Increte Stain-Crete
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
CHEMICAL STORAGE SEGREGATION GUIDELINES Incompatible Chemicals Should Always Be Handled and Stored So That They Do Not Accidentally Come in Contact with Each Other
Laboratory Safety Reminders January 2007 ♦ Mount Holyoke College – Environmental Health and Safety CHEMICAL STORAGE SEGREGATION GUIDELINES Incompatible chemicals should always be handled and stored so that they do not accidentally come in contact with each other. This list is not complete, nor are all compatibilities shown. These materials can react to produce excessive heat, harmful vapors, and/or other deadly reactions. Always know the hazards and incompatibilities of a chemical before using it. Chemicals Avoid Accidental Contact With Acetic acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, permanganates, peroxides Hydroxyl-containing compounds such as perchloric acid, Acetic anhydride ethylene glycol Concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixtures, peroxides (i.e. Acetone peracetic acid solution, hydrogen peroxide) Acetylene Chlorine, bromine, copper, silver, fluorine, mercury Alkali, alkaline earth and strongly electropositive metals (powered Carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride and other chlorinated aluminum, magnesium, sodium, hydrocarbons potassium) Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrogen Ammonia (anhydrous) fluoride Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrates, sulfur, Ammonium nitrate finely divided organics, combustibles Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide Arsenical compounds Any reducing agent Azides Acids Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, other petroleum gases, Bromine sodium carbide, turpentine, benzene, finely divided metals Calcium oxide Water Carbon activated Calcium hypochlorite, other -
APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
harxxxxx_App-G.qxd 3/8/10 1:34 PM Page AP11 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants § ϭ 0.1 M 0 ؍ (Ionic strength ( † ‡ † Name Structure* pKa Ka pKa ϫ Ϫ5 Acetic acid CH3CO2H 4.756 1.75 10 4.56 (ethanoic acid) N ϩ H3 ϫ Ϫ3 Alanine CHCH3 2.344 (CO2H) 4.53 10 2.33 ϫ Ϫ10 9.868 (NH3) 1.36 10 9.71 CO2H ϩ Ϫ5 Aminobenzene NH3 4.601 2.51 ϫ 10 4.64 (aniline) ϪO SNϩ Ϫ4 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3 H3 3.232 5.86 ϫ 10 3.01 (sulfanilic acid) ϩ NH3 ϫ Ϫ3 2-Aminobenzoic acid 2.08 (CO2H) 8.3 10 2.01 ϫ Ϫ5 (anthranilic acid) 4.96 (NH3) 1.10 10 4.78 CO2H ϩ 2-Aminoethanethiol HSCH2CH2NH3 —— 8.21 (SH) (2-mercaptoethylamine) —— 10.73 (NH3) ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 2-Aminoethanol HOCH2CH2NH3 9.498 3.18 10 9.52 (ethanolamine) O H ϫ Ϫ5 4.70 (NH3) (20°) 2.0 10 4.74 2-Aminophenol Ϫ 9.97 (OH) (20°) 1.05 ϫ 10 10 9.87 ϩ NH3 ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 Ammonia NH4 9.245 5.69 10 9.26 N ϩ H3 N ϩ H2 ϫ Ϫ2 1.823 (CO2H) 1.50 10 2.03 CHCH CH CH NHC ϫ Ϫ9 Arginine 2 2 2 8.991 (NH3) 1.02 10 9.00 NH —— (NH2) —— (12.1) CO2H 2 O Ϫ 2.24 5.8 ϫ 10 3 2.15 Ϫ Arsenic acid HO As OH 6.96 1.10 ϫ 10 7 6.65 Ϫ (hydrogen arsenate) (11.50) 3.2 ϫ 10 12 (11.18) OH ϫ Ϫ10 Arsenious acid As(OH)3 9.29 5.1 10 9.14 (hydrogen arsenite) N ϩ O H3 Asparagine CHCH2CNH2 —— —— 2.16 (CO2H) —— —— 8.73 (NH3) CO2H *Each acid is written in its protonated form. -
Hazard Summary Identification Reason For
Common Name: CHROMIC ACID CAS Number: 7738-94-5 DOT Number: NA 1463 (Solid) RTK Substance number: 0429 UN 1755 (Solution) Date: September 1996 Revision: July 2002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY * Chromic Acid can affect you when breathed in and by * Exposure to hazardous substances should be routinely passing through your skin. evaluated. This may include collecting personal and area * Chromic Acid should be handled as a CARCINOGEN-- air samples. You can obtain copies of sampling results WITH EXTREME CAUTION. from your employer. You have a legal right to this * Chromic Acid can cause reproductive damage. Handle information under OSHA 1910.1020. with extreme caution. * If you think you are experiencing any work-related health * Chromic Acid is a CORROSIVE CHEMICAL and problems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupational contact can severely irritate