The Description of Metaphor Found in Maroon 5

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THE DESCRIPTION OF METAPHOR FOUND IN MAROON 5

“Overexposed” ALBUM

A PAPER

WRITTEN BY

INDAH D NABABAN

REG.NO : 142202093

DIPLOMA-III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN

JANUARY 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLERATION

I am, INDAH D NABABAN, declare that I am the solo author of this paper.

Except where references is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualitified for or awarded another degree.

No other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

Date : January 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLATION

Name : INDAH D NABABAN

Title of this Paper : A DESCRIPTION OF METAPHOR FOUND IN

MAROON 5 “Overexposed” ALBUM.

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the

discretion of the Libertarian of the Diploma III English Study Program

Faculty of Cultural Studies USU on the understanding that users are made

aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

2. I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.

Signed :

Date : January 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This paper is entitled “The Description of Metaphor Found in Maroon 5’s “Overexposed” Album discusses about the types of metaphor found in this album. In this paper, the writer used library research method by collected metaphor data then analysed and determined the most dominant. This study uses the theory of Goatly who classified metaphor into Active Metaphor, Inactive or Dead Metaphor, Subjective Metaphor, Mimetic Metaphor, Phenomenalistic Metaphor, Precision Metaphor, Symbolism Metaphor, and Approximate Metaphor. In these four selected songs of “Overexposed” Album, the writer found 36 metaphor consist of 6 Active Metaphor (16,6%), 20 Inactive or Dead Metaphor (55,5%), 3 Subjective Metaphor (8,3%), 1 Mimetic Metaphor (2,7%) ,1 Phenomenalistic Metaphorn (2,7%), 2 Precision Metaphor (5,5%), 3 Symbolism Metaphor (9,3%), and 2 Approximate Metaphor (5,5%). Inactive or Dead Metaphor turns out to be the most dominant while Mimetic Metaphor and Phenomenalistic Metaphor is the least.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Kertas karya yang berjudul “The Description of Metaphor Found in Maroon 5’s “Overexposed” Album” ini membahas tentang jenis metafora yang ada pada album ini. Dalam penulisan kertas karya ini, penulis menerapkan studi kepustakaan yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data metafora, kemudian menganalisisnya dan menentukan jenis metafora yang palig dominan. Pembagian metafora pada kertas karya ini mengacu pada pendapat dari Goatly yang membagi metafora menjadi delapan yaitu, Active Metaphor, Inactive or Dead Metaphor,Subjective Metaphor , Mimetic Metapho , Phenomenalistic Metaphor, Precision Metaphor, Symbolism Metaphor, dan Approximate Metaphor. Dalam empat lagu pilihan dari Album Overexposed, penulis menemukan 36 metafora yang terdiri dari 6 Active Metaphor (16,6%), 20 Inactive or Dead Metaphor (55,5%), 3 Subjective Metaphor (8,3%), 1 Mimetic Metaphor (2,7%) ,1 Phenomenalistic Metaphorn (2,7%), 2 Precision Metaphor (5,5%), 3 Symbolism Metaphor (9,3%), and 2 Approximate Metaphor (5,5%). Inactive or Dead Metaphor muncul sebagai jumlah yang paling dominan sedangkan Mimetic Metaphor dan Phenomenalistic Metaphor adalah jumlah yang paling sedikit.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to thank to my Saviour Jesus Christ to whom I lay my whole love, life and faith, for everything in my life, for giving me the strength to get through the hard times in my life and for giving me inspiration to finish this paper as one of the requirement to get Diploma III certificate from English

Diploma Study Program, University of Sumatera Utara.

1. Thank you to Dr. Drs. Budi Agustono, MS. as the Dean of Faculty of

Cultural Studies.

2. Thank you to Dra. Swesena Lubis M.Hum the Head of English Diploma

Study Program and also my reader, who gives me advices to finish this

paper.

3. Thank you to Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum as my Supervisor, who gives

me corrections and advices to finish this paper.

4. My special thanks to my beloved parents, Jaulam Nababan and Dermawan

Lumbantoruan for always support me through the good and hard times in

my life. Thankyou for always mention my name in your pray. I am blessed

beyond measure having you both in my life.

5. My beloved Brother Agustiman Nababan, S.Pd, Mareza Wardani Nababan,

SKM, and Febrian Alexander Nababan thank you for always support me.

Both of you always I mention in my pray.

6. My friends of church organizatio. HKBP Tj Sari Vebe Damanik, Tina

Silitongga, Sylvia Hutapea, Denisa Lado, Rade Lumbantoruan, Putri

Nainggolan , Nova Sitanggang, Lundu Hutabalian, Enrich Manalu, Ribka

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Siagian, Elfrisa Manalu, Ricka Simanjuntak Fenny Pakpahan, Sri Hastuty

Tobing and Paduan Suara NHKBP Tj. Sari thank you for always support

each other. You both always I mention in my pray.

7. Thank you for all my friends in Diploma III English 2014, especially Ayu

Pakpahan, Gretia Purba, Katrin Gultom, Dini Nababan and Keke Berutu for

your support, giving me many information and making me laugh to face all

obscurity in good and hard times spending in this collage. May Jesus Christ

bless and keep you guys always.

