping systems. Techno-economics are given below for three possible target scenarios.

Table 5.16: Proper pump-system design (efficient Pump, pumps heads with system heads) Particulars Unit Data Total Residential household Nos. 252400 Household using Water Pumps % 90% Target to replace Conventional Water Pump by EE Pump % 10% Number of Conventional Pumps to be replaced per Nos. 1 household Total number of Conventional Pumps to be replaced Nos. 31802 Indicative cost of installation Million USD 1.18 Energy saved by replacing Conventional Water Pumps by kWh 3482363 EE Water Pumps Cost of electricity savings Million USD 0.23 Payback period years 5.22 Emission reduction per year Tonnes 2821

Installation of variable speed drivers Dimension and adjustment losses are two of the major energy loss sources in pumping processes. Adjusting pump speed or using a variable speed driver to adjust speed is one way of decreasing losses in pumping processes. An assumption of 10% savings is taken to provide the financial and technical details of installing variable speed drivers in municipal water pumping systems in Yogyakarta.

Table 5.17: Variable Speed Drivers Standard/Recommended Condition Value Annual Energy Consumption in water pumping systems (Kwh) 356080 Annual Energy Cost (USD) 23217 Saving % 10% Total Annual Saving in KWH 35607.98 Annual Saving in USD 2322 eCO2 (Tonne) Reduction 28842

Power saver installation in pump house An assumption of 10% savings is taken as the energy saving potential for installing power savers in municipal pump houses. The following techno-economics is based on this assumption.

Table 5.18: Power saver installation in pump house Standard/Recommended Condition Value Annual Energy Consumption in Kwh 356080 Annual Energy Cost (USD) 23217 Saving % 10% Total Annual Saving in KWH 35607.98 Annual Saving in USD 2322 eCO2 (Tonne) Reduction 28842

5.4.3 Energy Efficiency measures in Sewerage plants

Installation of variable speed drives Assuming savings of about 10% the financial and technical details of installing variable speed drivers in municipal sewer pumping systems in Yogyakarta is calculated below

Table 5.19: Variable speed drives Standard/Recommended Condition Value Annual Energy Consumption in Kwh 216624 Annual Energy Cost (USD) 14124 Saving % 10% Total Annual Saving in KWH 21662.40 Annual Saving in USD 1407 eCO2 (Tonne) Reduction 17547

Power saver installation in pump house It is assumed that a 10% energy saving is obtained when power savers are installed in the sewerage pumping systems. The following techno-economics is based on this assumption.

Table 5.20: Power saver installation in pump house Standard/Recommended Condition Value Annual Energy Consumption in Kwh 216624 Annual Energy Cost (USD) 14124 Saving % 10% Total Annual Saving in KWH 21662.4 Annual Saving in USD 1407 eCO2 (Tonne) Reduction 17547

5.4.4 EE Strategy for Commercial/Institutional and Industrial Sector The commercial and institutional sector primarily comprises institutes, shops, markets, hotels and restaurants. Thus efficiency and conservation have to be addressed in existing and new buildings to affect overall demand and consumption reduction. Energy efficiency in the commercial sector is also hugely dependent on replacement of conventional equipment with more energy efficient appliances. Building types in Yogyakarta’s commercial and institutional range from hotels, hospitals, shops, malls, hostels, educational institutes and restaurants. The strategies here target all these building types in Yogyakarta.

 Replacement of T12/T8 tube lights with T5 tube lights  Replacement of incandescent lamps with CFLs

