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Myntstudier 2018:1 Läsvänlig myntstudier 2018:1 - xxxxdecember Mynttidskriften på Internet www.archaeology.su.se/numismatiska Myntmetaller som Redaktionellt Myntstudier utges av Numismatiska ståndsmarkörer Forskningsgruppen (Gunnar Ekströms professur i numismatik och penning­- Kenneth Jonsson historia) vid Stockholms Universitet. Ansvarig utgivare och redaktör är Kenneth Jonsson. Artiklarna kommer Bakgrund enbart att behandla mynt och därmed Från Sverige finns ett mycket stort fyndmaterial av relaterad information, d.v.s inte me­ mynt, f.n. ingår drygt 703.000 mynt. Fynden speglar daljdaljer,­­er, sedlar och polletter. hur myntcirkulationen förändrades över tiden och de Distribution sker endast i detta kan användas för att göra analyser som belyser mynt- elektroniska format (PDF), som alla ningen och myntcirkulationen på en mängd olika sätt. intresserade själva kan skriva ut på Främst gäller det perioder då det saknas (vikingatiden) papper. För att skriva ut den laddar eller finns mycket få (medeltiden) skriftliga källor som man ner filen till sin egen dator. För belyser dessa problem. För nyare tid är det emellertid utskrift krävs Adobe ReaderReader. som går även möjligt att i vissa fall tillföra ny kunskap även om att Skrivladda nerlämpligen gratis från ut Adobesuppslag hemsom- sida: www.adobe.com det skriftliga källmaterialet då är mycket omfattande. börjar med udda sidor först och vänd Skriv lämpligen ut uppslag som Om man vill studera regionala skillnader i rikedom därefter sidorna och skriv ut jämna si­ dor.börjar Efter med vikning udda sidor har man först tidskriften och vänd eller ekonomisk utvecklingsnivå med utgångspunkt idärefter A5­format. sidorna Bilderna och skriv blir bäst ut jämna om man si- från fynden, är lösfynd och hopade fynd den bästa använderdor. Efter vikningen laserskrivare har man tidskriftenmed 1200 utgångspunkten. De är emellertid också avhängiga av punktersi A 5 ­format. upplösning Bilderna blirper bästtum. om Äldre man att utgrävningar har utförts i relativt sett samma omfatt- nummeranvänder kanen laserskrivarehämtas från medhemsidan 1200 ning i olika landsdelar eller i städer kontra landsbygd. (sepunkters ovan). upplösning per tum. Äldre För andra typer av analyser kan skattfynd vara intres- nummerAntalet kan nr hämtas per år frånvarierar. hemsidan När santa. Skatter i gravar ska egentligen inte förekomma insända(se ovan). manuskript fyller ut ett nytt eftersom gravgåvor strider mot den kristna läran. De nr läggsAntalet det nrut påper hemsidan. år varierar. När utgör därför en problematisk kategori, eftersom mynten insändaArtiklar manuskript kan skickas fyller med ute­ postett nytt till: kan representera den dödes egendom. Möjligheten finns [email protected] läggs det ut på hemsidan. Artiklar kan skickas med e­post även att de är mynt som anhöriga ville lägga i graven Bilder kan skickas i elektroniskt formattill: [email protected] (TIFF eller JPEG) eller per post el- och de kan därför ha valts ut med ett speciellt syfte. till:ler påKenneth diskett Jonsson, till Kenneth Numismatiska Jonsson, Skatter i andra sammanhang är däremot normalt mer Forskningsgruppen,Numismatiska Forskningsgruppen, Gunnar svåra att använda eftersom t.ex. antalet skattfynd kan EkströmsStockholms professur Universitet, i numismatik 106 91 variera beroende på en mängd olika faktorer som inte ochStockholm. penninghistoria, Bilder kan skickas Stockholms i elek- har med ekonomin att göra. Under högmedeltiden är Universitet,t r o n i s k t fo r m 106 a t ( T 91 I F FStockholm el le r J PE G) el le r det t.ex. uppenbart att s.k. myntindragningar (Jonsson per post som vi skannar in. 1675‒1679 (Jonsson 2011). Övriga områden berördes inte alls av kriget. Här är avsikten att studera skattfyndens sammansättning för att påvisa skillnader i ägarnas samhällsställning med utgångs- punkt från andelen höga och låga valörer. De äldsta svenska mynten var penningar, d.v.s. den lägsta valören i det medeltida myntsystemet. På det svenska fastlandet infördes nästa högre valör först ca 1370 (Stefke 1989), då örtugen (8 penningar) började präglas. De senmedeltida skattfyn- den kunde därför innehålla såväl örtugar som penningar. I praktiken visar emellertid skattfynden att de två valörerna främst användes inom olika samhällsklasser. En stor skatt från Petersberg utanför Skänninge i Östergötland, deponerad ca 1380 innehöll 4.069 mynt varav 3.034 svenska fördelade på 3.022 penningar, men endast 12 örtugar) (Hildebrand 1877; Malmer 1980, fynd 11). Skatten från Biskopskulla kyrka, Uppland, Fig. 1. Skatter med slutmynt på 1670-talet. deponerad efter 1465 ansågs länge ha bestått av såväl örtugar som brakteater, men det är 1995, 56‒57; Svensson 2012) har skett, d.v.s. uppenbart att den enbart innehöll 383 örtu- endast en mynttyp var gångbar samtidigt och gar (Malmer 1980, fynd 5; Jonsson 2009, den byttes ut mot en ny i beskattningssyfte. 