Proceedings of the 2Nd Annual Workshop on Meteorological And
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1979009242 TECHNICAL EDITOR: DON E. DURHAM FAA-RD-78-99 1gTgOOg242-O02 i 1979009242-003 r" Proceedings of The Second Annual Workshop on Meteorological and Environmental Inputs to Aviation Systems March 28-30, 1978 ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE AND SPONSORING AGENCIES Dennis W. Camp Aerospace Engineer Atmospheric Science Division NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, A]abama 35812 John W. Connoily Special Assistant for Aviation Affairs United States Dept. of Commerce National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland 20852 Walter Frost Director of Atmospheric Science Division The University of Tennessee Space Institute Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388 ; John E. Enders 5 Chief, Aviation Safety Technology Branch :_ NASA Headquarters ° Washington, D.C. 20591 _ Joseph F. Sowar Chief, Aviation Weather Branch, SEDS _ FAA 4 Second & V. Streets NW Transport Building Washington, D.C. 20591 ' Harry L. Burton Chief, ATS Weather Staff " FAA/AAT-40 800 Independence Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20591 _ Technical Editor Don E. Durham The University of Tennessee Space Institute ' Tullahoma, Tennessee 37388 i i _I 1979009242-004 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SI_MARY i II. INTRODUCTION &ND WELCOME 15 Opening Remarks John H. Enders 16 Description of Workshop Walter Frost and Dennis W. Camp 17 Welcome Remarks Charles A. Lundquist 26 Welcome Remarks Charles H. Weaver 27 III. BANQUET PRESENTATION 28 Aviation Meteorology--Today and the Future Brigadier General Berry W. Rowe Commander, Air Weather Service, USAF 29 IV. TOPIC AREA PRESENTATIONS 36 Severe Storms John W. Connolly 37 Atmospheric Disturbance Modeling Requirements for Flying Qualities Applications David J. Moorehou_e 55 Aircraft Icing Porter J. Perkins 85 Visibility in Aviation Charles A. Douglas i00 Lightning Hazards to Aircraft Philip B. Corn 127 V. SHORT PRESENTATIONS 138 Helicopter Icing Research Richard I. Adams 139 The Prediction of Lightning-Induced Voltages on Metallic and Composite Aircraft John A. Birken 153 1979009242-005 VI. COMMITTEE REPORTS 178 Su,mnary Report of the Severe Stocms Committee Jean T. Lee 179 : Summary Report of the Turbulence _ommittee Charles E. Elderkin 185 Surmnary Report of the Icin_ Committee Richard I. Adams 192 Summary Report of the Visibility Committee Robert L. Gardner 200 Sumary Report of the Lightning and Static Electricity Committee J.A. Plumer 203 Summary Report of the Aircraft Operations Committee Robert T. Warner 215 Surmnary Report of the Human Factors Committee George E. Cooper 219 Summary Report of the Aircraft Design Committee John T. Rogers 229 Summary Report of the Weather Services Committee Loren J. Spencer 234 Summary Report of the Data Acquisition and Utilization Committee • Mikhail A. Alaka 238 APPENDIX A List of Acronyms 244 B. Roster of Workshop Participants 248 1979009242-007 i 174 t4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -_ " Walter Frost, Dennis W. Camp, John W. Connolly John H. Enders, Joseph F. Sowar, and Harry L. Burton Organization Committee The Second Annual Workshop on Meteorological and EnviroT_ntal ¢ Inputs to Aviation Systems is sponsored by NASA, NOAA, and FAA and hosted by The University of Tennessee Space Institute. The purpose of this as with the previous workshop is to bring together various disciplines of the meteorological aviation community, i.e., meteorologists, pilots, airline personnel, general aviation operators, manufacturing industry personnel, researchers, forecasters, engineers, instrument specialists, and military users, in round-table discussion to establish and identify needs of the aviation community relative to weather phenomena. The proceedings of the first workshop document the inputs from this vast number of disciplines relative to our understanding and knowledge of the interaction of the atmosphere with aviation systems, to the better defini- tion and implementation of service to operators, and to the collection and interpretation of data for establishing operational criteria relating the total meteorological inputs from the atmospheric sciences to the needs of aviation. This year's effort utilized the recognized needs and _, deficiencies identified from the previous workshop as a basis for : discussion of possible solutions and means of prioritizing and implement- : ing these solutions. _ : The specific topic areas which were addressed in the committee discussion are: (i) severe storms, (2) turbulence, (3) icing, (4) visi- bility, and (5) lightning. These topic areas were addressed in regard to how they impact: (i) aircraft operations, (2) human factors, (3) aircraft design, (4) weather services, and (5) data acquisition and utilization. Fixed committees, having the