Carboxylic Acids
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Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5. -
Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals
antioxidants Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals Edited by Neven Zarkovic Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Antioxidants www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidants Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals Special Issue Editor Neven Zarkovic MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Neven Zarkovic Rudjer Boskovic Institute Croatia Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921) from 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ antioxidants/special issues/second messengers free radicals) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-533-5 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-534-2 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals” ................ ix Neven Zarkovic Antioxidants and Second Messengers of Free Radicals Reprinted from: Antioxidants 2018, 7, 158, doi:10.3390/antiox7110158 ............... -
Draft SANCO 10387 V.12 CAS No Endringer Draft Vs. Dir 2004/4/EC Endringer Draft CAC/RCP 36 - 1987 Dir 2004/4/EC Vs
Draft SANCO 10387 v.12 CAS No Endringer draft vs. Dir 2004/4/EC Endringer draft CAC/RCP 36 - 1987 dir 2004/4/EC vs. CAC/RCP 36 - 1987 Acetic acid (ethanoic acid; vinegar acid; methane carboxylic 64-19-7 Redigert Acetic acid Acetic acid acid) Acetic anhydride (ethanoic anhydride) 108-24-7 Acetic anhydride (ethanoic anhydride Acetic anhydride (ethanoic anhydride Acid oils and fatty acid distillates — from vegetable oils and fats --- Acid oils and fatty acid distillates — from vegetable oils and fats Endret Acid oils and fatty acid distillates - from animal, marine and and/or mixtures thereof and animal and marine fats and oils and/or mixtures thereof and animal and marine fats and oils vegetable fats and oils Acetone (dimethylketone; 2-propanone) 67-64-1 Acetone (dimethylketone; 2-propanone) Acetone (dimethylketone; 2-propanone) Ammonium hydroxide (ammonium hydrate; ammonia solution; 1336-21-6 Ammonium hydroxide (ammonium hydrate; ammonia solution; Ammonium hydroxide (ammonium hydrate; ammonia solution; aqua ammonia) aqua ammonia) aqua ammonia) Ammonium polyphosphate 68333-79-9 Ammonium polyphosphate Ammonium polyphosphate and 10124-31- 9 Animal, marine and vegetable and hydrogenated oils and fats --- Endret Animal, marine and vegetable and hydrogenated oils and fats Animal, marine and vegetable and hydrogenated oils and fats according to the MEPC.2/Circ. of the IMO. (other than cashew shell nut and crude tall oil) according to the MEPC of the IMO. Benzyl alcohol (pharmaceutical and reagent grades only) 100-51-6 Redigert Benzyl alcohol (pharmaceutical -
Chapter 13 Reactions of Arenes Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
CH. 13 Chapter 13 Reactions of Arenes Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Electrophiles add to aromatic rings in a fashion somewhat similar to the addition of electrophiles to alkenes. Recall: R3 R4 E Y E Y C C + E Y R1 C C R4 R1 C C R4 − R2 R1 δ+ δ R2 R3 R2 R3 In aromatic rings, however, we see substitution of one of the benzene ring hydrogens for an electrophile. H E + E Y + Y H δ+ δ− The mechanism is the same regardless of the electrophile. It involves two steps: (1) Addition of the electrophile to form a high-energy carbocation. (2) Elimination of the proton to restore the aromatic ring system. H H H H slow E Y + Y step 1 + E δ+ δ− high energy arenium ion H H step 2 fast E E + Y + Y H The first step is the slow step since the aromaticity of the benzene ring system is destroyed on formation of the arenium ion intermediate. This is a high energy species but it is stabilized by resonance with the remaining two double bonds. The second step is very fast since it restores the aromatic stabilization. 1 CH. 13 H H H H H H E E E There are five electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions that we will study. (1) Nitration H NO2 H2SO4 + HNO3 (2) Sulfonation H SO3H + H2SO4 (3) Halogenation with bromine or chlorine H X FeX3 X = Br, Cl + X2 (4) Friedel-Crafts Alkylation H R AlX + RX 3 (5) Friedel-Crafts Acylation O H O C AlX3 R + Cl C R 2 CH. -
EPA Method 8315A (SW-846): Determination of Carbonyl Compounds by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