Some Other Industrial EE Strategies

Table 5.21: Thermal Energy Conservation strategies Measures Description Expected impact General  Exercise regular energy  Reduces fuel losses due to leaks audits  Proper combustion of oil improves  Pre-heat oil for proper combustion efficiency combustion. Make sure that  Low pressure burners save 15% of oil in there are no leaks and filter furnaces oil  Use low pressure burners Furnace  Control excess air in the  Excess air control in the furnace helps furnace reduce fuel consumption  Undertake proper design of  Heat loss reduction through insulation lids and insulation of the improves fuel efficiency furnace  Plugging of furnace holes and gaps results  Avoid escape of heat in 10%-15% reduction in losses respectively through openings or holes in the furnace body Boiler  Removal of soot deposits  Soot deposits removal can avoid 2.5%  Recover heat from steam increase in fuel consumption that occurs condensate without such removal  Administer proper boiler  Heat from steam condensate helps save 1% control of fuel per 6°C rise in boiler temperature  Use treated water in boilers  Treated water forms less or no scales on the  Avoid escape of steam/heat boiler interior which usually causes reduction of 5%-8% in fuel consumption  Steam loss causes huge losses annually which can be avoided by plugging holes in the boiler system Diesel  Regularly service injection  Faulty injection pump, nozzle and blocked generator sets pump, nozzle, filters filters can cause reduction is fuel usage  Monitor fuel consumption efficiency by 2gm/kWh and can be saved by per kWh of electricity regular checks  A rising trend of fuel consumption against per kWh of electricity indicates poor system performance which needs above mentioned system checks Compressed  This is a highly energy  Avoid use of compressed air for cleaning air intensive process and should  Control of inlet air temperature and only be sued for justifiable discharge pressure saved fuel by up to 1% processes and 5% respectively.  Ensure low inlet air  Leaks in pipes causes pressure loss and temperature and low hence system inefficiency discharge pressure  System inefficiency tends to fail overtime  Ensure no leaks in the pipe and monitoring helps take corrective action system leading to or from the compressor  Monitor compressor output against per kWh of electricity

Measures Description Expected impact Refrigeration  External measures like air  External measures reduce air and Air curtains, automatic door conditioning/refrigeration load of buildings Conditioning closures, double glazed  Evaporated temperature heat loss causes rise windows, polyester sun of specific power consumption in condensers films etc. by 15%  Maintain condensers for  Regulation in cooling load within the proper hear exchange cooling space improves efficiency of  Proper utilization of air refrigeration conditioned/refrigerated  Use of continuous duty compressor during space active duty and use of others on standby  Use of waste heat from improves life and reduced energy steam and flue gasses to consumption replace gas compression system by absorption chilling system  Monitor specific power consumption of compressors Pumps  Select pump based on  Pumps operate at 85% efficiency at rated expected water flow flow and 65% at half that flow  Preferably use variable  Connector belt lag causes 10%-15% loss in valves transmission efficiency  Avoid belt lag that connect  Synthetic belts improve 5%-10% of energy the pump and its drives  Use synthetic flat belts instead of conventional V belts Source: http://www.energyconservation.co.in/energy-conservation-tips.html

Measures like the ones tabulated above help regulate energy use and reuse, eventually resulting in energy conservation, especially in energy intensive activities and processes. While the above mentioned measures can be generally applied to any industry type, more specific measures can be developed after specific studies of industry processes and equipment usage.

5.4.5 Solid Waste Management Interventions

Waste to energy potential through thermo-chemical conversion In thermo-chemical conversion all organic matter, biodegradable as well as non- biodegradable, contributes to the energy output. The potential of power generation in Yogyakarta, through the conversion of waste to energy using thermo-chemical conversion is presented below.

Particulars Data Unit Total waste generated 60392.927 Tonnes Net Calorific Value (conservative estimate) 2400 kcal/kg Energy recovery potential ( NCV x W x 1000/860) 168538401 kWh Power generation potential 7022433 kW

Annexure-1

General List of measures local governments can take to reduce GHG emissions

At the local government level, streetlights and water supply are typically the major areas of intervention for reduction of GHG.

This is a sector-by-sector list of measures local governments can implement as per the conditions prevailing and local applicability at Yogyakarta, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their community and in their own facilities and operations.

Community Measures

Residential Sector  Building codes: o setting energy efficiency standards for new construction or major renovations o requiring light colored, high albedo rooftops and pavement  Ordinance for energy efficient retrofit in existing building stock at time of sale  Decentralized renewable energy such as solar hot water and PV, micro-hydro, and biogas  Passive solar design and solar orientation incentives, guidelines, ordinances  Financial incentives e.g. tax incentives, rebates, loans, etc.: o for installation of photovoltaics, other renewable energy application o for more efficient appliances, e.g. refrigerators, lighting, water heaters o for improving efficiency in existing and new buildings  Home insulation or weatherization program for buildings to minimize HVAC needs.  Use of home energy efficiency devices, such as low-flow shower heads and compact fluorescent bulbs  Greening, rooftop gardens, and tree planting program to maximize shading of buildings ! Commercial Sector  Building codes: o raising energy efficiency standards for new construction, significant renovations, remodeling, additions, other activities requiring permit o requiring light colored, high albedo rooftops and pavement  Ordinance for energy efficient retrofit in existing building stock at time of sale  Provide energy services to business, e.g. audits, assessments for energy efficiency improvements, other technical assistance  Cooperative or aggregate purchase or buyer program for lighting, efficient equipment  Distribute compact fluorescents, lighting occupancy sensors, other commercial application energy saving devices  Lower business fees or waive permits for energy efficiency improvements and use of solar energy

