THE WORLD MADE : DISCOURSE AND IN PARTICIPATORY

BY

RYAN M. MILNER

©2012

Submitted to the graduate degree program in Studies and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of

Philosophy.

______Chairperson Nancy K. Baym

______Jay Childers

______Dave Tell

______Yan Bing Zhang

______Ben Chappell

Date Defended: May 08 2012

ii

The Dissertation Committee for Ryan M. Milner certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation:

THE WORLD MADE MEME: DISCOURSE AND IDENTITY IN PARTICIPATORY MEDIA

______Chairperson Nancy K. Baym

Date Approved: June 01 2012

iii ABSTRACT

This project explores as public discourse. ‘Meme’ is a term coined by biologist to describe the flow, flux, , and of , a cultural counter to the . But the term has evolved within many online , and is shifting in public discourse. In this emerging sense, ‘memes’ are amateur media artifacts, extensively remixed and recirculated by different participants on networks. But there is to doubt how broad and inclusive this amateur participation is. If the networks producing memes are truly participatory, they will definitionally facilitate diverse discourses and represent diverse identities. Therefore, we need detailed empirical work on specific participatory sites in order to clarify questions of mediated cultural participation. My goal was a better understanding of discourse and identity in participatory media through an investigation of memes and the collectives producing them.

To answer this question of mediated cultural participation, I used a critical discourse analytic method and focused on three criteria indicative of cultural participation: processes, identities, and politics. The results were mixed. First, while the formal processes necessary for making memes were open, they required literacy to engage. Second, while meme collectives were readily and broadly accessible by diverse identities and perspectives, they were gatekept by subcultural insiders who privileged some and marginalized others. Third, while diverse political commentary did occur, it happened in a relatively narrow frame of perspectives. However, these inequalities did not mean polyvocal public participation was absent in meme collectives. Memes were a means to transform established cultural texts into new ones, to negotiate the worth of diverse identities, and to engage in unconventional about public policy and current events. Memes were a mix of old inequalities and new participation. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Like the artifacts contained herein, this work is collaborative. It’s the process of years of insight and sacrifice from the people closest to me. I first wandered into Nancy Baym’s graduate seminar on digital media six years ago, a dazed M.A. student who wasn’t quite sure why he was there. In the six years sense, she has read as many drafts of my work as I have, written more letters of recommendation than I deserve, and offered immeasurable guidance on what it means to be a scholar. Any current or successes I’ve enjoyed are hers and mine in equal measure.

The same could be said for the rest of the committee guiding this project. I’ve crowded the offices and struggled through the seminars of Jay Childers, Dave Tell, Yan Bing Zhang, and Ben

Chappell, groping with half-formed . They’ve walked them to fruition. I’ve also sat in those seminars with some of the finest friends and colleagues I could hope for. My fellow graduate students Mike Anderson, Evan Center, Chelsea Graham, and Vince Meserko have listened intently as I’ve droned on about the public worth of internet cat comics. All of these influences are a part of what’s below.

At home, my wife Sarah has been no less instrumental in the process. Every night out I skipped, every movie I half watched, every academic rant she handled gracefully has cemented her place in the project. None of this dissertation, truly, would exist without her. Sophia, just turned four, and Gabriel, mere weeks old, have sacrificed and attention as well. But they’ve been lights guiding the way through. Thanks to Mom and brother Eric too. Their support hasn’t wavered over the years. They’ve been no different now.

Last, of course, is the internet. The epic gets, the hardcore pwnage, the so much win. The and voice in the artifacts that fill these pages have kept me laughing for the last 18 months, even as I sometimes cringed. Few dissertations can say that. Thanks for the lulz. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page...... i

Acceptance Page...... ii

Abstract...... iii

Acknowledgements...... iv

Table of Contents...... v

1. Artifacts: Memes as Participatory Media...... 1

2. Arguments: Processes, Identities, and Politics...... 24

3. Methods: The Critical Analysis of Mediated Discourses...... 61

4. Processes: Conventional Transformation and Subcultural Literacy...... 83

5. Identities: Dominant Discourses and Negotiated Representations...... 142

6. Politics: Polyvocal Participation and Pop Savvy Commentary...... 212

7. Lessons: The World Made Meme...... 285

References...... 308

1 CHAPTER ONE

Artifacts: Memes as Participatory Media

Mediated Cultural Participation

The era of you. In 2006, TIME declared ‘You’ its person of the year

(Grossman, 2006, Dec. 25). The declaration bucked 80 years of primarily honoring warriors, world leaders, and business tycoons (a notable exception was 1982, when ‘the computer’ was recognized; Rosenblatt, 1983, Jan. 3). You were recognized because now you could engage the world in bold new ways:

It's a story about community and collaboration on a scale never seen before. It's about the cosmic

compendium of Wikipedia and the million-channel people's network YouTube and the online

metropolis MySpace. It's about the many wresting power from the few and helping one another for

and how that will not only change the world, but also change the way the world changes. (Grossman, 2006,

Dec. 25)

According to TIME what’s different is ‘Web 2.0’. We have a new of communication technologies, which allow broader engagement with our world: a louder voice, a longer reach.

And, maybe, a more democratic public sphere. Web 2.0, the magazine says, is “not the Web that

Tim Berners-Lee hacked together” for intellectuals and officials. Instead, it’s “a tool for bringing together the small contributions of millions of people and making them ”. What’s different, in a word, is participation.

For TIME and others (Jenkins, 2006; Lévy, 2001; Terranova, 2004), the rigid gatekeepers and old hierarchies which pervaded th