METHOD 8315A DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method provides procedures for the determination of free carbonyl compounds in various matrices by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The method utilizes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) detection to identify and quantitate the target analytes. This method includes two procedures encompassing all aspects of the analysis (extraction to determination of concentration). Procedure 1 is appropriate for the analysis of aqueous, soil and waste samples and stack samples collected by Method 0011. Procedure 2 is appropriate for the analysis of indoor air samples collected by Method 0100. The list of target analytes differs by procedure. The appropriate procedure for each target analyte is listed in the table below. Compound CAS No. a Proc. 1b Proc. 2 b Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 X X Acetone 67-64-1 X Acrolein 107-02-8 X Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 X Butanal (Butyraldehyde) 123-72-8 X X Crotonaldehyde 123-73-9 X X Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 X Decanal 112-31-2 X 2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde 5779-94-2 X Formaldehyde 50-00-0 X X Heptanal 111-71-7 X Hexanal (Hexaldehyde) 66-25-1 X X Isovaleraldehyde 590-86-3 X Nonanal 124-19-6 X Octanal 124-13-0 X Pentanal (Valeraldehyde) 110-62-3 X X Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 123-38-6 X X m-Tolualdehyde 620-23-5 X X o-Tolualdehyde 529-20-4 X p-Tolualdehyde 104-87-0 X a Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number. -
Class 11 Biology Chapter- 13 Respiration in Plants
CLASS 11 BIOLOGY CHAPTER- 13 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS CELLULAR RESPIRATION: The process of conversion of the chemical energy of organic substances into a metabolically usable energy within living cells is called cellular respiration. TYPES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION: (i) Aerobic respiration: The process of respiration which requires molecular oxygen. (ii) Anaerobic respiration: The process of respiration which does not require molecular oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION: Following are the steps- 1. GLYCOLYSIS / EMP Pathway: It involves a series of closely integrated reactions in which hexose sugars(usually glucose) are converted into pyruvic acid. It is common in both aerobic and anaerobic reactions. It occurs in the cytoplasm. It does not require oxygen. Gollowing are the steps of GLYCLOLYSIS: (i) Conversion of glucose to Fructose-1,6-diphosphate: First phosphorylation: Glucose is converted to Glucose -6-phosphate in the presence of enzyme hexokinase and Mg++ ions and energy in the form of ATP. Isomerization: Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-6-phosphate in the presence of phosphohexoisomerase. Second phosphorylation: Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to Fructose-1,6- diphosphate by the use of energy in the form of ATP. (ii) Formation of pyruvic acid from fructose -1,6-diphosphate: Cleavage: Fructose-1,6-diphosphate splits into 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the presence of enzyme aldolase. Phosphorylation and oxidative dehydrogenase: 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde is converted to 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid. ATP generation(first): 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid is converted to 3-phosphoglyceric acid in the presence of Mg++ and phosphoglycerokinase . Isomerization: 3-phosphoglyceric acid is converted to 2-phosphoglyceric acid in the presence of Mg++. -
US EPA Inert (Other) Pesticide Ingredients
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs List of Inert Pesticide Ingredients List 3 - Inerts of unknown toxicity - By Chemical Name UpdatedAugust 2004 Inert Ingredients Ordered Alphabetically by Chemical Name - List 3 Updated August 2004 CAS PREFIX NAME List No. 6798-76-1 Abietic acid, zinc salt 3 14351-66-7 Abietic acids, sodium salts 3 123-86-4 Acetic acid, butyl ester 3 108419-35-8 Acetic acid, C11-14 branched, alkyl ester 3 90438-79-2 Acetic acid, C6-8-branched alkyl esters 3 108419-32-5 Acetic acid, C7-9 branched, alkyl ester C8-rich 3 2016-56-0 Acetic acid, dodecylamine salt 3 110-19-0 Acetic acid, isobutyl ester 3 141-97-9 Acetoacetic acid, ethyl ester 3 93-08-3 2'- Acetonaphthone 3 67-64-1 Acetone 3 828-00-2 6- Acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-m-dioxane 