And finally, I relize that this paper is far from being perfect, I hope that those who read this paper may give critics and suggestions for making it better.

Medan, Monday 14 January, 2019

The Writer,

Indah D Nababan Reg. No. 142202093

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... ii ABSTRACT ...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

1. INTRODUCTIONS ...... 1 1.1 The Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2 The Problem of the Study ...... 3 1.3 The Objective of the Study ...... 3 1.4 The Scope of the Study ...... 4 1.5 The Significance of the Study ...... 4 1.6 The Method of the Study...... 5

2. THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 7 2.1 The Description of Metaphor ...... 7 2.2 Types of Metaphor ...... 9 2.2.1 Active Metaphor ...... 9 2.2.2 Inactive or Dead Metaphor ...... 9 2.2.3 Subjective Metaphor ...... 10 2.2.4 Mimetic Metaphor ...... 10 2.2.5 Phenomenalistic Metaphor ...... 10 2.2.6 Precision Metaphor ...... 11 2.2.7 Symbolism Metaphor ...... 11 2.2.8 Approximate Metaphor ...... 12

3. ANALYSIS ...... 13 3.1 Song Analysis: Daylight ...... 13 3.2 Song Analysis: Payphone ...... 16 3.3 Song Analysis: One More Night ...... 21 3.4 Song Analysis: Love Somebody ...... 23 3.5 The Result of the Analysis ...... 26

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 29 4.1 Conclusion ...... 29 4.2 Sugestion ...... 30

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 31 APPENDICES ...... 32

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is a communication tool for delivering messages through spoken words Wardhaugh (1972:3) says that defines language as a system of vocal symbols used for human communication. Language can be used everyday life because in every activity done must use language to communicate.

The language referred to in the linguistic. The New Oxford Dictionary of

English (2003) says that, The scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics include sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, comparative linguistics, and structural linguistics. One part of linguistics is semantics. Semantic is one of the areas of science that discuss the in and out of meaning. The intended meaning is the implied meaning and explicit meaning. As for the part of the semantic it is a metaphor.

Metaphor is a second placement of its original meaning, meaning that it is not using the word in its true sense, but as an allusion based on equality and comparison. In Siregar (2005:164) says that The metaphor is a cognitive mechanism where one realm of experience (source ) partially mapped , which is displayed to the realm experience of the other target so that the domain of the latter is mainly understood in terms of the realm of the first. Not only in literary studies we find metaphors, but on songs also have metaphors. The song is part of the art expressed through the lyrics. The lyrics of the song is a pithy arrangement.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Song lyrics are not as easy as composing the essay, but can be obtained from various inspirations.

Lyrics are generally the same as that in each stanza poem has meaning.

It's just the lyrics of a song for the sake of a monologue or heading to the one who made it without the other side. Luxemburg (1988:175) Says that bahwa teks puisi tidak hanya mencakup jenis – jenis karya sastra tetapi menyangkut pula ungkapan bahasa yang bersifat pepatah, pesan,iklan,semboyan politik, doa- doa dan syair lagu. lyrics of songs that like oral messages and sentences serve to create an atmosphere and imaginary imagery for the listener and create diverse meanings.

The function of the song as a communication medium is like to sympathize with reality and imaginative stories. Based on the writer description will discuss about the description of metaphor Found in Maroon5‟s from American pop rock band that originated in Los Angeles, California will be chosen of the object analysis because Song Maroon 5‟s have a metaphor becomes a deep meaning in every lyric of the song being delivered. The writer will describe what the lyrics of song the album's songs have meaning.

Here are some examples of metaphor found in Maroon 5‟s Overexposed

Album:

1. But even the sun sets in paradise

2. I'd be waking up Feeling satisfied but guilty as hell.

From the examples above, we can‟t get the meanings by literal. But metaphorically means in the first example is the subject of the lyric is shows the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA man's awareness to start forgetting his ex-girlfriend . The man is then depicted very angry and blames the woman for everything that happened.

The second example describe the man feels he is satisfied with what he is doing. but in reality he has lost a loved one and feels guilty for his actions.

1.2 Problem of The Study

In The Description of metaphor Found in Maroon 5‟s Overexposed Album, the problems will be centered into two question

The question that are relevant to the problem are :

1. What kind of metaphors are used in the lyrics of song Maroon 5

Overexposed Album ?

2. What is the meaning the metaphors of the song lyrics selected of song

Maroon 5 on Overexposed Album ?

1.3 Objective of the Study

The writer has some objectives in writing this study, they are as following :

1. To describe selected of metaphor found in the lyrics of the song Maroon

5‟s “Overexposed” Album.

