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Canada Canada GUIDE 92-1 Environment Environnement Canada Canada GUIDE 92-1 Atmospheric Service Environment de l'environnement Service atmosphérique AES GUIDELINES FOR CO-OPERATIVE CLIMATOLOGICAL AUTOSTATIONS VERSION 2.0 October 1992 CLIMATE INFORMATION BRANCH CANADIAN CLIMATE CENTRE Canadian ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT SERVICE Climate Program U.D.C. 551.508.824 Board Canada Preface The purpose of the AES Guidelines for Co-operative Climatological Autostations (Version 2.0) is to provide co-operative agencies with guidelines and standards for automatic climatological stations. Automatic stations provide much flexibility for how, when and how often measurements are made. This can lead to better and more frequent observations. At the same time, the introduction of automatic procedures can also introduce inconsistencies into existing climatological data sets which have been compiled mainly from manual observations. With our current focus on climate change and variability, such inconsistencies are unacceptable. It is therefore imperative that these inconsistencies are minimized or at the very least are controlled. This document is one step towards that end. Adherence to these guidelines will ensure that the data collected by automatic stations meet the minimum requirements for compatibility with AES climatological network data. The longer term goal of achieving full compatibility and eliminating all inconsistencies in existing and future data sets will require considerably more effort and co-operation from all agencies concerned with the collection, application and archiving of climatological data. To this end, there is a need for more data from co-located automatic and manual observation sites. We strongly encourage the practice of maintaining an overlapping period of record when the conversion from a manual to an automatic station is made. The shaded portions within this document indicate changes from Version 1.0 (June 30, 1989). Two major changes have been incorporated within this version: the elimination of the three data level specifications and more detailed information on data logger algorithms. A supplemental document is being prepared which will implement these guidelines for specific data logger systems. With the rapidly changing technology for automatic data collection systems and the increasing demands for more sophisticated climate data, this will be a "living and growing" document. Future versions and supplements will be developed as the need arises. D. C. McKay Director Climate Information Branch Canadian Climate Centre AES Guidelines for Co-operative Climatological Autostations Version 2.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document represents the cooperation, combined efforts and considerable work and experience of many organizations and individuals. Sincere thanks is expressed to the following for their contributions: - Paul Louie, Canadian Climate Centre, author of Version 1.0; - Pete Kociuba, Western Region, author of Version 2.0; - the reviewers of all the previous versions and drafts; - AES Headquarters directorates; - AES Regional Offices (especially the Data Acquisition and Scientific Services Divisions); - the Expert Committee on Agrometeorology; and - all co-operative agencies. AES Guidelines for Co-operative Climatological Autostations Version 2.0 i Contents i Page 1. Introduction ........................................................ 1 2. Descriptions and Definitions .......................................... 2 2.1 Climatological Autostation ....................................... 2 2.2 Co-operative Agency or Agent.................................... 2 2.3 Climatological Station Classification and Observing Programs........... 2 2.4 Climatological Elements......................................... 3 2.4.1 Temperature .......................................... 4 2.4.2 Precipitation........................................... 5 2.4.3 Humidity.............................................. 6 2.4.4 Surface Wind.......................................... 7 2.4.5 Atmospheric Pressure................................... 8 2.4.6 Radiation............................................. 9 2.4.7 Bright Sunshine....................................... 12 2.4.8 Evaporation.......................................... 13 2.5 AES National Climatological Archive .............................. 14 3. Requirements and Standards ........................................ 15 3.1 Siting Guidelines for Climatological Stations........................ 15 3.1.1 Siting Guidelines--General............................... 15 3.1.2 Siting Guidelines--Ordinary Climatological Stations ........... 17 3.1.3 Siting Guidelines--Principal Climatological Stations ........... 18 3.1.4 Siting Guidelines--Supplementary Climatological Observations .................................................... 