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A Preliminary Study of the Beads from Harappan Site of Kotada Bhadli, Kachchh, Gujarat

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A Preliminary Study of the Beads from Harappan Site of Kotada Bhadli, Kachchh, Gujarat A Preliminary Study of the Beads from Harappan Site of Kotada Bhadli, Kachchh, Gujarat Tejal N. Ruikar1, Prabodh Shirvalkar1, Y.S. Rawat2 and Satish Naik1 1. Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune 411006, Maharashtra, India (Email: [email protected]) 2. State Archaeology Department, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India Received: 20 September 2013; Accepted: 05 October 2013; Revised: 23 October 2013 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1 (2013): 486‐499 Abstract: Kotada Bhadli is a Late Mature Harappan site located in Kachchh, Gujarat. The site is approximately 3.11 acres in size. The site has been subjected to excavation for three seasons from 2010‐ 2013 by Prabodh Shirvalkar of Deccan College, Pune and Y.S. Rawat from Gujarat State Department of Archaeology. The site has yielded the evidence of fortification and a residential structure complex. A number of antiquities have been recovered during the course of excavation. Beads are one of the important antiquities found from the site. The beads unearthed during excavations are of various raw materials such as carnelian, agate, terracotta etc.This paper is intended to provide an insight into the economic condition of the people at the rural Harappan site of Kotada Bhadli based on the study of these beads. Keywords: Kotada Bhadli, Kachchh, Beads, Mature Harappan, Fortification, Residential Area, Economy Introduction Harappan Civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Its discovery in 1920’s filled the major chronological gap between the Stone Age and the Early Iron age of South Asia. The geographical extent of the Harappan civilization is vast covering the north‐western part of India and an area of about 1.5 million sq km. Possehl (1993) divides the distribution of sites of Harappan civilization into six domains i.e. Haryana, Punjab, Bahawalpur, Sindh, Gedrosia and Gujarat. Gujarat falls in the south‐eastern domain of the Harappan Civilization (Possehl 1999). Gujarat can be divided into four main ecological zones i.e. Saurashtra, Kachchh, North Gujarat and South Gujarat. The Harappans had chosen suitable ecological niches where adequate resources were available for the settlement (Pandya 1979). A large number of Harappan sites have been discovered in Kachchh, of which sites like Dholavira, Desalpur, Surkotada, Pabumath, Juni Kuran, Kanmer, Shikarpur, Khirsara, Kotada Bhadli, etc. have been excavated. Beads Beads belong to one of the most popular category of antiquities from Harappan sites. Ruikar et al. 2013: 486‐499 However, a few detailed works have been carried out in this direction. While most of the excavation reports mention about beads, their shapes and raw material; meticulous analysis is seldom done. Evidence of beads occurs in India and in the world since the prehistoric period. In India, beads of ostrich egg shell were found at Patne from Upper Palaeolithic levels (Sali 1985). Since then, through the proto‐historic period till today continuous use of beads is seen. Beads of various semi‐precious stones, terracotta, metals, bones and shells become very common in various phases of Harappan period. Almost all sites of Harappan civilization including Mehrgarh (Jarriage et al. 1995), Harappa (Wheeler 1947; Vats 1974, 1997), Mohenjo‐daro (Marshall 1930, 1973; Mackay 1938), Chanhu‐daro (Mackay 1943), Kalibangan (Lal et al. 2003), Rangpur (Rao 1962‐63), Lothal (Rao 1979, 1985), Surkotada (Joshi 1990), Padri (Shinde 1992a, 1992b, 1998; Shinde et al. 2008), Kuntasi (Dhavalikar et al. 1996), Kanmer (Kharakwal et al. 2012) etc. have yielded the evidence of beads. The site of Kotada Bhadli Kotada Bhadli (Lat. 23º20ʹ N, Long. 69º25ʹ E) is located in Nakhatrana taluka of Kachchh district in Gujarat (Fig. 1). It was first discovered by J.P. Joshi (IAR 1965‐66). It is approximately 3.11 acres in size. The site is intact, flat and is marked by a fortification on all sides. Due to the growth of cactus on the fortification, the site is prominently visible from both a distance as well as in satellite images. The site is near the confluence of two rivers flowing on the eastern and western side (Kotadi and Tharavadi respectively). The rivers Kotadi and Tharavadi confluence in the northern side of the site and joins with river Bhurud (Fig. 2). The river Bhurud empties out in the Banni plains of the Greater Rann of Kachchh. This site was subjected to excavation for three seasons i.e. from 2010‐11 by joint venture of Prabodh Shirvalkar of Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute and Y. S. Rawat of Gujarat State Department of Archaeology, Gandhinagar. The site of Kotada Bhadli has