Industrial Sector  Ordinance establishing energy efficiency requirements for new industrial permits  Ordinance requiring industries to develop and implement energy conservation programs  Ordinance lowering business fees or waiving permits for energy efficiency improvements and fuel switching (including use of solar energy), heat recovery/co-generation systems  Provide energy services to industry, e.g. audits, assessments to recommend process changes, other energy efficiency improvements ! Financing  Establish financing program for efficiency improvements in the community, e.g. revolving loan funds through bonds, energy taxes, etc. ! Transportation Sector

 Increase use of alternative transit - public transit, van-, carpooling, cycling, walking through: o Funding for facility, system and/or infrastructure improvements o Ordinance providing parking fee and road toll discounts for van- and car-pools!  Establish or facilitate road tolls to decrease motor vehicle use

Land use  Zoning or land use policy changes to promote infill development  Zoning ordinance that promotes high-density development  Zoning change to reduce parking requirements and allowances  Density bonuses and incentives for high-density, infill, and transit-oriented development  Impact, facility, mitigation, and permit fees that discourage sprawl

Waste Sector  Establish a center for reusing salvageable goods  Home composting education program, compost bin distribution  Implement or expand residential recycling collection  Improve or expand commercial recycling collection  Community recycling drop-off sites  Financial incentives to reduce waste such as: o Pay-as-you-throw or unit pricing o Special taxes and tipping fees o Advance disposal fees  Implement landfill methane collection program

Local government's operations

Buildings  Comprehensive municipal retrofit of existing buildings, parks, stadiums, markets, e.g. lighting, insulation, HVAC systems  Better recycling and composting at facilities and markets  Lighting efficiency improvements  Energy efficiency standards for renovations and new construction of municipal buildings  Rooftop gardens, greening of buildings surroundings for cooling

 Building-specific fuel switch from electricity to natural gas  Implement co-generation or heat recovery  Procurement policies that specify energy efficiency standards in all purchasing and bid specs for office equipment, motors, lighting, appliances, etc.  Energy Conservation - reducing use of unnecessary electrical equipment

Street Lighting  Replace existing lighting with energy-efficient and low-wattage lamps and ballast  Reduce energy use through reducing hours of operation and/or number of lights  Solar Photovoltaic (PV) powered street and emergency lighting  Switch traffic signals, exit signs from incandescent bulbs to Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)  Establish clear standards for new installments

Procurement  Modify purchasing policies to specify energy efficiency standards in all purchasing and bid specs for office and heavy equipment, motors, lighting, appliances, etc.  Purchase “green power” and specify renewable energy content for local government operations

Fleet  Improve scheduling and route efficiency  Change procurement policy to specify high fuel efficiency for each vehicle class  Improve maintenance regime for increased efficiency, e.g. check tire pressure

Water  Comprehensive energy audit of Municipal water pumping, update OM procedures  Energy-efficient retrofit of facilities, especially pumping processes  Energy-efficient specs for new construction of sewage and waste water system  Process changes to improve energy-efficiency of treatment of drinking water, wastewater and sewage  Change energy source from electricity to natural gas for existing operations

Waste  Increase office recycling, e.g. paper, cardboard, cans, toner cartridges  Recover food waste in cafeterias and kitchens of local government buildings for composting or other use  Waste prevention in day-to-day operations—two-side copying, reduced paper requirements, etc.  Purchasing preferences for recycled materials  Compost park, street, and other landscaping debris for re-use by Parks and Recreation

Others  Implement public education programs, e.g., special events, PSAs, curricula  Implement urban forestry projects  Establish energy efficiency or climate protection information clearinghouse

Annexure-2

RE and EE Strategy suggested by GIZ

GIZ and the Yogyakarta city under climate change programme identified various sectoral RE and EE action plans. Each strategic action plan targets for the year 2015 and 2020 has been identified and put forward, which might be considered while drafting city medium term climate change agenda.

