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Contrôle De La Peste Porcine Africaine (PPA) Dans Les Élevages Porcins Traditionnels Au Tchad

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Contrôle De La Peste Porcine Africaine (PPA) Dans Les Élevages Porcins Traditionnels Au Tchad Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences, 2012. Vol.15, Issue 3: 2261-2266 Publication date 31/10/2012, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS ; ISSN 2071-7024 Contrôle de la Peste Porcine Africaine (PPA) dans les élevages porcins traditionnels au Tchad Ban-bo B.A*., Idriss O.A**. ; Squarzoni C.D*** * Faculté des Sciences exactes et appliqués - Université de N’Djaména ** Coordonnateur National des Projet et programme Grippe Aviaire ; *** Conseillère technique principale du projet grippe aviaire OSRO/CHD/602/EC *Auteur pour toute correspondance, Email: [email protected] Mots clés : peste porcine africaine, contrôle, porcs Tchad, abattage systématique. Keywords : African swine fever control, pigs, Chad, Culling. 1. RÉSUMÉ Le seul moyen de lutte contre la PPA semble être la prophylaxie sanitaire. Beaucoup des pays en Amérique du Sud comme en Europe sont parvenus à éradiquer cette maladie en procédant à l’abattage systématique des porcs dans les foyers (fermes, villages, district.) définis par les autorités administratives de la place. Cette prophylaxie sanitaire est souvent accompagnée d’une surveillance générale ou ciblée. Les approches et les méthodes d’abattage porcin ont été variées selon les moyens et la volonté dont disposent les services vétérinaires en charge de la question. L’expérience du Tchad est probante donnant lieu à des spéculations et favorisant la propagation de la maladie. Les textes administratifs (Loi, Arrêtés ministériels et Décisions) ont servi de bases de travail. Des mesures de police sanitaire ont été prises dès l’annonce officielle de la PPA à l’extrême Nord du Cameroun. Des missions de sensibilisations et de formations des producteurs ont été organisées. Malgré toutes les dispositions prises par la Direction des Services Vétérinaires et les Services déconcentrés du Ministère de l’Elevage et des Ressources Animales, c’est finalement plusieurs régions qui sont touchées par la maladie au bout de quatre mois. Cette propagation rapide de la PPA dans les régions du Tchad montre les limites de l’approche et les méthodes utilisées pour circonscrire la maladie, celles qui consistent à étouffer la maladie dans le foyer déclaré en procédant à un abattage systématique. Si la délimitation des zones du foyer et l’abattage systématique dans les foyers a donné des résultats probants dans beaucoup des pays d’Europe et d’Amérique ; pour le cas du Tchad et de beaucoup d’autres pays africains, cette approche semble vouer à l’échec. L’analyse de l’échec a révélé que : dans les conditions actuelles où la situation socioéconomique des ruraux est précaire, l’abattage systématique des porcs doit se faire dans la zone de protection ; cet abattage devra être soutenu par des mesures d’accompagnement (indemnisation des éleveurs), facteurs déterminants dans l’éradication de la PPA. Ces mesures limitent la fuite des animaux des zones infectées vers celles non infectées encore. Cette approche ouvre la possibilité d’éradiquer d’autres maladies réputées légalement contagieuses. ABSTRACT The only way to fight against the African swine fever (ASF) seems to be sanitary prophylaxis. Many countries in South America and Europe have managed to eradicate this disease by performing culling of pigs in households (farms, villages, district.) defined by the administrative authorities of the country. This preventive method is often followed by general or targeted surveillance. Approaches and methods of slaughtering pigs have varied 2261 Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences, 2012. Vol.15, Issue 3: 2261-2266 Publication date 31/10/2012, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS ; ISSN 2071-7024 from one country to another according to the means and the will of the in services in charge of the matter. Chad's experience is evident giving rise to speculations and promoting the spread of the disease. Administrative documents (Laws, Ministerial orders and Decisions) served as bases. Sanitary measures were taken since the official announcement of the ASF in the extreme north of Republic of Cameroon. Missions of sensitizations and training of producers were organized. Despite all the measures taken by the Directorate of Veterinary Services and the devolved departments of the Ministry of Livestock and Animal Resources finally several regions were affected by the ASF after four months. This rapid spread of ASF in the regions of Chad shows the limits of the approach and methods used to contain ASF foci. These stifle the disease in the declared focus by conducting a systematic slaughter. If the delimitation of areas of foci and culling in the foci gave positive results in many countries of Europe and America, for the case of Chad and many other African countries, this approach seems to devote failure. The analysis revealed that the failure: in the current socioeconomic situation where rural is precarious, the systematic slaughter of pigs must be in the protection zone, this slaughter should be supported by accompanying measures (compensation of owners), determinant factors in the eradication of ASF in Chad. These measures limit the escape of animals from infected to uninfected zones. This approach opens the possibility of eradicating other diseases deemed legally contagious. 