3 32388-55-9 Acetyl cedrene 3 1506-02-1 6- Acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyl tetralin 3 21145-77-7 Acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyltetralin 3 61788-48-5 Acetylated lanolin 3 74-86-2 Acetylene 3 141754-64-5 Acrylic acid, isopropanol telomer, ammonium salt 3 25136-75-8 Acrylic acid, polymer with acrylamide and diallyldimethylam 3 25084-90-6 Acrylic acid, t-butyl ester, polymer with ethylene 3 25036-25-3 Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate-vinylidene chloride copoly 3 1406-16-2 Activated ergosterol 3 124-04-9 Adipic acid 3 9010-89-3 Adipic acid, polymer with diethylene glycol 3 9002-18-0 Agar 3 61791-56-8 beta- Alanine, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-, N-tallow alkyl derivs., disodium3 14960-06-6 beta- Alanine, N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N-dodecyl-, monosodium salt 3 Alanine, N-coco alkyl derivs. -
WO 2013/180584 Al 5 December 2013 (05.12.2013) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2013/180584 Al 5 December 2013 (05.12.2013) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, C12N 1/21 (2006.01) C12N 15/74 (2006.01) BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, C12N 15/52 (2006.01) C12P 5/02 (2006.01) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, C12N 15/63 (2006.01) HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (21) International Application Number: MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, PCT/NZ20 13/000095 OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SC, (22) International Filing Date: SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, 4 June 2013 (04.06.2013) TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (25) Filing Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (26) Publication Language: English GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, (30) Priority Data: UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, 61/654,412 1 June 2012 (01 .06.2012) US TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, (71) Applicant: LANZATECH NEW ZEALAND LIMITED MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, SM, [NZ/NZ]; 24 Balfour Road, Parnell, Auckland, 1052 (NZ). -
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
BI/CH 422/622 ANABOLISM OUTLINE: Photosynthesis Carbon Assimilation – Calvin Cycle Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Animals Gluconeogenesis Glycogen Synthesis Pentose-Phosphate Pathway Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism Anaplerotic reactions Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Lipids Fatty Acids contrasts Diversification of fatty acids location & transport Eicosanoids Synthesis Prostaglandins and Thromboxane acetyl-CoA carboxylase Triacylglycerides fatty acid synthase ACP priming Membrane lipids 4 steps Glycerophospholipids Control of fatty acid metabolism Sphingolipids Isoprene lipids: Cholesterol ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids 1 ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids 1. Biosynthesis of fatty acids 2. Regulation of fatty acid degradation and synthesis 3. Assembly of fatty acids into triacylglycerol and phospholipids 4. Metabolism of isoprenes a. Ketone bodies and Isoprene biosynthesis b. Isoprene polymerization i. Cholesterol ii. Steroids & other molecules iii. Regulation iv. Role of cholesterol in human disease ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids Lipid Fat Biosynthesis Catabolism Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Degradation Synthesis Ketone body Isoprene Utilization Biosynthesis 2 Catabolism Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Anabolism • Contrast with Sugars – Lipids have have hydro-carbons not carbo-hydrates – more reduced=more energy – Long-term storage vs short-term storage – Lipids are essential for structure in ALL organisms: membrane phospholipids • Catabolism of fatty acids –produces acetyl-CoA –produces reducing -
S-Abscisic Acid