NO. STRATEGY INDICATOR ACTION PLAN TARGET 2015 TARGET 2020 1. Optimizing a The reduced Planting trees forest in Determination of the city Determination of concerted temperature the city tree planting rules liability rules city tree effort in significantly planting in the housing reducing the through sector has been endorsed negative planting trees, impact of controlling Monitoring of air quality Yogyakarta city vehicle Vehicles entering the rising exhaust through the control of meets emissions city of Yogyakarta has temperatures. emissions, as exhaust emissions standards met emissions standards This includes well as energy standard annual increasing the savings. emissions resilience of The establishment of a Shared vision through Local regulations related communities common vision Environment Impact to the planting of trees to the danger regarding the planting of Assesment and channel on the road, supported by of drought trees on the highway rainwater have been a common vision has and hot air established been endorsed strikes 2. Increasing Decreasing Increasing & improving 770 ton CO2e 2.200 ton CO2e energy GHG emission energy efficiency for efficiency for from building street lighting government operational building, energy Increasing use of 50 ton CO2e 120 ton CO2e residential & consumption, technology energy street light government saving for air condition street lighting, & working device private office Improving & efficiency 5 ton CO2e 10 ton CO2e & residential lamp for government up to 13.000 building ton CO2e in Making guideline for 600 ton CO2e 2.000 ton CO2e 2020 energy efficient building design Environmental audit Observed energy using Observed energy using training for regional for government building for government building asset managers in 20% in 50% Campaign & energy 2.500 ton CO2e 7.600 ton CO2e saving movement for residential , comercial & industries The use of solar power One building with Three building with installations in public capacity 200 watt capacity 500 watt buildings decreasing 500 tonnes decreasing 1.200 tonnes CO2e CO2e 3. Controlling Decreasing Replacement of diesel 240 tonnes CO2e 700 tonnes CO2e the use of GHG with biodiesel in motorized emissions from municipal service modes transportation vehicles operating transportasi in activities and Movement bicycle use The bike path reach the The bike path reach the the city public services 50% protocol road 50% protocol road government up to 16,700 Rejuvenation and 75% of government 100% of government and improve tonnes of CO2e maintenance of official vehicles doing vehicles doing the by 2020 vehicles maintenance maintenance management Expansion of Car Free 5 street 10 street of public Day to government

NO. STRATEGY INDICATOR ACTION PLAN TARGET 2015 TARGET 2020 transport offices and public areas Structuring hawkers 2 hawkers area 5 hawkers area Use of Area Traffic ATCS proposed ATCS operational Control System (ATCS) Development of public 5.600 tonnes CO2e 16.000 tonnes CO2e transport infrastructure to support the smooth 4. Increasing Support the Training and mentoring Training and mentoring Training and mentoring energy reduction of of cleaner production for of 30% small & medium of 50% small & medium efficiency & GHG small & medium clusters clusters waste water emissions by industrial clusters treatment managing 50% Developing waste water 5 units wwtp 7 units wwtp plan for small small and treatment plant for small & medium medium-sized & medium industries industries industrial cluster clusters clusters Utilization and 2 clusters small & 5 clusters small & processing of waste as a medium industries medium industries by-product 5. - Reduced Reduced GHG Improvement waste Waste managing in 5 Waste managing in 5 and green emissions from management base on communities communities waste waste community development manageme management nt in order activities and to reduce municipal GHG wastewater up emissions to 200,000 tons ‐ Improved of CO2e in Develop landfill with ‐ Sanitary landfill runs ‐ Landfill has CDM manageme 2020 Sanitary Landfill method ‐ Decreasing emission verified nt of waste including landfill Gas 150.000 tonnase CO2e ‐ Decreasing emission water to Flaring 200.000 tonnase CO2e reduce Campaign process and Operation of waste Operation of waste pollution sorting rubbish though management of 10 management of 20 and independent community groups community groups improve Increased participation of the quality community groups of ground (banks, cooperatives & water and shodaqoh waste/shorted surface waste and give it to scavangers without take money )

Training & measurement Waste composition Waste composition amount & municipalities observed annualy observed annualy waste composition Development Totaly 16.000 house Totaly 21.000 house distribution system and connection connection domestic wastewater house connections Development Health Totaly 300 unit public Totaly 600 unit public sanitation toilet for residential toilet for residential Development domestic 5 units 8 units communal waste water treatment plan

Annexure 3: Monitoring and Evaluation

For any action plan to be undertaken successfully in a complex institutional structure it is vital to have the four main pillars established to ensure consistency, continuity and sustainability of an initiative independent of scope. The four pillars are: 1. Management Support; 2. Strategy Plan; 3. Technical Ability and 4. Monitoring and Evaluating System.