2. To find selected meaning of song lyrics selected Maroon 5‟s

“Overexposed” Album.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.4 Scope of the Study

The writer limits the study only in description of metaphor found in

Maroon 5‟s Overexposed Album. The description of metaphor found in Maroon

5‟s overexposed Album that is going to be discussed in this context are the share description of lyric song Maroon 5 . These description lyrics are covering that found Meaphor that lyrics song which description. Thus, the writer restrict the description of the metaphor on the lyrics of the song to be discussed in the meaning to expressed from one of his the musician. In the album Maroon 5 has twelve songs. The writer chooses four popular song from Maroon 5‟s Album,

They Are (1) “ Daylight” (2) “Payphone” (3) “ One More Night” (4) “Love

Somebody”. Because those selected songs contain several meaning which is the background and the reason why the writer choose this study.

1.5 Significance of the study

The writer hopes that the result of this study will be beneficial both theoretical and practical.

1) Theoretical

The writer expects the result of this study can be advantageous to the world of literature as complement the study And realize the meaning in every song lyrics in maroon 5 album.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2) Practical

- To develop appreciation for the people to understand song in the album

- To expand student horizon to describe metaphor in a song

- To Get inspiration in finding meaning in the lyrics of the song

1.6 Method of the study

The writer will take some data resource of the Overexposed songs, search the source in the internet to Helps find sources of information about the lyrics of the song. some books from the library to help get a description of metaphor the song's lyrics, some data and information relevant with source data. And

Descriptive quantitative methods will be used in analyzing song lyrics selected.

The writer gets sources from relevant theories, such as textbook, thesis, paper, dictionaries and web page to support this paper.

The information which is accumulated is about; the defenition, type and usage. First, the background of the metaphorical expression are presented, next the metaphors will be investigated to know what type they belong to and last constituents of the metaphors and their meanings are analyzed based on theory of

Goatly. Finally, the metaphors and their meanings in Maroon 5‟s Overexposed

Album selected lyrics are analyzed.

The systematic producers in conducting the analyses are as follows:

1. Converting the selected lyrics to readable texts.

2. Identifying the words and sentences which belong to metaphor by

making them bold and italic.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. Classifying the metaphors into the more spesific types and all the

data will be analysed based on Goatly‟s theory

4. Calculating the data in percentage based on the following formula

to find the type of metaphors that occurs mostly in the selected

lyrics. (Bungin, 2005:171-172)

Type of Metaphor =

Individual frequency (one type of metaphor)

Number of occurrence (all types of metaphor)

5. Giving reason about each metaphor found in the selected lyrics.

6. Making some conclusions based on the result of analysis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Description of Metaphor

Metaphor “mɛtəfə” is one object of semantic study and seemingly have not yet received much attention by scholars/ semantic experts when we compare it with other meaning aspects. (Classe: 2000: 941) say that Metafora adalah pengalihan citra, makna, atau kualitas sebuah ungkapan kepada suatu ungkapan lain . The well-known

Shakespeare phrase “All the world's a stage” is an often cited example of metaphor. This metaphor indicates that “the world” and “stage” are two analogous things. Analogous in question is to imply a similarity between the two concepts or the sentence.

Goatly (1997:8) states that metaphor occurs when a unit of discourse is used to refer unconventionally to an object, process, or concept, or in unconventional way. More generically, metaphor is a rhetorical trope that describe a first subject as being or a equal to a second subject in some way. In addition metaphor is a comparison of two things to show likeness between them. Metaphor usually describe a variation in the use of words or in the expression of meaning

(Halliday 1994 :341).

According to Stern (2000:35) metaphor is an imaginative use of a sentence. Many have encountered metaphor in literature and poetry, and most of us also know that even when we talk casually, we use figurative language, especially when there is an emotion or thought that we want to communicate.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (Kridalaksana 2001 : 136) metafora adalah pemakaian kata atau ungkapan lain untuk objek atau konsep lain berdasarkan kias atau persamaan .

According to Moon and Knowles (2006:3) metaphor means the use of language of refer something other than it was originally applied to, or that it “literally” means.

In order to suggest some resemblance or make a connection between the two things. Metaphor is pervasive language, there are two principal ways in which it is important. First, in relation to individual words: metaphor is a basic process in the information of words and word meanings. Second, in relation to discourse: metaphor is important because of its functions – explaining, clarifying, describing, expressing, evaluating, and entertaining.

Based on the definition above, it can be conclude metaphor used to e different of one word with another have meaning of expression. Metaphor can used by concept which explain that one thing is compared with the other. In

Metaphor we can understand something like expressing our thought, emotion or thought that we want to communicate and felling when we find in song. In other words metaphor is used in everyday life of our communication for expressing certain concept which has deep meaning. If we can understand the meaning of metaphors so it means that we can understand metaphors based on certain concepts not of words. Besides that, we can found metaphors in songs while the songs itself used metaphorical meanings for expressing the feeling or for make the songs interesting.

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2.2 Types of Metaphor

Goatly (1997 : 126) proposes eight types of metaphor as in the following explanation :

2.2.1 Active Metaphor

An active metaphor is one kind of metaphor which has a close relationship between the main subject and modifier. It can be called as live metaphor. It depends on the interaction of the vehicle (unconventional referent) and their particular topic (conventional referent), which is being refereed to, and their grounds, will consequently be variable according to the context.

For example: “ you are my sunshine”. It means that the subject is drawn to have similarities with sunshine that can give warmth and life.

