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Tensões Em Rede: Os Limites E Possibilidades Da Cidadania Na Internet Universidade Metodista De São Paulo

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Tensões Em Rede: Os Limites E Possibilidades Da Cidadania Na Internet Universidade Metodista De São Paulo Tensões em rede: os limiTes e possibilidades da cidadania na inTerneT Universidade Metodista de São Paulo Conselho Diretor Paulo Roberto Lima Bruhn (presidente), Nelson Custódio Fer (vice-presidente), Osvaldo Elias de Almeida (secretário) Titulares: Aires Ademir Leal Clavel, Augusto Campos de Rezende, Aureo Lidio Moreira Ribeiro, Carlos Alberto Ribeiro Simões Junior, Kátia de Mello Santos, Marcos Vinícius Sptizer, Oscar Francisco Alves Suplentes: Regina Magna Araujo, Valdecir Barreros Reitor: Marcio de Moraes Pró-Reitora de Graduação: Vera Lúcia Gouvêa Stivaletti Pró-Reitor de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa: Fabio Botelho Josgrilberg Faculdade de Comunicação Diretor: Paulo Rogério Tarsitano Conselho de Política Editorial Marcio de Moraes (presidente), Almir Martins Vieira, Fulvio Cristofoli, Helmut Renders, Isaltino Marcelo Conceição, Mário Francisco Boratti, Peri Mesquida (repre­­­ sen­­ tante externo), Rodolfo Carlos Martino, Roseli Fischmann, Sônia Maria Ribeiro Jaconi Comissão de Publicações Almir Martins Vieira (presidente), Helmut Renders, José Marques de Melo, Marcelo Módolo, Maria Angélica Santini, Rafael Marcus Chiuzi, Sandra Duarte de Souza Editora executiva Léia Alves de Souza UMESP São Bernardo do Campo, 2012 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) (Biblioteca Central da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo) T259 Tensões em rede: os limites e possibilidades da cidadania na internet / organização de Sérgio Amadeu da Silveira, Fábio Botelho Josgrilberg. São Bernardo do Campo : Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2012. 150 p. Bibliografia ISBN 978-85-7814-245-2 1. Comunicação digital - Aspectos sociais 2.Sociedade digital 3. Novas tecnologias (Comunicação) 4. Comunicação e cidadania 5. Tecnologia da informação - Aspectos sociais 6. Internet (Redes de computadores) - Comunicação I. Silveira, Sérgio Amadeu da II. Josgrilberg, Fábio Botelho CDD 303.4833 AFILIADA A Universidade Metodista de São Paulo Rua do Sacramento, 230, Rudge Ramos 09640-000, São Bernardo do Campo , SP Tel: (11) 4366-5537 E-mail: [email protected] www.metodista.br/editora Editoração Eletrônica: Maria Zélia Firmino de Sá Capa: Cristiano Freitas Revisão: João Guimaraes Permutas e atendimento a bibliotecas: Noeme Viana Timbó Impressão: Assahi Gráfica e Editora As informações e opiniões emitidas nos artigos assinados são de inteira responsabilidade de seus autores, não representando, necessariamente, posição oficial da Universidade ou de sua mantenedora. Sumário Apresentação 7 Uma história da ‘internet aberta’: da internet ‘fixa’ à ‘móvel’ 9 Alison Powell A e-democracia legislativa em seus primórdios 25 Cristiano Ferri Soares de Faria A diáspora hacker: as redes livres de produção imaterial e ação política 53 Rodrigo Tarchiani Savazoni A função do Estado na redução da assimetria da informação 75 Vagner Diniz Helena Quirino Taliberti Caroline Burle dos Santos Guimarães Nossa esquisitice é livre 91 Gabriella Coleman Poder e anonimato na sociedade de controle 109 Sérgio Amadeu da Silveira Internet e governo aberto: uma análise exploratória de iniciativas em municípios brasileiros 125 Fabio B. Josgrilberg Leandro Carrera Camila Miranda Franscicon Jamile Bittar Sobre os autores 149 Apresentação internet emerge como um espaço de tensões entre processos colabo- rativos, promotores da participação cidadã, e, ao mesmo tempo, de A controles econômicos e políticos. Essa tensão foi tema de debate no encontro Cidadania e Redes Digitais (http://www.metodista.br/cidadaniaere- desdigitais), organizado pela Universidade Metodista de São Paulo e Univer- sidade Federal do ABC, financiado pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) e com apoio do W3C Brasil, Comitê Gestor de Internet e NIC.br e Universo Online. O trabalho realizado durante o evento é sistematizado nesta coletânea de textos. Tensões em rede: os limites e possibilidades da cidadania na internet apresenta uma visão interdisciplinar do debate sobre as possibilidades demo- cráticas da internet, trazendo reflexões e resultados de pesquisa sobre temas como a abertura da rede, móvel e fixa (Alison Powell), o ativismo hacker (Ro- drigo Savazoni e Gabriella Coleman), a questão do anonimato na rede (Sérgio Amadeu da Silveira), a relação entre os poderes públicos com a transparência, abertura de dados e colaboração com a sociedade civil (Cristiano Ferri, Fabio Josgrilberg e equipe, Vagner Diniz e equipe). Todos os temas apontam para a necessidade de pesquisa e ações concre- tas para fazer da internet um espaço, de fato, que promova a cidadania por diferentes instrumentos democráticos, a participação política e