19 3.1.5 Siting Guidelines--Locations to be avoided.................. 20 3.1.6 Siting Guidelines--Exceptions ............................ 20 3.2 Station Documentation......................................... 20 3.2.1 Initial Information for each station......................... 21 3.2.2 Initial Information for Sensors and Other Equipment........... 23 3.2.3 Documentation of the Data Logger Operating Software ........ 24 3.2.4 Ongoing Records...................................... 24 AES Guidelines for Co-operative Climatological Autostations Version 2.0 ii 3.3 Data Standards............................................... 26 3.3.1 Specification Levels.................................... 26 3.3.2 Specification Terms.................................... 27 3.3.3 Time Units and Conventions for Reporting.................. 28 3.3.4 Air Temperature....................................... 30 3.3.5 Maximum/Minimum Temperature ......................... 32 3.3.6 Accumulated Precipitation............................... 33 3.3.7 Rate of Precipitation................................... 35 3.3.8 Snow Depth.......................................... 37 3.3.9 Atmospheric Pressure.................................. 39 3.3.10 Relative Humidity...................................... 40 3.3.11 Dew Point Temperature................................. 42 3.3.12 Wind Direction/Speed .................................. 43 3.3.13 Radiation............................................ 45 3.3.14 Soil Temperature...................................... 48 3.4 Data Logger Program .......................................... 49 4. Recommended Practice ............................................. 55 4.1 System Requirements ......................................... 55 4.1.1 System Components................................... 55 4.1.2 Environmental Factors for Automatic Stations ............... 56 4.1.3 Equipment Shelter..................................... 57 4.1.4 Instrument Tower...................................... 57 4.1.5 Lightning Protection.................................... 58 4.1.6 Grounding ........................................... 58 4.1.7 Power .............................................. 58 4.1.8 Reliability............................................ 59 4.2 Site Operation ............................................... 59 4.2.1 Installation ........................................... 59 4.2.2 Suitable Systems and Sensors........................... 59 4.2.3 Maintenance and Calibration Schedule..................... 60 AES Guidelines for Co-operative Climatological Autostations Version 2.0 iii 4.3 Quality Assurance of Data...................................... 61 4.3.1 Data Modification ..................................... 61 4.3.2 Quality Assurance for Hourly Air Temperature ............... 62 4.3.3 Quality Assurance for Maximum and Minimum Air Temperatures ........................................ 62 4.3.4 Quality Assurance for Accumulated Liquid Precipitation........ 63 4.3.5 Quality Assurance for the Rate of Precipitation............... 64 4.3.6 Quality Assurance for Snow Depth........................ 65 4.3.7 Quality Assurance for Atmospheric Pressure ................ 65 4.3.8 Quality Assurance for Relative Humidity. ................... 65 4.3.9 Quality Assurance for Dew Point Temperature............... 65 4.3.10 Quality Assurance for Wind Direction and Speed ............. 66 4.3.11 Quality Assurance for Radiation Fields (RF1 - RF4, RF7 and RF9) .............................. 67 4.3.12 Quality Assurance for Soil Temperature.................... 68 4.4 Recording Standards.......................................... 69 4.4.1 Recording Formats .................................... 69 4.4.2 Recording Medium .................................... 70 5. References ....................................................... 71 6. AES Instrument Manuals ............................................ 73 Appendix A -- Suitable Data Loggers ............................................. 74 Appendix B -- Suitable Sensors .................................................. 75 Appendix C -- Relative Humidity Computation ...................................... 82 Appendix D -- Dewpoint Temperature Computation ................................. 83 Appendix E -- Mean Sea Level Pressure Computation ............................... 84 AES Guidelines for Co-operative Climatological Autostations Version 2.0 iv Figures Figure 1: Radiation Fields.................................................... 10 Figure 2: Ideal Ordinary Climatological Station Site ................................ 17 Figure 3: Ideal Principal Climatological Station Site ................................ 18 Figure 4: Climatological Station Siting - Minimum Distances ........................
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