2.2.2 Inactive or Dead Metaphor

Inactive metaphor is metaphor where the topic is referred to directly through a conventional and fixed meaning of V-term and vehicle is available, but will wire in parallel under normal processing, otherwise their ground may be perceived in the right circumstances: incorporated in the topic concept so predictable. Inactive or familiar metaphor often gives information which can provoke affirmative or negative response. Inactive are open to agreement negative question and yes or no question. This could be different interpretation according to the culture of the user of the metaphor. This metaphor has become inactive as they used repeatedly and entered entry in dictionary with the second meaning.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA For Example : white literally means a color, meanwhile it substitutes holiness or pureness in Chinese culture; red is also literally a color but it symbolizes bravery and death in some culture like in Indonesia; yellow is a color but it is a symbol of death in Chinese culture.

2.2.3 Subjective Metaphor

Subjective Metaphor is the description of metaphor because the speaker has different ideological or physical view of the word from the hearer or some which involve the presentation of another‟s speaker thought or representation.

For example : “You are a child to me” , based on speaker‟s perception „you‟ act or qualify as being a child, even thought others may not think so because there is a distinct physical or psychological view.

2.2.4 Mimetic Metaphor

Mimetic metaphor is the unique metaphor that extends to non-verbal expression straying beyond linguistic text into visual aid plastic art. It demands the readers to imagine a word in which the assertions are literally true.

For example : “ The carpet had an oriental tree on it” it means that the carpet had a picture of oriental tree on it, not the real tree is on it.

2.2.5 Phenomenalistic Metaphor

Phenomenalistic Metaphor is the use of language to refer to the real language, and in this case referring to an imaginary world. If the text is fictional then it will be consistently referring to an imaginary world. A complete song can be a phenomenalistic metaphor if the song is entirely a story of a fictive world or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA imaginary, so it‟s not limited to a word or phrase or sentence but to the wider text or book.

For example : “Lord of the flies”, is a novel metaphor which suggest that there is a life events happening in animals just like human being. It is actually just an imagination, not a real one and it is to compare both lives which have similarities.

2.2.6 Precision Metaphor

Precision Metaphor is the process or quality that is made more precise by being related, through modification, to a specific order to identify. The modification can be in form of a linguistic unit, for example a word, a clause, or a sentence.

For example: “My cry for help was the cry of that rat when a terrier shakes it”. It means that the person was crying not the rat. The precision of his cry was like a rat fearing that it was being caught by a terrier (a kind of dog). The reader can measure the exact precision of quality or quality of something; in this case cry by understanding the modification (in this sentence, when a terrier shakes the mouse).

2.2.7 Symbolism Metaphor

Symbolism metaphor is a particular kind of substitution of the interpretation.

For example : “Do not count your chicken before they are hatched”. This sentence symbolizes that it is prohibited to predict the result of a profits something to be done before it comes true.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2.8 Approximate Metaphor

Approximate Metaphor is a kind of metaphor that uses the approximate number of expressions to describe an action or a thing.

For example : “he put in his face in the water and half –gulfed, half eat it”. There are no exact and appropriate words to tell happenings in the sentence. It is just an approximation. This approximation is only the best way to tell them communicatively.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. ANALYSIS

3.1 Song Analysis: Daylight

Daylight was released as the third single from the album on November

27, 2012. The song received generally mixed reviews from critics with Cameron

Adams of Herald Sun noting that "it sounds like Max Martin trying to write a

Coldplay song by recycling his Backstreet Boys handiwork. Daylight reached the top-ten on over eight national charts worldwide including number seven on the

US Billboard Hot 100 and number five on the Canadian Hot 100. Two music videos of the song are released: The first video "The Daylight Project", features hundred of fans and the people from around the world are connected to the song and the video was directed by Jonas Åkerlund. The second video "Playing for

Change", includes several street musicians from around the world playing and sing along with the band on tour.

At this point the writer wants to try to analyse the song by Maroon 5

Daylight . The writer wants to explain what type of metaphor used in this song.

Data 1

Here I am waiting, I’ll have to leave soon

Data 1.1

Here I am waiting, I’ll have to leave soon is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because directly through a conventional and fixed meaning I am waiting, I‟ll have to leave soon which means that someone has long waited and he has to leave immediately

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Data 2

We knew this day would come, we knew it all along

Data 2.1

We knew this day would come, we knew it all along is Inactive or Dead

Metaphor Because the statement is live metaphor and the describe of meaning we knew it all along meaning someone Knew that there is „hi‟ and „Goodbye‟ a relationship that will happen

Data 3

How did it come so fast?

Data 3.1

How did it come so fast? Is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the statement directly of meaning and the describe it is exactly meaning of the feeling

Data 4

Cause in the daylight we’ll be on our own

Data 4.1

Cause in the daylight we’ll be on our own is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the statement directly to the conventional meaning the describe of the meaning someone knew that have to go and will split up.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Data 5

But tonight I need to hold you so close

Data 5.1

But tonight I need to hold you so close is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the statement is directly of the meaning . the describe of the meaning lyrics “need to hold you so close” meaning someone try to hold tonight but if early morning him girlfriend will be apart.

