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Comunicar, n. 67, v. XXIX, 2021 | Media Research Journal | ISSN: 1134-3478; e-ISSN: 1988-3478

www.comunicarjournal.com

Internet in Covid-19 lockdown in Poland Memes de en tiempos de confinamiento por Covid-19 en Polonia

Dr. Roza Norstrom. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland)

([email protected]) (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9981-9988) Dr. Pawel Sarna. Associate Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland) ([email protected]) (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4211-2310)

ABSTRACT Poland was one of the countries that was hit by the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, and its government imposed restrictions to combat the spreading of the virus. The Internet and social media became outlets for people’s reactions to the events that unfolded, including the lockdown. A part of this reaction came in the form of creating and sharing memes – an expression of digital participatory . This paper aims to analyze how Covid-19 was communicated and narrated through Internet memes and how they presented the pandemic and actors responsible for fighting it. 1,763 memes from six media platforms were analyzed using content analysis with framing elements and a comparative analysis. The results show that the memes provided a form of commentary on the situation experienced by Poles. The most common category of memes was “bans and orders”, involving restrictions that were often criticized and ridiculed as pointless. The main characters within the memes were ordinary citizens, often portrayed in a comedic way as careless in regards to the virus and violating the restrictions. They were also presented as victims of the police and the government. Furthermore, the people responsible for fighting the pandemic were portrayed as incompetent and imposing needlessly severe restrictions and penalties for not abiding by them.

RESUMEN Polonia fue uno de los países golpeados por la pandemia del Covid-19 en 2020, cuyo gobierno impuso restricciones para combatir la propagación del virus. Internet y las redes sociales se convirtieron en un escape para las reacciones de las personas a estos eventos, incluido el confinamiento. Una parte de esta reacción vino en forma de creación y difusión de memes, una expresión de la cultura digital y participativa. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar cómo el Covid-19 fue comunicado y narrado a través de los memes en Internet y cómo fue presentada la pandemia y los responsables de combatirla. Fueron analizados 1.763 memes de seis medios empleando un análisis de contenidos con elementos de enmarque y análisis comparativo narrativo. Los resultados muestran que los memes fueron una forma de expresión sobre la situación vivida por los polacos. La categoría más popular fue la de «prohibiciones y órdenes», aludiendo a las restricciones que frecuentemente fueron criticadas y ridiculizadas como inútiles. El personaje principal de los memes fueron los ciudadanos, frecuentemente retratados de una manera cómica como personas irresponsables en cuanto al virus y violaciones de las restricciones. También fueron presentados como víctimas de la policía y el gobierno. Además, las personas responsables de combatir la pandemia fueron retratadas como incompetentes, al imponer restricciones y sanciones excesivamente estrictas por no obedecerlas.

KEYWORDS | PALABRAS CLAVE Covid-19, memes, participatory culture, protests, lockdown, satire. Covid-19, memes, cultura participativa, protestas, confinamiento, sátira.

Received: 2020-08-31 | Reviewed: 2020-10-03 | Accepted: 2020-11-13 | Preprint: 2021-01-15 | Published: 2021-04-01 DOI https://doi.org/10.3916/C67-2021-06 | Pages: 69-79

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Brown, References Agency Funding 1 knowledge some in Notes fill We to believed topic. on are this studies, studies on field. our published studies particular like we comparative of this which, if extensive in number research, out gaps conduct in recent small find to most visible relatively to difficult the was the agreement it mentioned narration intercoder have made Also, testing given have through Covid-19 a same. problem and whether the this memes decided analysis elements solve the who qualitative to of coder the tried We method, part the perceived and research qualitative not. was descriptive the main or it its Moreover, the meme as is as the methods. subjective, discussions, research analysis additional slightly the comments, content as be of of of analysis could use limitation analysis narrative the Another or and actors from framing surveys and results media. and user issues which social of media nature, on through quantitative public memes studied mostly the in to be analyzed affect reactions can be might then and can they It may likes media which They of to memes. type. types extent in second both the the Therefore, shown check from to media. come also other Internet , influencing the the leaders, on opinion spread of memes role the the of Most actions. preventive own. approach promote their critical also or could entertaining memes an analyzed the having restrictions, from the apart and that Covid-19 confirms to which 2020c), Times, (Polska aliens vs “us” frame the through the expressed than services, common and less far authorities were and disputes man” such “ordinary However, attending the assemblies. or between example hours, public designated conflict for on their ban well, of outside the as shopping despite memes by Polish churches restrictions in the inter- breaking presented on people focused were older that regarding conflicts studies and “ordinary (2020) Inter-generational situation MacDonald’s during the and the gap conflicts disputes. 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Comunicar, 67, XXIX, 2021 77 78 Comunicar, 67, XXIX, 2021 idi￿ kds￿wił adma Crnvrs un ee.Pt omn nteeiei n ua eair Now behavior. human and epidemic the on comment Pets memes. Funny [Coronavirus: pandemia. wzi￿ła si￿ sk￿d wiedzie￿, https://doi.org/10.3916/C67-2021-06 discourse. change climate of conflicting the and frames, media memes, Internet (Eds.), Communication (2019). Hendricks Environmental D. A. Rivers, J. election & & Presidential A., Schill, 2016 Ross, D. the In in democracy participation. digital https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315112824-15 political and polyvocal disruption Routledge. as Discourse, memes media: social Internet and (2017b). Presidency D. Rivers, & A., Ross, os . ies .(07) iia utrso oiia atcpto:Itre ee n h icriedlgtmzto fthe of delegitimization discursive the and memes Internet participation: political of candidates. Presidential Digital U.S (2017a). 2016 D. 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