128‒129). I ett enstaka fall har en skatt som Det gjorde att det var direkt olönsamt att utgjort vad som betecknas som fickpengar spara ett kapital i form av mynt, eftersom blivit dokumenterad (Jonsson 2003). De mynten förlorade en stor del av sitt värde när guldmynt som förekom under medeltiden en myntindragning genomfördes. var alla importerade. Enligt myntordningen Sture Bolin hade redan 1926 uppmärk- 1497 skulle visserligen gyllen i guld präglas sammat kopplingen mellan krig och skatt- i Sverige, men det är osäkert om det skedde fynd (Bolin 1926, 197‒209) och även någon sådan myntning. Den s.k. sturemar- om hans slutsatser har kritiserats är det ken 1512 är emellertid känd i ett guldavslag uppenbart att krig under vissa perioder har (avbildad i Nordisk Numismatisk Årsskrift resulterat i ett kraftigt ökande antal skatter. I 1970, försättsplansch). Den äldsta säkert dessa fall är det därför inte ett välstånd som belagda reguljära guldmyntningen skedde är orsaken till ett stort antal skatter. Från 1568 (ungersk gyllen ‒ SM 1) och guldmynt- nyare tid finns ca 900 kända skatter i Sverige. ningen var sporadisk fram till 1654, då en i Den utan jämförelse största koncentrationen princip årlig myntning av dukater inleddes. tidsmässigt finns för skatter med slutmynt Här är avsikten att studera skattfyndens på 1670­talet, då antalet skatter är ca 140 sammansättning under en kort tidsperiod, (fig. 1). Områden med ett stort antal skatter Skånska kriget 1676‒1679, för att påvisa sammanfaller med områden som utsattes skillnader i ägarnas samhällsställning med för krigshändelser under det Skånska kriget utgångspunkt från andelen höga och låga va- 2 Fig. 3. Karl XI, Stockholm, dukat 1676. Lunds Universitets Historiska Museum. lats sedan Gustav Vasa (då under namnet daler). De inhemska valörerna präglades i mark och ören, med undantag för plåtmynten som hade valörer i daler sm. Även om silvermynten vid extrema inflationsperioder redan under medeltiden nästan enbart bestod av koppar var det först 1624 som en reguljär myntning i koppar inleddes. Sverige var vid denna tid världens största kopparproducent. Anledningen till kopparmyntningen kan sägas vara dubbel, dels att höja marknadspriset på koppar på världsmarknaden genom att använda Fig. 2. Skatter från de områden som behandlas i den här studien. en del inom landet och dels att ersätta de silvermynt som fördes ur landet i samband lörer i vraket efter regalskeppet Kronan resp. med betalningen 1614‒1618 till Danmark skatter från Skåne (fig. 2). Med undantag för av 1 miljon riksdaler för Älvsbogs lösen vikingatiden finns det under denna tid, tack (jfr Wolontis 1936, 24). Även om det fanns vare de svåra härjningar som drabbade civil- utländska guldmynt i cirkulation i Sverige befolkningen under kriget, ett mycket större på 1500­ och 1600­talen, så var det först antal skatter än normalt. Dessutom finns en fr.o.m. 1654 som allmänheten hade tillgång för Sverige unik blandning av koppar­ och till inhemskt präglade mynt i alla tre mynt- silvermynt i omlopp vilket skapar föutsätt- metaller: guld, silver och koppar. Guldmyn- ningar för en varierad myntcirkulation, ten präglades enbart i en hög valör (1 dukat som kan belysa hur mynt av olika metaller motsvarade 100 öre) silvermynten präglades cirkulerade bland befolkningen. i mark­ och öresvalörer (1 mark motsvarade 8 öre) samt mer begränsat i riksdalervalörer. Myntningen Kopparmynten hade låga öresvalörer och På 1600­talet var dukaten en valör som skulle motsvara motsvarande valör präglad präglades i ett antal länder inkl. Sverige i silver. Eftersom metallvärdet med tillägg (fig. 3) och fungerade som en europeisk av slagskatten (tillverkningskostnaden internationell valuta som var helt frikopplad samt en viss vinst) skulle motsvara det från de nationella myntningarna. Ytterligare nominella värdet uppstod snabbt problem en internationell valör var riksdalern (fig. 4) eftersom kopparpriset föll och det gjorde som i andra länder gick under olika namn att kopparmynten inte längre var likvärdiga (taler, daalder etc.). I Sverige hade den präg- med sina motsvarigheter präglade i kop- 3 Fig. 4. Kristina, Sala, riksdaler 1639. Fynd från regalskeppet Kronan. par. Det innebar att man fick två parallella Dessutom präglades plåtmynt i koppar (5, 3, mynträkningar där resp. valör inofficiellt 2 och 1 daler sm) samt rundmynt i koppar hade tillägget silvermynt resp. kopparmynt. i valörerna 1 öre sm samt 1/6 öre sm) (fig. Först fr.o.m. 1661 satte man ut beteckningen 8‒9). 1 daler motsvarade 4 mark och 1 mark km efter valören på kopparmynten för att motsvarade 8 öre. Alla mynt i dukat­, riks- markera skillnaden. År 1665 fixerades daler­ och markvalörer hade kungens bild på slutligen deras inbördes relation till 1:3, åtsidan. Öresvalörerna i såväl silver som kop- d.v.s. som exempel var 1 öre sm = 3 öre par saknade däremot kungens bild. Dukaten km. Fr.o.m. 1666 gavs kopparmynt även vägde 3,48 g, riksdalern 29,2 g, markmynten ut i silvermyntsvalörer för att underlätta 31,3‒5,2 g, öresvalörerna i silver 3.45‒1,2 g. mynträkningen. Eftersom koppar var en Kopparmynten vägde 42,5 g (1 öre sm) resp. mycket billigare metall än silver (ca 30:1) 7,1 g (1/6 öre sm). I Skåne är även danska och blev kopparmynten betydligt tyngre och norska mynt vanliga (fig.
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