Data 6

Here I am staring at your perfection

Data 6.1

Here I am staring at your perfection is Subjective Metaphor and

Phenomenalistic Metaphor because the writer describing one's view and expressing parables. „perfection‟ that state someone looking at her beautiful girlfriend and perfect in him eyes, and imagination for someone.

Data 7

The sky is getting back, the stars are burning out

Data 7.1

The sky is getting back, the stars are burning out is Active Metaphor and

Approximate Metaphor because the lyrics refers to the meaning directly and “ sky is getting back” stated that morning will be ahead and “stars are burning out” it say night will end then he will separate. And it can‟t be predicted when the sky is bright and the starlight is faded.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Data 8

Somebody slow it down

Data 8.1

Somebody slow it down is Subjective Metaphor and Approximate Metaphor because the lyrics of the song view that the subject directed someone slow it down time but nobody that. And the meaning of the song is he wish in stay here with girlfriend tonight. And someone can‟t slow down any time.

Data 9

This is my last glance that will soon be memory

Data 9.1

This is my last glance that will soon be memory is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics describe directly of the meaning conventional. The meaning of the song is he last see him girlfriend and will be memory. And then he is go out in her life

Data 10

I was afraid of the dark

Data 10.1

I was afraid of the dark is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics describe directly of the meaning conventional. Someone certainly afraid of the dark, and the meaning of the lyrics he is afraid when the girlfriend separate, but he know that it will happen if the daylight.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.2 Song Analysis : Payphone

Payphone featuring Wiz Khalifa, was released as the lead single from the album on April 16, 2012. The song was received generally positive reviews from critics, they noted departure from older Maroon 5 songs. However, some them were praised of the music direction where the band has taken. Magazine Rolling

Stone placed Payphone at number 46 on their list of 50 Best Songs of 2012.

Commercially, the song reached number one on over eight national singles charts and peaked within the top-ten on 20 additional charts. "Payphone" reached number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the UK Singles

Chart. It was the fifth best selling single of 2012 with over 9.1 million digital copies sold worldwide. The music video of the song was directed by Samuel

Bayer and features Levine being mistaken for a bank robber and fighting a fleet of policemen.

This song contains some metaphor, so the witer wants to try to analyse what kind of metaphor used in this song.

Data 1

Payphone (the title of song )

Data 1.1

Payphone is Symbolism Metaphor because payphone represents the man who is trying to rediscover his long lost identity (Now no one is using a payphone, all of them are using handphone).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Data 2

All of my change I spent on you

Data 2.1

All of my change I spent on you is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics of song directly through conventional meaning and that all this time he's just spent time focusing on his partner, but ignoring himself. This is what makes him feel not knowing what to do when he is left with another man by the couple.

Data 3

Where have the times gone

Data 3.1

Where have the times gone is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics of song have a direct meaning which tells that the memories they have been going through for a long time have faded. and he knows that his partner will leave him.

Data 4

It's even harder to picture

Data 4.1

It's even harder to picture is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics of song is directly of meaning the man was not able to leave his girlfriend but it was too late to reveal it. „Picture‟ that means everything they've been through will end here.

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Data 5

All of our bridges burned down

Data 5.1

All of our bridges burned down is Symbolism Metaphor because the lyrics of song symbolize the relationship like a „bridge‟. bridge burned down‟ meaning of a relationship that has been lived together but in the end.

Data 6

Now I'm paralyzed

Data 6.1

Now I'm paralyzed is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics indicate that the man can‟t live without his girlfriend so that his dream has vanished.

„Paralyzed‟ directly states without the helpless men's women.

Data 7

But even the sun sets in paradise

Data 7.1

But even the sun sets in paradise is Symbolism Metaphor and Mimetic

Metaphor because the lyrics of song symbolize „paradise‟ signifying the beautiful remembrance they had shared together, When they fall in love. all things there must have end. And the sun only sinks on the earth.

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Data 8

If happy ever after did exist

Data 8.1

If happy ever after did exist is Active Metaphor because it has a close relationship between the main subject and the modifier. He wished that happiness would always be there all the time, but it was just a dream.

Data 9

One more stupid love song I'll be sick

Data 9.1

One more stupid love song I'll be sick is Subjective Metaphor because the lyrics of song view that the subject the lyrics of a song that saw the subject indicate that hearing a love song made him feel sad. and also remember the memories that were with her.

Data 10

Don't need my name on my show

Data 10.1

Don't need my name on my show is Active Metaphor because the lyrics of song that describes that he does not need to know about the man who approached the woman because he was disappointed. Said 'my show' meaningful about his relationship with the woman he loves does not need to know the man who approached.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Data 11

Had a really good game but you missed your last shot

Data 11.1

Had a really good game but you missed your last shot is Active Metaphor because the lycris of song expressed its purpose directly. that woman hid her affair from her lover, but in the end revealed. but ultimately revealed that the man is frustrated.