and burn the skin and eyes diseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you. with possible eye damage. * Breathing Chromic Acid can irritate the nose, throat and WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of The following exposure limits are for Chromic Acid breath. (measured as Chromium VI): * Chromic Acid can cause a sore and/or hole in the “bone” dividing the inner nose, sometimes with bleeding, OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit discharge or formation of a crust. (PEL) is 0.1 mg/m3, not to be exceeded at any * Chromic Acid may cause a skin allergy. If allergy time. develops, very low future exposure can cause itching and a skin rash. NIOSH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is * High exposure may affect the liver. -
Conductivity and Density of Chromic Acid Solutions
; RP198 CONDUCTIVITY AND DENSITY OF CHROMIC ACID SOLU- TIONS By H. R. Moore and W. Blum ABSTRACT The conductivity and density of chromic acid solutions were determined (<*r concentrations to molar up 10 (1,000 g/1 of Cr03 ). The density is practically a linear function of concentration. The conductivity increases to a maximum at about 5 molar and then decreases. CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 255 II. Preparation of solutions 256 1. Purification of chromic acid 256 2. Methods of analysis 257 (a) Preparation of samples 257 (6) Insoluble 257 (c) Sulphate 258 (d) Alkali salts 258 (e) Chromic acid 258 (/) Trivalent chromium 258 (1) Differential titration 258 (2) Direct precipitation 259 III. Conductivity measurements 259 1. Apparatus and method 259 2. Determination of cell constants 260 IV. Density measurements 260 V. Results obtained 261 VI. Conclusions 263 I. INTRODUCTION This study is a step in an investigation of the theory of chromium plating. The solutions used in this process have chromic acid as their principal constituent. In addition, they contain some other anion, such as the sulphate ion, which is introduced as sulphuric acid or as a sulphate. During operation there is always formed in the bath some trivalent chromium, commonly supposed to exist as "chromium chromates" of undefined composition. The ultimate purpose of this research is to determine the form and function of the sulphate and trivalent chromium in such solutions. The effects of these constituents upon the density and conductivity of chromic acid will they throw light on this problem. ; be measured to see whether First, however, it was necessary to determine the density and con- ductivity of pure chromic-acid solutions to serve as a basis of refer- ence. -
Carboxylic Acids
13 Carboxylic Acids The active ingredients in these two nonprescription pain relievers are derivatives of arylpropanoic acids. See Chemical Connections 13A, “From Willow Bark to Aspirin and Beyond.” Inset: A model of (S)-ibuprofen. (Charles D. Winters) KEY QUESTIONS 13.1 What Are Carboxylic Acids? HOW TO 13.2 How Are Carboxylic Acids Named? 13.1 How to Predict the Product of a Fischer 13.3 What Are the Physical Properties of Esterification Carboxylic Acids? 13.2 How to Predict the Product of a B-Decarboxylation 13.4 What Are the Acid–Base Properties of Reaction Carboxylic Acids? 13.5 How Are Carboxyl Groups Reduced? CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 13.6 What Is Fischer Esterification? 13A From Willow Bark to Aspirin and Beyond 13.7 What Are Acid Chlorides? 13B Esters as Flavoring Agents 13.8 What Is Decarboxylation? 13C Ketone Bodies and Diabetes CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ARE another class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group. Their occurrence in nature is widespread, and they are important components of foodstuffs such as vinegar, butter, and vegetable oils. The most important chemical property of carboxylic acids is their acidity. Furthermore, carboxylic acids form numerous important derivatives, including es- ters, amides, anhydrides, and acid halides. In this chapter, we study carboxylic acids themselves; in Chapters 14 and 15, we study their derivatives. 457 458 CHAPTER 13 Carboxylic Acids 13.1 What Are Carboxylic Acids? Carboxyl group A J COOH The functional group of a carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group, so named because it is made group. up of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group (Section 1.7D). -