CLH REPORT FOR[S-(Z,E)]-5-(1-HYDROXY-2,6,6-TRIMETHYL-4-OXOCYCLOHEX-2-EN- 1-YL)-3-METHYLPENTA-2,4-DIENOIC ACID; S-ABSCISIC ACID CLH report Proposal for Harmonised Classification and Labelling Based on Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), Annex VI, Part 2 International Chemical Identification: [S-(Z,E)]-5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2- en-1-yl)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid; S-abscisic acid EC Number: 244-319-5 CAS Number: 21293-29-8 Index Number: - Contact details for dossier submitter: Bureau REACH National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) The Netherlands [email protected] Version number: 1 Date: August 2018 Note on confidential information Please be aware that this report is intended to be made publicly available. Therefore it should not contain any confidential information. Such information should be provided in a separate confidential Annex to this report, clearly marked as such. [04.01-MF-003.01] CLH REPORT FOR[S-(Z,E)]-5-(1-HYDROXY-2,6,6-TRIMETHYL-4-OXOCYCLOHEX-2-EN- 1-YL)-3-METHYLPENTA-2,4-DIENOIC ACID; S-ABSCISIC ACID CONTENTS 1 IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE........................................................................................................................1 1.1 NAME AND OTHER IDENTIFIERS OF THE SUBSTANCE...............................................................................................1 1.2 COMPOSITION OF THE SUBSTANCE..........................................................................................................................1 2 PROPOSED HARMONISED -
CHEMICAL STORAGE SEGREGATION GUIDELINES Incompatible Chemicals Should Always Be Handled and Stored So That They Do Not Accidentally Come in Contact with Each Other
Laboratory Safety Reminders January 2007 ♦ Mount Holyoke College – Environmental Health and Safety CHEMICAL STORAGE SEGREGATION GUIDELINES Incompatible chemicals should always be handled and stored so that they do not accidentally come in contact with each other. This list is not complete, nor are all compatibilities shown. These materials can react to produce excessive heat, harmful vapors, and/or other deadly reactions. Always know the hazards and incompatibilities of a chemical before using it. Chemicals Avoid Accidental Contact With Acetic acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, permanganates, peroxides Hydroxyl-containing compounds such as perchloric acid, Acetic anhydride ethylene glycol Concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid mixtures, peroxides (i.e. Acetone peracetic acid solution, hydrogen peroxide) Acetylene Chlorine, bromine, copper, silver, fluorine, mercury Alkali, alkaline earth and strongly electropositive metals (powered Carbon dioxide, carbon tetrachloride and other chlorinated aluminum, magnesium, sodium, hydrocarbons potassium) Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrogen Ammonia (anhydrous) fluoride Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrates, sulfur, Ammonium nitrate finely divided organics, combustibles Aniline Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide Arsenical compounds Any reducing agent Azides Acids Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, other petroleum gases, Bromine sodium carbide, turpentine, benzene, finely divided metals Calcium oxide Water Carbon activated Calcium hypochlorite, other -
APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
harxxxxx_App-G.qxd 3/8/10 1:34 PM Page AP11 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants § ϭ 0.1 M 0 ؍ (Ionic strength ( † ‡ † Name Structure* pKa Ka pKa ϫ Ϫ5 Acetic acid CH3CO2H 4.756 1.75 10 4.56 (ethanoic acid) N ϩ H3 ϫ Ϫ3 Alanine CHCH3 2.344 (CO2H) 4.53 10 2.33 ϫ Ϫ10 9.868 (NH3) 1.36 10 9.71 CO2H ϩ Ϫ5 Aminobenzene NH3 4.601 2.51 ϫ 10 4.64 (aniline) ϪO SNϩ Ϫ4 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3 H3 3.232 5.86 ϫ 10 3.01 (sulfanilic acid) ϩ NH3 ϫ Ϫ3 2-Aminobenzoic acid 2.08 (CO2H) 8.3 10 2.01 ϫ Ϫ5 (anthranilic acid) 4.96 (NH3) 1.10 10 4.78 CO2H ϩ 2-Aminoethanethiol HSCH2CH2NH3 —— 8.21 (SH) (2-mercaptoethylamine) —— 10.73 (NH3) ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 2-Aminoethanol HOCH2CH2NH3 9.498 3.18 10 9.52 (ethanolamine) O H ϫ Ϫ5 4.70 (NH3) (20°) 2.0 10 4.74 2-Aminophenol Ϫ 9.97 (OH) (20°) 1.05 ϫ 10 10 9.87 ϩ NH3 ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 Ammonia NH4 9.245 5.69 10 9.26 N ϩ H3 N ϩ H2 ϫ Ϫ2 1.823 (CO2H) 1.50 10 2.03 CHCH CH CH NHC ϫ Ϫ9 Arginine 2 2 2 8.991 (NH3) 1.02 10 9.00 NH —— (NH2) —— (12.1) CO2H 2 O Ϫ 2.24 5.8 ϫ 10 3 2.15 Ϫ Arsenic acid HO As OH 6.96 1.10 ϫ 10 7 6.65 Ϫ (hydrogen arsenate) (11.50) 3.2 ϫ 10 12 (11.18) OH ϫ Ϫ10 Arsenious acid As(OH)3 9.29 5.1 10 9.14 (hydrogen arsenite) N ϩ O H3 Asparagine CHCH2CNH2 —— —— 2.16 (CO2H) —— —— 8.73 (NH3) CO2H *Each acid is written in its protonated form.