3.3 Song Analysis : One More night

One More Night was released as the second single from the album on

June 19, 2012. The song received generally positive reviews from critics who praised "the catchy reggae-drenched musical production" and "Adam Levine's confident pop vocals". "One More Night" reached the top-ten on over 26 national charts worldwide. It topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for nine consecutive weeks becoming Maroon 5's longest topping single on the chart and was tied with "Call

Me Maybe" by Carly Rae Jepsen for longest lead of the year. The music video of

"One More Night" premiered on June 25, 2012 on MTV and was directed by Peter

Berg. The video features Levine's character being a boxer whose relationship is in ruins because of his profession, his love interest is played by American actress

Minka Kelly. This song also contains some metaphor, so the witer wants to try to analyse what kind of metaphor contains in this song.

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Data 1

You and I get so damn dysfunctional, we stopped keeping score

Data 1.1

You and I get so damn dysfunctional, we stopped keeping score is Inactive or

Dead Metaphor because states directly the lyrics show couples who are already saturated with the state of the household is so complicated. „We stopped keeping score‟ which means that in their relationship there is nothing to keep in mind.

Data 2

Got you stuck on my body, on my body, like a tattoo

Data 2.1

Got you stuck on my body, on my body, like a tattoo is Active Metaphor because the lyrics of the song contains meaning that refers to someone who is in his life.

„Got you stuck on my body‟ which meant she momentarily forgot about their problem and hugged his again

Data 3

That I only stay with you one more night

Data 3.1

That I only stay with you one more night is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics signify to direct of song . „I only stay with you one more night‟ it means the woman is no longer able to face her partner and decides only tonight, she is with him and leaves him.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Data 4

Trying to tell you no, but my body keeps on telling you yes

Data 4.1

Trying to tell you no, but my body keeps on telling you yes is Active Metaphor because the lyrics of song indicating that the couple did not want to part, but his body was no longer able and want to end this all. so the lyrics refer to the object

(the couple)

Data 5

I'd be waking up Feeling satisfied but guilty as hell.

Data 5.1

I'd be waking up Feeling satisfied but guilty as hell. Is Inactive or Dead

Metaphor because the lyrics of song that the man feels he is satisfied with what he is doing. but in reality he has lost a loved one and feels guilty for his actions.

3.4 Song Analysis : Love Somebody

Love Somebody is a song recorded by American pop rock band Maroon 5. The song was released on May 14, 2013, as the fourth and final single from their fourth studio album, Overexposed (2012). It was written by Adam Levine,

Nathaniel Motte, Ryan Tedder, and Noel Zancanella; the latter two are also the producers. "Love Somebody" is a dance-pop song that lyrically equates love and physical intimacy and explores "salvation on the dance floor".Upon release, the song was a respectable success on the charts and became the fourth top ten hit from the album on the Billboard Hot 100. Despite its success, the single received

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA mixed reviews from music critics who praised its composition, linking it to the works by Coldplay, but criticized its production and Levine's vocals. Following the release of the album, due to strong digital downloads, the song peaked at number nine on the singles chart in South Korea. This song contains some metaphor, so the witer wants to try to analyse what kind of metaphor contains in this song.

Data 1

I know your inside, you’re feeling so hollow

Data 1.1

I know your inside, you’re feeling so hollow is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics of song is a metaphor that directly implies a sad person who has been abandoned or decided. so from the look someone on face felt and hollow.

Data 2

And it’s a hard pill for you to swallow

Data 2.1

And it’s a hard pill for you to swallow is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics of song that someone is actually afraid to start a new relationship and it takes time. so his girlfriend must be patient with his condition. from the lyrics that she had a bitter memories before and can not be forgotten by her.Data 3

Data 3

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA But if I fall for you, I’ll never recover

Data 3.1

But if I fall for you, I’ll never recover is Inactive or Dead Metaphor and

Precision Metaphor because the lyrics of song shows that a person is traumatized by his past and should be understood until the end of his trauma does not come back again. And the meaning of the lyrics when he falls in love, he may feel hurt.

Data 4

I know we’re only half way there

Data 4.1

I know we’re only half way there is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics of song describe that half their journey will go to a better level of starting a new life together. this meaning is related to the later lyrics that the woman intends to be together forever with her partner.

Data 5

You’re such a hard act for me to follow

Data 5.1

You’re such a hard act for me to follow is Active Metaphor because the lyrics of song describe that he does not understand how the attitude of the woman he loves is sometimes ignorant, so the man also feels not cared for.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Data 6

I wanna feel like we never gonna ever stop

Data 6.1

I wanna feel like we never gonna ever stop is Inactive or Dead Metaphor because the lyrics of song declare directly to the intended person. And the meaning of song that tells his partner will never stop to love her and will soon have it completely.

3.5 The Result of the Analysis

This is the result of analysis of metaphor found in Maroon5 “Overexposed” album. Through this, we know how many cases each type of metaphor has based on their rank from the most dominant type to less one.

