LATIN AMERICAN SOCIO-RELIGIOUS STUDIES PROGRAM (PROLADES) TOWARD A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN THE AMERICAS BY MAJOR TRADITIONS AND FAMILY TYPES Clifton L. Holland First Edition: 30 October 1993 Last Modified on 17 February 2007 PROLADES Apartado 1524-2050, San Pedro, Costa Rica Telephone: (506) 283-8300; Fax (506) 234-7682 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.prolades.com © Clifton L. Holland, 2006, 2007 PROLADES Apartado 1524-2050 San José, Costa Rica All Rights Reserved 2 CONTENTS 1. Document #1: Toward a Classification System of Religious Groups in the Americas by Major Traditions and Family Types 7 2. Document #2: An Annotated Outline of the Classification System of Religious Groups by Major Traditions, Families and Sub-Families with Special Reference to the Americas 15 PART A: THE OLDER LITURGICAL CHRISTIAN TRADITIONS 15 A1.0 EASTERN LITURGICAL TRADITIONS 15 A1.10 EASTERN OTHODOX TRADITION 15 A1.11 Patriarchates 16 A1.12 Autocephalous Orthodox Churches 16 A1.13 Other Orthodox Churches in the Americas 17 A1.14 Schismatic Groups of Eastern Orthodox Origins 17 A1.20 NON-CALCEDONIAN ORTHODOX TRADITION 18 A1.21 Nestorian Family – Church of the East 18 A1.22 Monophysite Family 19 A1.23 Coptic Church Family 19 A1.30 INTRA-FAITH ORTHODOX ORGANIZATIONS 19 A2.0 WESTERN LITURGICAL TRADITION 20 A2.1 Roman Catholic Church 20 A2.2 Religious Orders of the Roman Catholic Church 21 A2.3 Autonomous Orthodox Churches in communion with the Vatican 21 A2.4 Old Catholic Church Movement 23 A2.5 Other Autonomous Churches of the Western Liturgical Tradition 24 A2.6 Intra-Faith Western Catholic Organizations 27 PART B: CHRISTIAN CHURCHES OF THE PROTESTANT MOVEMENT 28 B1.0 OLDER LITURGICAL PROTESTANT TRADITIONS 29 B1.1 Lutheran Family 30 B1.2 Reformed-Presbyterian-Congregational Family 31 B1.3 Anglican-Episcopal Family 36 B2.0 EVANGELICAL SEPARATIST (“FREE CHURCH”) TRADITION 37 B2.1 Anabaptist-Mennonite Family 38 B2.2 Baptist Family 41 B2.3 Pietist Family 47 B2.4 Independent Fundamentalist Family 51 B2.5 Holiness Movement Family 53 3 B2.6 Restorationist Movement Family 56 B2.7 Other Separatist-Free Church Groups 58 B3.0 ADVENTIST FAMILY 59 B3.1 Millerist Family of Sunday Worshippers 59 B3.2 Millerist Family of Sabbatical Worshippers 59 B3.3 Church of God Movement Family 59 B3.4 Armstrong Movement Family 59 B4.0 PENTECOSTAL MOVEMENT FAMILY 60 B4.01 Apostolic Faith Pentecostal Family 60 B4.02 Pentecostal Holiness Family 62 B4.03 Name of Jesus (Oneness) Pentecostal Family 65 B4.04 Finished Work Pentecostal Family 69 B4.05 Sabbatical Pentecostal Family 71 B4.06 Divine Healing & Deliverance Pentecostal Family 72 B4.07 Latter-Rain Movement Pentecostal Family 75 B4.08 Charismatic Movement Pentecostal Family 76 B4.09 Shepherding Pentecostal Family 77 B4.10 Word of Faith Pentecostal Family 78 B4.11 Unclassified Pentecostal Groups 79 B5.0 UNCLASSIFIED PROTESTANT CHURCHES 79 B6.0 INTRA-FAITH PROTESTANT ORGANIZATIONS 79 B7.0 PROTESTANT CHURCHES OF MIXED PENTECOSTAL AND NON-PENTECOSTAL ORIGINS AND PRACTICES 79 PART C: MARGINAL CHRISTIAN CHURCHES 81 C1.0 Adventist-related Groups 81 C2.0 Communal Family 82 C3.0 Jesus People Family 84 C4.0 Latter-day Saints/Mormon Tradition 85 C5.0 Liberal Family 87 C6.0 Metaphysical-New Thought Family 87 C7.0 Other Marginal Christian Groups by Region and Country of Origin 89 PART D: NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS GROUPS 94 D1.0 ORIENTAL RELIGIOUS GROUPS, PART I 94 D1.1 Buddhist Traditions 94 D1.2 Chinese Religious Traditions 98 D1.3 Japanese Religious Traditions 99 D2.0 EASTERN RELIGIOUS GROUPS, PART II 102 D2.1 Hindu Family 102 D2.2 Jain Family 105 D2.3 Sikh Family 106 D2.4 Sant Mat Family 106 4 D3.0 MIDDLE-EASTERN RELIGIOUS GROUPS, PART I: JEWISH TRADITION 108 D3.1 Orthodox Judaism Family 109 D3.2 Hassidic Judaism Family 109 D3.3 Reform Judaism Family 109 D3.4 Conservative Judaism Family 109 D3.5 Sephardic Judaism Family 110 D3.6 Reconstructionist Judaism Family 110 D3.7 Black Judaism Family 111 D3.8 Jewish Science Family 111 D3.9 Messianic Judaism Family 111 D4.0 MIDDLE-EASTERN RELIGIOUS GROUPS, PART II 112 D4.1 Zoroastrian Tradition 112 D4.2 Islamic Tradition 113 D4.3 Baha’i Faith Tradition 114 D5.0 ANIMISTIC TRADITIONS 115 D5.1 Native American Religions and Nativistic Movements 115 D5.2 Afro-American Nativistic Movements 120 D5.3 Latin American Nativistic Movements 129 D5.4 Other Animistic Religions by Continent 129 D6.0 ANCIENT WISDOM TRADITION 132 D6.1 Traditional Magic Family - Paganism 132 D6.2 Ritual or Ceremonial Magic Family 133 D6.3 Military Orders and Masonic Lodges 139 D6.4 Rosaecrucian Family 141 D6.5 Neo-Pagan Family (Wicca) 143 D6.6 Satanic Family 144 D6.7 Other Occult-Magical Groups in Latin America and the Caribbean 144 D7.0 PSYCHIC-SPIRITUALIST-NEW AGE TRADITION 146 D7.1 Spiritist-Spiritualist Family 146 D7.2 Swedenborg Family 149 D7.3 Theosophical Family 150 D7.4 Liberal Catholic Family 151 D7.5 Alice Bailey Movement Family 152 D7.6 “I Am” & “Ascended Masters” Family 153 D7.7 “Flying Saucer”-UFO Family 155 D7.8 New Age Movement Family 157 D7.9 Other Psychic Groups 159 D8.0 OTHER UNCLASSIFIED NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS GROUPS 160 PART E: INTER-RELIGIOUS OR MULTI-RELIGIOUS GROUPS 160 PART F: NON-RELIGIOUS GROUPS OR POPULATION SEGMENTS 161 PART G: UNCLASSIFIED RELIGIOUS GROUPS 163 PRINCIPAL REFERENCE WORKS 165 5 Document #1: TOWARD A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN THE AMERICAS BY MAJOR TRADITIONS AND FAMILY TYPES INTRODUCTION During more than 35 years, the author has sought to gain a clearer understanding of the origin, growth and development of religious movements around the world. We have approached this study from the perspective of an evangelical missiologist ("missiology" is the study of the Christian Mission), who has attempted to understand the phenomenology of religion aided by the social sciences. Much of our research has been in the area of the sociology of religion, and we have focused largely on the Latin American and Caribbean cultural regions. One of the early results of our research was The Religious Dimension in Hispanic Los Angeles: A Protestant Case Study (Pasadena, CA: William Carey Press, 1974). This study was done while the author was a student in the School of World Mission at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California (1968-1972; M.A. in Missiology, 1974). In 1972, he moved to Costa Rica and began his missionary career with the Latin America Mission, where he served with the International Institute for In-Depth Evangelization (INDEPTH), and later as Executive Director of the Missiological Institute of the Americas (1981-1989). Between 1974 and 1981, the author coordinated a regional study of the Protestant Movement in Central America, under the auspices of PROLADES (Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos/Latin American Socio-Religious Studies Program). At that time, PROLADES was the research department of INDEPTH but this function was incorporated into IMDELA when it was founded in 1981. Part of the information from this regional study was published in 1982 by the MARC Division of World Vision International, edited by Clifton L. Holland, World Christianity: Central America and the Caribbean (Monrovia, CA). The larger body of information from this study remains unpublished: "A History of the Protestant Movement in Central America: 1780- 1980" (Doctor of Missiology dissertation, School of World Mission, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1985). The original text was written in English, but we have also produced a Spanish version and updated the graphics to 1990 for both versions. Since 1980 the author has done similar research in at least 15 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as helping with research projects sponsored by other organizations. One such project was developed as a joint venture between IDEA/PROLADES and VELA (Visión Evangelizadora Latinoamericana/Latin American Evangelistic Vision) in Mexico City, under the leadership of Professor Galo Vázquez (Executive Director of VELA) and Dr. Peter Larson (Director of Research for VELA and Professor of Missiology at the Lomas Verdes Baptist Seminary). VELA has published a six volume series on "Protestant Church Growth in the Mexico City Metro Area" (1987-1997). 7 TOWARD A TYPOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS BY FAMILY TYPES One of the tools that we developed to aid our research has been a classification system (or typology) of religious groups. Many of the basic elements of the current version of the typology were adapted from J. Gordon Melton's innovative study, Encyclopedia of American Religions (Detroit, MI: Gale Publishing Company, 1978, 2nd Edition, 2 volumes; an edition by Truimph Books, Terrytown, NY, 1991, 3 volumes; and the latest edition by Gale Research, Detroit, MI, 1996, 5 edition, 1 volume). Rather than using the traditional terminology and concepts defined by Troeltsch and his disciples derived from the "church-sect" dichotomy (see Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of Christian Churches, and the writings of Weber, Wach, Becker, Yinger, Friedman and others of the same tradition), we have opted to follow Melton and a new tradition in the sociology of religion that focuses on the nature and growth of "primary religious groups." The fathers of this new tradition are McComas, Clark, Wilson, Kopytoff, Piepkorn and Melton, with special reference to the North American religious context. The innovation made by Melton was that of identifying and defining major "families of religious groups" within each religious "tradition," according to the sociological characteristics of each "primary religious group" and its corresponding subculture or group culture. Melton defines three categories of factors that have to do with the classification of "primary religious groups" by family types: worldview (belief system), common heritage (historical background), and lifestyle (interaction with the larger society).