yielded evidences of Late Mature Harappan culture. It has yielded structural evidences in the form of a residential complex and fortification wall. The residential complex (Fig. 3) consists of various small rooms with inter‐connecting doors. The fortification wall has four bastions at the corners (Fig. 4) and middle bastions (Fig. 5) which is exposed completely on southern side of the site. The stratigraphy of the site is different in residential complex and fortification area. The stratigraphy of residential complex comprises of four layers of which Layer 3 is habitational layer within the complex and Layer 3A is dump material layer outside the complex. These two layers mainly consist of antiquities, pot sherds and bones. There is natural slope or gradient from fortification to residential complex i.e. from south to north. Due to this, all the layers in the section are sloping or slanting. The stratigraphy of fortification comprises of 9 layers. Among them, Layers 1, 2, 3, 5 contain cultural material while Layers 4, 6, 7 are devoid of any cultural material. Layers 1 – 7 are related to the Harappan activity. Layers 8 and 9 are considered as virgin layers (Shirvalkar and Rawat 2012, 2012‐13). 487 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1: 2013 Beads from Kotada Bhadli The main aim of this study is to provide insight about the economic condition of the people at the Harappan site of Kotada Bhadli through the analysis of beads. To fulfil this aim metrical analysis of beads was conducted. They are classified with the help of H. C. Beck’s (1928) classification and reports of the excavated sites. In total, 474 beads of various materials (Fig. 6) were found in the excavation. The varieties of materials used for making beads are shown in Table 1. Figure 1: Map of Gujarat showing Kotada Bhadli Figure 2: Google Earth image of Kotada Bhadli showing its location 488 Ruikar et al. 2013: 486‐499 Figure 3: Residential Complex, Kotada Bhadli Figure 4: Corner Bastion, Kotada Bhadli 489 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1: 2013 Figure 5: Middle Bastion, Kotada Bhadli Table 1: Total number of Beads Unearthed from Kotada Bhadli Raw Material Number of beads Agate 3 Amazonite 1 Bone 3 Carnelian 4 Crystal 1 Faience 2 Jasper 2 Quartz 1 Sandstone 3 Shell 4 Steatite 392 Terracotta 58 Total 474 Agate Beads Three agate beads were unearthed from the excavations. Table 2 shows the distribution of the beads in the areas those were excavated. 490 Ruikar et al. 2013: 486‐499 Figure 6: Excavated Beads from Kotada Bhadli 491 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 1: 2013 Table 2: Distribution of beads in the excavated area at Kotada Bhadli Material Fortification Area Residential Area Agate 1 2 Amazonite 1 _ Bone 3 _ Carnelian 4 _ Crystal _ 1 Faience 1 1 Jasper 1 1 Quartz 1 _ Sandstone 2 1 Shell 2 2 Steatite 158 234 Terracotta 5 53 All three agate beads are of 3 different shapes. The shapes are globular shape, long barrel shape and short bicone. The perforations of all the beads are made by drilling from both ends of the bead. This can be said by observing the perforation of the bead under light and with the help of magnifying glass. It can be seen that the perforation is not plain or parallel, but conical or tapering. The average diameter of these beads is 7.19mm, length is 9.54mm and radius is 2.31mm. The average diameter of perforation is 2.25mm. Amazonite Bead A single specimen of amazonite bead was unearthed from the excavations. This bead is cylindrical in shape. It has plain perforation i.e. approximately parallel. Bone Beads Three specimens of bone beads were unearthed from the excavations. The bone beads were found in trenches excavated in the fortification area. No bead is found in the residential area. All the three bone beads are of 3 different shapes namely disc shape, short cylinder and standard barrel. One of the beads is made on fish vertebrae. The species of the fish could not be identified. The average diameter of these beads is 7.25mm. The average length is 6.18mm. The average radius is 2.78mm. The average diameter of perforation is 2.15mm. Carnelian Beads Four carnelian beads were unearthed from the excavations. The carnelian beads were found in trenches excavated in the fortification area. No bead is found in the residential area. Among four beads, three are disc shaped and one is long bicone. The perforations of all the beads are made by using similar technique of drilling from both ends of the bead. The average diameter of these beads is 4.20mm. The average length is 3.02mm. The average radius is 1.67mm. The average diameter of perforation is 0.92mm. 492 Ruikar et al. 2013: 486‐499 Crystal Bead A single specimen of crystal bead was unearthed from the excavations. This bead is circular in shape. It has plain perforation i.e. approximately parallel, but it is not in the middle of the bead.
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