There are 36 data found in Maroon 5 “Overexposed” Album. Below is the number of data in each type of metaphor:

Active Metaphor : 6 Data

Inactive or Dead Metaphor : 20 Data

Subjective Metaphor : 3 Data

Mimetic Metaphor : 1 Data

Phenomenalistic Metaphor : 1 Data

Precision Metaphor : 2 Data

Symbolism Metaphor : 3 Data

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approximate Metaphor : 2 Data

Here is the percentage of each type of Metaphor :

Active Metaphor

Inactive or Dead Metaphor

Mimetic Metaphor

Phenomenalistic Metaphor

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Precision Metaphor

Subjective Metaphor

Symbolism Metaphor

Approximate Metaphor

Based on data and percentage above, we can see that inactive or dead metaphor (55,5%) is the most dominant, followed by active metaphor (16,6%), subjective metaphor (8,3%), symbolism metaphor (8,3%), Precision Metaphor

(5,5%), Approximate Metaphor (5,5%), Mimetic Metaphor (2,7%), and

Phenomenalistic Metaphor (2,7%).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

After analyzing and calculating all the metaphors in four song of Maroon

5 “Overexposed” album. 32 metaphor are found which consist of:

Active Metaphor : 6 Data (16,6%)

Inactive or Dead Metaphor : 20 Data (55,5%)

Subjective Metaphor : 3 Data (8,3%)

Mimetic Metaphor : 1 Data (2,7%)

Phenomenalistic Metaphor : 1 Data (2,7%)

Precision Metaphor : 2 Data (5,5%)

Symbolism Metaphor : 3 Data (8,3%)

Approximate Metaphor : 2 Data (5,5%)

Based on result above the inactive or dead metaphor is the most dominant type in the lyric while mimetic metaphor and phenomenalistic metaphor is the least because the results are the same percentage. inactive or dead metaphor is a metaphor commonly found in the lyrics of the song, whose meaning is described directly. A conclusion can be drawn that metaphors play its role in this lyric , not only convey ideas but also to bring the emotional listener

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4.2 Suggestion

Metaphor can be a part of everyday conversation to convey the spoken message. Because by using metaphors to find the target clearly. Therefore, the writer suggest for those interested in the field of communication, this metaphor can be a communication tool to convey the objectives that are conveyed with ease.

The author also wants to suggest literature students be able to analyze the metaphors of other songs. Literature are not just lyrics of songs we sing or hear.

We can also interpret every lyrics, form expressing. Therefore the writer hope that

English students analyze the metaphor in the lyrics of the song because a lot of song lyrics that have an implied meaning

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BLIBIOGRAPHY

Apri.2016.http://nurindahrahman.blogspot.co.id/definisi-bahasa-menurut-ahli- dalam.html

A.Goatly.1997.The Language of Metaphor. London: Routledge

Classe, Oliver (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English. (Vol.2).

(London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000).

Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. Introduction to Functional Grammar (Second Edition).

London: Edward Arnold. https://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/maroon-5/daylight/ https://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/maroon-5/payphone/ https://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/maroon-5/one-more-night/ https://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/maroon-5/love-somebody/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overexposed_(album) http://tempolagu.blogspot.co.id/2015/11/pengertian-lirik-lagu-dan-fungsinya.html

Katz, Jerrold J.1972. Semantic Theory. New York: Harper International Edition

Harper & Row,Publishers.

Kridalaksana.(1982).Linguistik.Jakarta:Gramedia

Luxemburg, Jan. V. et al. 1989. Pengantar Ilmu Sastra. Trans. Dick Hartoko.

Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.

Siregar, Bahren Umar.2005.Semantic.Medan: North Sumatera University Perrs.

M. Knowles and Moon. R. 2006. Introducing Metaphor. New York : Routledge

Stren, J. 2000. Metaphor in Context. Cambridge : The MIT Press

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDIX Daylight Here I am waiting, I'll have to leave soon Why am I holding on? We knew this day would come, we knew it all along How did it come so fast? This is our last night but it's late And I'm trying not to sleep 'Cause I know, when I wake I will have to slip away And when the daylight comes I'll have to go But tonight I'm gonna hold you so close 'Cause in the daylight we'll be on our own But tonight I need to hold you so close Ooh whoa, ooh whoa, ooh whoa Ooh whoa, ooh whoa, ooh whoa Here I am staring at your perfection In my arms, so beautiful The sky is getting bright, the stars are burning out Somebody slow it down This is way too hard 'Cause I know, when the sun comes up I will leave, this is my last glance That will soon be memory And when the daylight comes I'll have to go But tonight I'm gonna hold you so close 'Cause in the daylight we'll be on our own But tonight I need to hold you so close Ooh whoa, ooh whoa, ooh whoa Ooh whoa, ooh whoa, ooh whoa I never wanted to stop Because I don't wanna start all over, start all over I was afraid of the dark But now it's all that I want, all that I want, all that I want And when the daylight comes I'll have to go But tonight I'm gonna hold you so close 'Cause in the daylight we'll be on our own But tonight I need to hold you so close And when the daylight comes I'll have to go But tonight I'm gonna hold you so close 'Cause in the daylight we'll be on our own But tonight I need to hold you so close Ooh whoa, ooh whoa, ooh whoa Ooh whoa, ooh whoa, ooh whoa Ooh whoa (yeah), ooh whoa (yeah), ooh whoa (yeah) Ooh whoa (yeah), ooh whoa (yeah), ooh whoa