first five titles, met with each of five floating committees, having the latter titles. The chair- man of the committee then documented, from the results of the discussion, the most pressing needs, in order of decreasing importance, within the context of his committee's specific topic area. The nature of the problem as to whether it is operational, R & D, lack of data, procedural, etc. is stated in the committee report. Through committee discussion the question as to how soon the problem can reasonably be solved and what impact on aviation is likely to occur if the problem is not addressed has been queried. In turn, each problem area has been assessed as to the cost benefit of its solution, and as to whether the knowledge is in h_nd or whether a new effort is required to effect the solution. Finally, the committee has recommended which organization(s) (government and/or industries) should be involved in the problem solution and what their : respective role should be. A summarization of the committees' findings relative to the five topic areas of severe storms, turbulence, icing, visibility and lightning is given below. • ! 1979009242-008 Severe Storms The Severe Storms Committee's topic area logically includes turbu- lence, icing, and lightning. However, in summarizing discussions relative to severe storms, emphasis is placed on wind and wind shear hazards. The committee findings gave equal priority to the problems of improved detection capabilities for wind shear, hail, turbulence and lightning and of improved communications of available information to the pilot. Uith regard to wind shear detection, the wind anemometer array system is considered to be an interim solution and continued development of ground based Doppler radar and Doppler lidar should be accelerated to provide wind data along the glide slope. Also, in the airborne realm, further methods to indicate wind differences between that at flight altitude and at touchdown should be pursued, including airborne Doppler. The committee noted that gust front and low level wind shear occur at relatively undeveloped airports, in addition to the main metropolitan airports, and that these situations are of concern to both private and commercial pilots. Improved communications are required to rapidly assimilate and communicate the information which is available on weather hazards to the pilot. Although the capability to observe some severe storm parameters is limited, the inability to communicate those that are observed has been repeatedly demonstrated. I_ addition to the Severe Storm Committee's discussion in this regard, a recurring theme throughout _he whole proceedings was the need tc provide real time or near real time hazardous weather information to the pilot. The Severe Storms Committee suggested that thought be given to innovative ways for data presentation to the pilot. Examples sug- gested are: I. A UHF TV channel allocated to one-way weather briefing in the ARTCC. 2. A data llnk from air route traffic control center to aircraft. 3. Development of slm_'_fied oral communication or expansion of the broadcast capabilities of FSS for reception down to the minimum en route altitude. 4. Means to ease the flow of weather information to the pilot during pre-fllght planning. Many of the floating committees also expressed the need to establish procedures for putting the great sums of information currently available to use in both pre-flibht planning and in the cockpit. The human factors committee summarized information on wind shear needed by the pilot in order to make the decision of whether to land or to go around as follows: 1979009242-009 I. Provide more information on preceding occurrences of weather. 2. Provide exact information relative to gust intensity. 3. Increasing the speed of the information loop by providing flight path angle, yround speed, or detecting information in head-up or tactual mode. 4. Insuring monitoring and takeover procedures. 5. Providing suitable training experience by use of simulation that _ncludes such items as proper thrust management and use of available information. Expanded education and training is also of considerable importance relative to severe storm aviation hazards. Special traveling courses to be established and presented to the aviation community at selected intervals to coincide with the advent of hazard weather seasons are recommended. Until a simplified method of acquiring weather information is developed, a checklist should be developed for acquiring various types of weather information or other flight information during various stages of flight. Courses should also be planned and developed which provide information on interpretation of severe weather information and reports. Educational programs should not only be directed to the pilot, but should also be presen*ed to air traffic controllers, national weather service forecasters, and flight service