2. INTRODUCTION La Peste Porcine Afrique (PPA) est une maladie République Dominicaine) et au Brésil. Les virale hautement contagieuse et mortelle des contacts avec des phacochères constituent une porcs domestiques, ainsi que des suidés de la source importante de transmission du virus. En faune sauvage. Elle est causée par un virus du Angola, on s'est aperçu que les porcs de races genre Asfarvirus , le seul représentant de la locales en liberté étaient aussi atteints, et famille de Asfarviridae . Elle s'exprime, dans sa semblaient jouer un rôle important dans forme suraiguë et aigue, par une fièvre l'épidémiologie de la maladie. Son éradication hémorragique. Les formes subcliniques et s’est avérée difficile et coûteuse. Il a fallu plus chroniques de la maladie existent aussi (Dixon de 30 ans pour l'éliminer de la péninsule et al ., 2000; Kleiboeker SB: 2002. Schlafer & ibérique. Elle a été éradiquée en Amérique du Mebus, 1984. Yáñez et al., 1995 ). La mortalité Sud dans les années 70 et 80. Aujourd’hui elle est souvent proche de 100% et les porcs de sévit de manière épizootique en Caucasie et la tous les âges sont touchés. La PPA a été décrite Russie. La Sardaigne est le seul endroit en pour la première fois en 1921 en Afrique de dehors de l'Afrique où la maladie reste l'est, au Kenya par Montgomery (Montgomery endémique (FAO, 2009 ; Thomson GR, 1985 ; RE, 1921 ). Peu de temps après en Afrique du Wilkinson et al., 1983). Sud et en Angola. La PPA était considérée La PPA a fait son apparition au Tchad pour la comme une maladie tuant les porcs des colons. première fois en octobre 2010 dans la ville de Depuis 1960, la PPA a pris une ampleur Bongor, chef lieu de la région de Mayo Kebbi considérable en Afrique subsaharien où elle Est. Elle est introduite à partir de l’Extrême sévit de manière endémique ( FAO, 2009. ). Nord de la république du Cameroun, dans le L'impact majeur de la maladie a été pleinement département de Mayo Danay où la maladie a apprécié quand elle est arrivée de l'Angola en été signalée en mai 2010. Malgré toutes les Europe en 1957 et 1959. Sa capacité à se dispositions prises par la Direction des Services propager rapidement a été démontrée lors de Vétérinaires et les Services déconcentrés du son apparition dans plusieurs pays européens Ministère de l’Elevage et des Ressources mais aussi dans les Caraïbes (Cuba, Haïti et la Animales du Tchad, c’est finalement cinq 2262 Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences, 2012. Vol.15, Issue 3: 2261-2266 Publication date 31/10/2012, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS ; ISSN 2071-7024 régions qui sont touchées par la maladie au la propagation de la maladie semble être bout de quatre mois. Il s’agit des régions de l’approche et les mesures de son contrôle, telle Mayo Kebbi Est, Mayo Kebbi Ouest, la que pratiquée en Europe ou en Amérique. Elle Tandjilé, le Chari Baguirmi et le Logone consistait à étouffer la maladie dans le foyer. Le Occidental. Cette propagation rapide de la PPA présent travail a pour objet d’analyser l’échec dans ces régions du Tchad montre les limites de du contrôle et de proposer une approche l’approche et des méthodes utilisées pour adaptée des mesures de contrôle de la PPA circonscrire la PPA. L’une des causes favorisant dans les conditions du Tchad. 3. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES Les matériels servant des outils de travail sont les N° 46/MERA /SG/DRERA- textes administratifs. Parmi lesquels on peut citer : MKE/SEMB/2010 • la Loi 09/PR/2004 du 19 mai 2004. désignant les agentsà mettre en œuvre les • les Arrêtés ministériels notamment l’Arrêté activités de la police sanitaire dans les N°1009/PM/05 portant composition, postes vétérinaires de Bongor et de Biliam- attributions et fonctionnement du comité oursi. national de lutte contre les maladies Les autorités administratives locales ont été réputées légalement contagieuses des informées dès les premières heures de la suspicion animaux. de PPA et sa confirmation par le laboratoire. Neuf • l’Arrêté missions de sensibilisation et de formation ont été N°028/PR/PM/MERA/SG/136/DSV/10 organisées par la direction des services vétérinaires, du 27 mai 2010, portant mesures afin de circonscrire la maladieA l’issue de chaque conservatoires contre l’introduction de la formation, des simulations ont été organisées pour PPA au Tchad. la maîtrise des techniques et pratiques. Les médias locaux ont pris le relais pour véhiculer les • l’Arrêté du Gouvernorat du Mayo Kebbi informations sur la maladie : les sources de Est l’infection, le mécanisme de transmission et les N°094/PR/PM/MISP/GMKE/SG/10 du mesures de contrôle.
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