Polypropylene Chemical Resistance Guide Chemical Listing & Ratings
Polypropylene Chemical Resistance Guide Chemical Listing & Ratings hmcpolymers.com POLYPROPYLENE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE About HMC Polymers HMC Polymers is focused on being PP chemical resistance Asia’s number ONE in PP. HMC Polymers’ polypropylene resins, like most HMC PP resins are appreciably affected Some reduction in tensile strength and an polyolens, are highly resistant to solvents and by chlorosulfonic acid and oleum at increase in exibility and elongation-to-break We work in close cooperation with chemicals. room temperature, 98% sulfuric acid, 30% in tension can be expected, depending on our customers to improve existing hydrochloric acid, and 30% hydrogen peroxide the nature and amount of the organic The results of extensive laboratory and actual at 100°C (212°F). They are also affected by 98% medium absorbed. products and develop new resins eld installation tests of polypropylene’s sulfuric acid at 60°C (140°F) and fuming nitric for the rapidly changing markets we chemical resistance are reported in this HMC PP resins have excellent resistance acid and liquid bromine at room temperatures. serve. The company offers a wide downloadable PDF which is periodically to environmental stress-cracking. When Under strain, failure could occur with strong updated. they are tested according to ASTM D1693 range of products suitable for all oxidizing acids at temperatures lower than the brittle fractures that occur with certain major applications and processes, The chemical resistance data presented in this those mentioned. With few exceptions polyethylenes in contact with polar PDF for a range of over 260 chemicals and however, inorganic chemicals produce little or as well as innovative new products organic liquids, detergents, and silicone substances is based on ASTM D543. -
Incompatible Chemical Groups.Pdf
Incompatible Chemical Hazard Groups (and some common examples) Mineral Acids Do NOT Store with… Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen peroxide Acetone Sulfuric Acid Sodium hydroxide Methanol Phosphoric Acid Calcium hydroxide Nitric Acid (keep separate) Chloroform Acetic Acid Strong Organic Acids Do NOT Store with… Acetic Acid3, 4 Hydrogen peroxide Acetone Acetonitrile Formic Acid Sodium hydroxide Methanol Benzene Sulfuric Acid Chloroform Special 1. Organic acids are varied and may be incompatible with each other. Notes: Check MSDSs for specifics 2. Store nitric acid separately in its own secondary container. It is a strong oxidizer. 3. Store acetic acid away from oxidizing agents — especially nitric acid. 4. Acetic acid may be stored with some inorganic acids and most flammable solvents but keep in a separate secondary container. (>70% acetic acid is combustible). Weak These are typically not corrosive and not strongly reactive and can be Organic Acids stored with general liquid lab chemicals. Examples include butyric, maleic, and benzoic acids. Non-Flammable Do NOT Store with… Chlorinated Solvents Methylene chloride Acetone Hexane Chloroform Methanol Nitric Acid Trichloroethane Ethanol Hydrogen Peroxide Carbon tetrachloride Organic Solvents Do NOT Store with… Acetone Hydrogen peroxide Nitric Acid Methanol Sodium hydroxide Chromic Acid Phenol Calcium hydroxide Sulfuric Acid Xylene Trichlorfluoromethane Hydrochloric Acid Oxidizers Do NOT Store with… Nitric Acid Sodium metal Paper and oily rags Hydrogen peroxide Isopropyl Alcohol Xylene Chromic Acid Acetone Sodium nitrate Perchloric Acid Ethyl ether Bromate salts . -
Reactions of Alcohols