 Management support: High level management should make a commitment to allocate manpower and funds to achieve continuous improvements within the energy sector. To establish the energy management programme, leading organizations should appoint and support an energy manager, form a dedicated energy team, institute an energy policy and continuously monitor and evaluate progress and achievements.  Strategy Plan: Energy Policy should provide the foundation for successful energy management and implementation. It formalizes management's support and articulates the organization's commitment to energy efficiency for employees, shareholders, the community and other end users.  Technical Ability: An important requirement is adequate technical ability for analysing and implementing energy saving options and monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the policy implementation.  Monitoring and Evaluating System is also an important part of the pillar within the system which enables strengthening of the system through a cyclic process of feeding positive and successful attributes as well as recording areas of concern and areas that have potential for adjustment and improvement.

In order to promote sustainability of the EMM Action Plan (2012), it is recommended that a structured monitoring and evaluating system be established to: 1. Assess Energy Performance; 2. Set Goals and review annually; 3. Report progress; and 4. Communicate Audits.

1. Assess Energy Performance Understanding current and past energy use and demand will assist a local government to identify opportunities to improve energy performance and gain financial benefits. Assessing energy performance is the periodic process of evaluating energy use for all major facilities, functions and services that a local government provides and comparing it to a baseline for measuring future results of energy efficiency efforts. Key aspects include data collection and management, establishing baseline, benchmarking, analysis and evaluation and conducting technical assessment and audit.

In order to evaluate the performance of the energy services provided and monitor whether targets and goals are being met, it is essential to set up a data collection and storing system (recommended on a quarterly basis).

Periodic analysis of energy consumption data provides the benefit of determining high energy users, trends which can assist the local authority to better understand factors that affect energy performances in order to amend and/or re-prioritize strategies and actions steps for

reducing energy consumption.

Evaluating energy performance requires good information on how, when, and where energy is being used through the local authority. Collecting and tracking this information is necessary for establishing and building upon baselines and managing energy use sustainably in the future. Establishing baselines, benchmarks and goals enables comparison between energy users and enables prioritisation over time to focus on improvements to accomplish end targets.

2. Set Goals It is essential to set goals for energy supply and demand and monitor and evaluate the progress towards the attainment of these goals. Create and express clear, measurable goals, with target dates, for the entire local government, inclusive of all sectors, facilities, and units. Performance goals drive energy management activities and promote continuous improvement. Setting clear and measurable goals is critical for understanding intended results, developing effective strategies, and reaping financial gains.

Well-stated goals guide daily decision-making and are the basis for tracking and measuring progress. Communicating and posting goals can motivate staff, sectoral departments and private sectors (commercial and industrial sectors). The Energy Department should undertake analysis of the progress towards the short, medium and long term goals respective of the timeframes to allow continuous strategy planning to reach beyond the goals that are set.

3. Report Progress Based on the data analysis and audit results, produce a detailed summary of individual facility, unit and departmental energy usage over a fixed period and present yearly audits (if available) to establish energy trends. From the energy audit actual steps that can be taken to reduce energy use can be established through a consultation process with key players concerned. The report should recommend actions ranging from simple adjustments in operation to equipment replacement. Estimates of resource requirements for completing actions should also be included.

Reports help in evaluating past projects and best practices of higher-performing facilities/sectors to determine the feasibility of transferring these practices to other parts of the local authority.

4. Communicate Audits, Progress and Achievements It is important to communicate energy goals, energy implementation initiatives, energy audits and achievements to city officials, businesses and the general public. Awareness raising, communication material and information should be tailored to the needs and objectives of the intended audience.

It is also necessary to undertake an evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of awareness campaigns, business audit reports and energy saving initiatives in order to improve upon approaches and manner of which the material is being communicated.

Training is essential for monitoring and evaluation of energy use and implementation of energy saving methods. It is essential that city officials understand the importance of energy performances and are provided with adequate information necessary to make informed decisions. Training also provides an excellent opportunity for gathering employee feedback

and evaluations. The type and nature of training will vary with local authority and for specific action plans.

Lastly, it is important to provide incentives and communicate about them to encourage energy saving and to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness. Public and private sectors should be provided with energy consumption trends of comparative and competitive sectors and should be recognised with energy consumption reductions.