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20190128 an Overview of Women's Access to Financial Resources Research Paper Regional Fellowship Program An Overview of Women’s Access to Financial Resources: Case Studies from Thailand Author: Mr.Theetipor Suwanasart, Fellow from Thailand Direct Supervisor: Mr. Florent Peter Berend ZWIERS, Senior Instructor December 2018 បរវេណ寒រទ្ធសភា េមាិ នរដ្ឋចំζ រមន ម莶េថិ ី寒រះនវោត្តម ោជ䮶នភ្នំវរញ 寒រះោᾶ㮶ច寒ររមពᾶ ិ ឹ ី ុ SENATE Compound, Vimeanrath Chamkar Mon, Preah Norodom Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia | 023 210056 | [email protected] | www.pic.org.kh Notice of Disclaimer The Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia (PIC) is an independent parliamentary support institution for the clients Parliament which, upon request of the parliamentarians and the parliamentary commissions, offers a wide range of training and research publications on current and emerging key issues, legislation and major public policy topics. This research product is the outcome of a six month’s parliamentary research fellowship program at PIC, during which the author studied parliamentary research methods and applied what they learned to produce this paper. The information in this product is likely to be relevant to parliamentary and constituency work but does not purport to represent or reflect the views of the Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia, their clients Parliament or any of its members. The contents of this research paper, current at the date of publication, are for reference and information purposes only. This publication is not designed to provide legal or policy advice, and do not necessarily deal with every important topic or aspect of the issues it considers. The contents of this research paper are covered by applicable Cambodian laws and international copyright agreements. Permission to reproduce in whole or in part or otherwise use the content on this website may be sought from the appropriate source. © 2019 Parliamentary Institute of Cambodia (PIC) Acronyms and Abbreviations BRAC Building Resources across Communities BPA Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action CCC Civil and Commercial Codes CDD Community Development Department CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CSOs Civil Society Organizations DEDAW Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women GSB Government Savings Bank MDGs Millennium Development Goals NESDP National Economic and Social Development Plan NGO Non-government Organization SDGs Sustainable Development Goals WEF Women Empowerment Funds VF National Village and Urban Community Funds Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................ i 1. Introductions ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Women’s empowerment in an economic dimension .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Microcredit for women’s empowerment in Thailand .............................................................................. 1 1.3 Research questions .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Research method ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Gender equality in Thai society ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 CEDAW, the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action, and the SDGs........................................... 3 2.1.1 CEDAW ...................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 The Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action ................................................................. 3 2.1.3 SDGs .......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Gender equality in Thai law system ......................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 History of Thai law and legal philosophy of gender equality ..................................................... 4 2.2.2 Current situation ....................................................................................................................... 5 3. History and implementation of keys microcredit programs in Thailand ....................................................... 6 3.1 The National Village and Urban Community Funds (VF) .......................................................................... 6 3.1.1 History ....................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1.2 Implementation ......................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 The People’s Bank Program ..................................................................................................................... 7 3.2.1 History ....................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2.2 Implementation ......................................................................................................................... 7 3.3 The Women Empowerment Funds (WEF) ............................................................................................... 8 3.3.1 History ....................................................................................................................................... 8 3.3.2 Implementation ......................................................................................................................... 8 4. The challenges Thai women face in accessing the WEF, the VF, and the People Bank Program .................. 9 4.1 Accessibility .............................................................................................................................................. 9 4.2 Measuring outcomes ............................................................................................................................. 10 4.2.1 The VF ...................................................................................................................................... 10 4.2.2 The People’s Bank Program of GSB ......................................................................................... 12 4.2.3 The WEF .................................................................................................................................. 12 5. Bangladesh microcredit models.................................................................................................................. 14 5.1 Context .................................................................................................................................................. 14 5.1.1 Grameen Bank ......................................................................................................................... 14 5.1.2 BRAC ........................................................................................................................................ 16 5.2 The impact of women’s empowerment ................................................................................................. 17 5.3 Similarities and differences with Thailand ............................................................................................. 17 6. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 19 6.1 Financial resources for women’s empowerment in Thailand ................................................................ 19 6.2 Accessing microcredit by Thai women ................................................................................................... 19 6.3 Actual outcomes of programs to improve financial resource access for Thai women’s empowerment ..................................................................................................................................... 20 6.5 Recommendations for future research .................................................................................................. 20 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 List of Tables Table 1: Data of VF, People Bank Program, and WEF .............................................................................. 9 Table 2: 2016 Grameen Bank & BARC implementations ...................................................................... 17 Table 3: Microcredit programs comparison........................................................................................... 18 i | P a g e 1. Introductions 1.1 Women’s empowerment in an economic dimension In this paper the word ‘empowerment’ will be used to refer only to the economic dimension of the broader term. From this perspective, empowerment means getting women in a financial position where they can accomplish or invest in things that they previously were unable to do. One tool for this empowerment is a financial service offered by microfinance institutions. The service, known as microcredit,
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