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Payphone

I'm at a payphone trying to call home All of my change I spent on you Where have the times gone, baby it's all wrong Where are the plans we made for two Yeah, I, I know it's hard to remember The people we used to be It's even harder to picture That you're not here next to me You say it's too late to make it But is it too late to try And in our time that you wasted All of our bridges burned down I've wasted my nights You turned out the lights Now I'm paralyzed Still stuck in that time When we called it love But even the sun sets in paradise I'm at a payphone trying to call home All of my change I spent on you Where have the times gone, baby it's all wrong Where are the plans we made for two If Happy Ever Afters did exist I would still be holding you like this All those fairy tales are full of it One more stupid love song, I'll be sick Oh, you turned your back on tomorrow 'Cause you forgot yesterday I gave you my love to borrow But you just gave it away You can't expect me to be fine I don't expect you to care I know I've said it before But all of our bridges burned down I've wasted my nights, You turned out the lights Now I'm paralyzed Still stuck in that time When we called it love But even the sun sets in paradise I'm at a payphone trying to call home All of my change I spent on you Where have the times gone, baby it's all wrong Where are the plans we made for two?

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If Happy Ever Afters did exist I would still be holding you like this All those fairy tales are full of it One more stupid love song, I'll be sick Now I'm at a payphone Man, f*** that sh** I'll be out spending all this money While you're sitting round wondering Why it wasn't you who came up from nothing Made it from the bottom Now when you see me I'm stunting And all of my cars start with a push of a button Telling me the chances I blew up Or whatever you call it Switch the number to my phone So you never could call it Don't need my name on my show You can tell it I'm ballin' Swish, what a shame could have got picked Had a really good game but you missed your last shot So you talk about who you see at the top Or what you could have saw but sad to say it's over for Phantom pulled up valet open doors Wiz like go away, got what you was looking for Now it's me who they want, so you can go and take That little piece of sh** with you I'm at a payphone trying to call home All of my change I spent on you Where have the times gone, baby it's all wrong Where are the plans we made for two If Happy Ever Afters did exist I would still be holding you like this All those fairy tales are full of it One more stupid love song, I'll be sick Now I'm at a payphone

One More Night

Ooh, ooh ooh ooh, ooh ooh, ooh ooh You and I go hard at each other like we're going to war You and I go rough, we keep throwing things and slamming the door You and I get so damn dysfunctional, we start keeping score You and I get sick, yeah I know that we can't do this no more But baby there you go again, there you go again, making me love you Yeah I stopped using my head, using my head, let it all go

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Got you stuck on my body, on my body like a tattoo And now I'm feeling stupid, feeling stupid crawling back to you So I cross my heart and I hope to die That I'll only stay with you one more night And I know I said it a million times But I'll only stay with you one more night Try to tell you no but my body keeps on telling you yes Try to tell you stop but your lipstick got me so out of breath I'll be waking up in the morning probably hating myself And I'll be waking up feeling satisfied but guilty as hell But baby there you go again, there you go again, making me love you And I stopped using my head, using my head, let it all go Got you stuck on my body, on my body like a tattoo And now I'm feeling stupid, feeling stupid crawling back to you So I cross my heart and I hope to die That I'll only stay with you one more night And I know I said it a million times But I'll only stay with you one more night Yeah baby give me one more night Yeah baby give me one more night Yeah baby give me one more night Baby there you go again, there you go again, making me love you And I stopped using my head, using my head, let it all go Got you stuck on my body, on my body like a tattoo Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah So I cross my heart and I hope to die That I'll only stay with you one more night And I know I said it a million times But I'll only stay with you one more night (Yeah baby give me one more night) So I cross my heart and I hope to die That I'll only stay with you one more night And I know I said it a million times But I'll only stay with you one more night

Love Somebody

I know your insides are feeling so hollow And it's a hard pill for you to swallow, yeah But if I fall for you, I'll never recover If I fall for you, I'll never be the same I really wanna love somebody I really wanna dance the night away I know we're only half way there But you can take me all the way, if you take me all the way

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA I really wanna touch somebody I think about you every single day I know we're only half way there But you can take me all the way, you can take me all the way You're such a hard act for me to follow Love me today don't leave me tomorrow, yeah But if I fall for you, I'll never recover If I fall for you, I'll never be the same I really wanna love somebody I really wanna dance the night away I know we're only half way there But take me all the way, if you can take me all the way I really wanna touch somebody I think about you every single day I know we're only half way there But you can take me all the way, if you can take me all the way Oh, oh, oh, oh oh oh Oh, oh, oh, oh oh oh I don't know where to start, I'm just a little lost I wanna feel like we're never gonna ever stop I don't know what to do, I'm right in front of you Asking you to stay, you should stay, stay with me tonight, yeah I really wanna love somebody I really wanna dance the night away I know we're only half way there But take me all the way, if you can take me all the way I really wanna touch somebody I think about you every single day I know we're only half way there But take me all the way, if you can take me all the way Oh, oh, oh, oh oh oh Oh, oh, oh, oh oh oh Take me all the way, if you take me all the way yeah

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