Reactions of Alcohols Alcohols are versatile organic compounds since they undergo a wide variety of transformations – the majority of which are either oxidation or reduction type reactions. Normally: Oxidation is a loss of electrons; Reduction is a gain of electrons. But in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H2; addition of O or O2; addition of X2 (halogens). Reduction: - addition of H2 or H ; loss of O or O2; loss of X2. Neither an oxidation nor reduction: Addition or loss of H+, H2O, HX. Ch11 Reacns of Alcohols (landscape).docx Page 1 Oxidation of Alcohols Primary and secondary alcohols are easily oxidized by a variety of reagents. Secondary Alcohols The most common reagent used for oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones is chromic acid, H2CrO4. Chromic acid is produced in situ by reaction of sodium dichromate, sulfuric acid and water. Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + 2H2SO4 2 H2CrO4 + 2 NaHSO4 Ch11 Reacns of Alcohols (landscape).docx Page 2 Mechanism of oxidation The alcohol and chromic acid produce a chromate ester, which then reductively eliminates the Cr species. The Cr is reduced (VI IV), the alcohol is oxidized. Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Primary alcohols are easily oxidized just like secondary alcohols, and the INITIAL product of oxidation is an aldehyde. Ch11 Reacns of Alcohols (landscape).docx Page 3 However, the aldehyde can also be easily oxidized to an acid, and this ‘over-oxidation’ is a practical problem. E.g. A common reagent that selectively oxidizes a primary alcohol to an aldehyde (and no further) is pyridinium chlorochromate, PCC. N: CrO3, HCl (PCC) E.g. Tertiary Alcohols These are resistant to oxidation because they have no hydrogen atoms attached to the oxygen bearing carbon (carbinol carbon). -
Chromic Acid Oxidation of Hydrocarbons at The
CHROMIC ACID OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS AT THE BENZYLIC POSITION USING THE JONES REAGENT AND C-13 NMR STUDIES OF GEM-DIMETHYL INDANS AND -INDANONES By Radhika Rangarajan Ii Bachelor of Science Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar, India 1979 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December, 1984 1hes\s )ti84 D ~ \°' U,£!- c.o p, ~ BENZYLIC POSITION USING THE JONES REAGENT AND C-13 NMR STUDY OF GEM-DIMTHYL INDANS AND -INDANONES Thesis Approved: (] . Dean of the Graduate College ii 1218538 •t ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to begin with expressing my whole-hearted gratitude to Dr. E. J. Eisenbraun for his care and guidance during the course of this research. My committee members Dr. R. A. Bunce, Dr. E. M. Holt and Dr. E. C. Nelson have been very helpful in carefully evaluating this work. I appreciate all their help. I would like to thank Dr. T. Rangarajan, Dr. Pourahmady, Mr. Stan Sigle and Mr. Norm Perreira, who played an important role in this investigation. I acknowledge the financial support provided by the Oklahoma State University, Department of Chemistry, Department of Energy and Dow Chemical Company during my graduate tenure. I extend my deepest appreciation to my parents, Rangarajan and Shantha Rangarajan, without whose encouragement this study would not have been possible. A special thanks is due to Mrs. Lisa Thompson for typing my manuscript. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL. 1 II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION •• . 15 General •••••• . 15 Oxidation of Hydrocarbons •••••••• 19 Estimation of Solvent Consumption. -
215 F12-Notes-Ch 13
Chem 215 F12-Notes – Dr. Masato Koreeda - Page 1 of 13 Date: September 10, 2012 Chapter 13. Alcohols, Diols, and Ethers Overview: Chemistry and reactions of sp3 oxygen groups, particularly oxidation of an alcohol, ether formation, and reactions of oxirane (epoxide) groups. I. What are alcohols, phenols, and ethers? IUPAC names Common names Alcohols (R-OH) Primary alcohols CH3OH methanol methyl alcohol (1°-alcohols) CH3CH2OH ethanol ethyl alcohol pKa ~16-17 CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol n-propyl alcohol H3C C CH2OH 2-methyl-1-propanol isobutyl alcohol H3C H H3C C CH2OH 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol neopentyl alcohol H3C CH3 H C Secondary alcohols 3 C OH 2-propanol isopropyl alcohol (2°-alcohols) H3C H pKa ~17-18 H C-CH 3 2 C OH 2-butanol sec-butyl alcohol H3C H Tertiary alcohols H3C C OH 2-methyl-2-propanol tert-butyl alcohol (3°-alcohols) H3C CH pKa ~19 3 Phenols (Ph-OH) pKa ~10-12 diethyl ether Ethers (R-O-R') CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 Ph-O-CH=CH2 phenyl vinyl ether RO-: alkoxy CH3O methoxy CH3CH2O ethoxy ArO-: aryloxy PhO phenoxy II. Oxidation Oxidation – historical use of the term: (1) oxide (oxyd/oxyde) – the ‘acid’ form of an element; e.g., S + air → oxide of S (acid of sulfur) (2) oxidation or oxidize – to make such an acid, to make the oxide (3) oxygen – Lavoisier: substance in the air that makes acids; “the bringer of acids” = “oxygen” (4) oxidation or oxidize – to increase the % oxygen in a substance (reduction: to reduce the % oxygen) More modern definition: oxidation or oxidize – loss of electrons (coupled with reduction as gain of electrons) Note: The loss of electrons (oxidation) by one atom or compound must be matched by the gain of electrons (reduction) by another. -