transparência das ações públicas. Desejamos a todos e a todas uma ótima leitura. Dr. Fabio B. Josgrilberg Dr. Sérgio Amadeu da Silveira 7 Uma história da ‘internet aberta’: da internet ‘fixa’ à ‘móvel’ Alison Powell London School of Economics and Political Science maioria dos textos sobre a internet enfatiza o alinhamento entre uma forma arquitetural aberta e os valores ‘abertos’ ou democráti- A cos dos mais antigos pioneiros da internet. Isto continua ainda hoje ao celebrarmos as conexões entre a tecnologia da internet, a liberdade e a democracia. A realidade, no entanto, é que a arquitetura e a experiência da internet estão mudando. Há muitos modos pelos quais estas mudanças acon- tecem: os padrões técnicos mudam, as nações se tornam mais interessadas na regulamentação ou controle de fluxos do tráfico na internet, e os padrões legais alteram o modo pelo qual é governada a interconexão entre as redes. Uma mudança em particular, que não recebe muita atenção, é a da internet ‘fixa’ para a internet móvel’. Este capítulo explora o como esta alteração nos permite analisar o modo pelo qual a abertura – na arquitetura e na prática – foi imaginada no passado e examinar os fatores que podem possibilitá-la ou limitá-la no futuro. O argumento é o de que vários fatores estão levando a uma internet móvel ‘restrita’, o que contrasta diretamente com a internet ‘aberta’ das décadas passadas. Este capítulo revê as origens da internet ‘aberta’, prestando atenção especial ao modo como determinados valores foram pensados por meio do desenho das redes da internet. Estas articulações entre o desenho e a política estabeleceram expectativas acerca da importância de características tais como a ‘abertura’. A abertura está vinculada a crescentes oportunidades de participa- ção na alteração da própria internet. Esta participação é parte do que Zittrain (2008) percebe como o potencial ‘generativo’ da internet. O desenvolvimento de software de fonte livre e aberta é o caso mais notável desta participação, uma vez que ele usa a internet para organizar um grupo de pessoas cujas ações modificam a forma técnico-material da internet. Estes ‘públicos recursivos’ contribuíram significativamente para o imaginário da internet ‘aberta’. 9 Tensões em rede: os limiTes e possibilidades da cidadania na inTerneT A segunda seção contrasta as materialidades e imaginários da histórica internet ‘fixa’ com a crescente onipresença da internet ‘sem fio’. Começa por examinar as diferenças nas materialidades entre os dispositivos de acesso à internet móvel e os da internet ‘fixa’ e prossegue examinando como as culturas participativas que emergem em relação à internet móvel são diferentes das dos ‘públicos recursivos’ da internet ‘fixa’. Contexto: os ideais da abertura da internet A história da internet e especialmente da ideia da internet ‘aberta’ ilustra o modo pelo qual determinados valores sociais se tornam articulados – vincu- lados – a itens do desenho tecnológico (ver Slack, 1997). Demonstra também como certas vantagens tecnológicas podem lançar as bases para a emergência de determinadas formas sociais e culturais. Juntamente com as escolhas técnicas feitas por tecnologias específicas, aspectos normativos e culturais também se combinam para moldar as formas de comunicação que daí emergem. Podemos considerar a internet como uma forma de comunicação construída a partir de estruturas técnicas e de marcos organizacionais, de noções de governança e imagens do futuro. Muitas histórias da internet reconheceram esta coprodução sociotécnica examinando como os então existentes processos colaborativos de professores pesquisadores nas universidades contribuíram para a estrutura de rede dos primórdios da internet (Abbate, 1999) e também como os elementos de uma ‘cultura hacker’ – emergida no laboratório de inteligência artificial do MIT na década de 1960 – influenciaram as culturas de produção que vieram a caracterizar a internet (Levy, 1985). Estas reflexões específicas contribuem para uma análise mais ampla da interação entre os imaginários sociais e técnicos da internet. Patrice Flichy (2007) afirma que os imaginários sociais da nova tecnologia são tão fortemente influenciados pelo modo como as pessoas os pensam e os constroem como o são pela própria tecnologia. Isto ecoa a perspectiva nuclear do construtivis- mo, que afirma que as experiências do mundo e o próprio mundo são criados conjuntamente. Esta tradição desenvolveu um foco sobre a coprodução das tecnologias e da sociedade pela observação de como as tecnologias funcionam como espaços de transferência ou intercâmbio de conhecimento (Bowker e Star 1999) e como elementos de controvérsias que mobilizam perspectivas sociais ou culturais opostas (Callon 1981). Jasanoff (2004) define coprodução em termos de produção de conhecimento: “[Isto é] taquigrafia para a afirmação 10 Uma história da ‘internet aberta’: da internet ‘fixa’ à ‘móvel’ de que os modos pelos quais conhecemos
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