Health Effects of Hexavalent Chromium Hexavalent Chromium Is a Toxic Form of the Element Chromium
FactSheet Health Effects of Hexavalent Chromium Hexavalent chromium is a toxic form of the element chromium. Hexavalent chromium compounds are man-made and widely used in many different industries. Some major industrial sources of hexavalent Breathing small amounts of hexavalent chromium chromium are: even for long periods does not cause respiratory • chromate pigments in dyes, paints, inks, and tract irritation in most people. plastics • chromates added as anti-corrosive agents to Some employees become allergic to hexavalent paints, primers and other surface coatings chromium so that inhaling chromate compounds • chrome plating by depositing chromium metal can cause asthma symptoms such as wheezing onto an item’s surface using a solution of and shortness of breath. chromic acid • particles released during smelting of ferro- How hexavalent chromium affects the skin chromium ore Some employees can also develop an allergic • fume from welding stainless steel or nonfer- skin reaction, called allergic contact dermatitis. rous chromium alloys This occurs from handling liquids or solids con- • impurity present in portland cement. taining hexavalent chromium. Once an employee becomes allergic, brief skin contact causes How hexavalent chromium can harm employees swelling and a red, itchy rash that becomes crusty Workplace exposure to hexavalent chromium and thickened with prolonged exposure. Allergic may cause the following health effects: contact dermatitis is long-lasting and more severe • lung cancer in workers who breathe airborne with repeated skin contact. hexavalent chromium • irritation or damage to the nose, throat, and Direct skin contact with hexavalent chromium lung (respiratory tract) if hexavalent chromium can cause a non-allergic skin irritation. Contact is breathed at high levels with non-intact skin can also lead to chrome • irritation or damage to the eyes and skin if ulcers. -
INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS Up-Dated October 2011
INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS Up-dated October 2011 Sources Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, 6th ed., National Safety Council, Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, 6th ed., National Fire Protection Association; 49CFR173; recent laboratory inspections. Incompatible materials should not be stored together where they can be inadvertently mixed or where a spill or leak can cause danger. General guidelines are: 1. Oxygen and fuels must not be stored together. 2. Water reactive materials are not to be stored with flammables (except where a flammable is used to blanket a material such as sodium and then at least practical quantity), or in an area where they could become wet (under a sink, sprinkler head, shower, etc.) 3. Strong acids and bases are not to be stored together. 4. Materials which can produce poisonous gases must not be stored with products which accelerate the release of the gas. (Examples: cyanogens are not to be stored with an acid, or cleaning products containing chlorine are not to be stored with ammonia.) 5. Explosives (picric acid, etc.) are not to be stored with fuels. 6. Incompatible acids must not be stored together. (Examples: perchloric acid is not to be stored with a reducing agent such as sulfuric acid, as upon mixing, this could produce a shock sensitive explosive; nitric acid and acetic acid, a potential explosive mixture, must not be stored together.) Specific examples of incompatible items likely to be found in laboratories are: Chemical Store Away From or Out of Contact With Acetic Acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides and permanganates.