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Study on Local Cloud Coverage Using Ground-Based Measurement of Solar Radiation

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Study on Local Cloud Coverage Using Ground-Based Measurement of Solar Radiation Study on Local Cloud Coverage Using Ground-Based Measurement of Solar Radiation Sweata Sijapati Study on Local Cloud Coverage Using Ground-Based Measurement of Solar Radiation Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor at Ehime University By Sweata Sijapati June 2016 Advisor: Professor Ryo Moriwaki Dedicated to my parents It’s your support and motivation that has made me stronger CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the dissertation entitled, “Study on Local Cloud Coverage Using Ground-Based Measurement of Solar Radiation” presented by Ms. Sijapati Sweata in partial fulfillment of the academic requirement of the degree of doctor has been examined and accepted by the evaluation committee at Graduate School of Science and Engineering of Ehime University. …………………………………. Ryo Moriwaki Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Advisor / Examiner 1 …………………………………. ……………. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Examiner 2 …………………………………. ……………. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Examiner 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ XV LIST OF ABBREVIATION .......................................................................................... XVI LIST OF SYMBOL ..................................................................................................... XVIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... XX ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... XXII CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research Background ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Solar radiation .................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Measuring solar radiation ......................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Empirical models...................................................................................... 9 1.2.3 Physical factor based models ................................................................. 10 1.2.4 Satellite observation ............................................................................... 10 1.3 Importance of solar radiation ........................................................................... 11 1.4 Ground based measurement of radiation ......................................................... 12 1.5 Scope and objective of the study ...................................................................... 13 1.6 Outline of the thesis ......................................................................................... 14 1.7 Chapter summary ............................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................... 18 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLAR RADIATIONS .................................................................... 18 2.1 Components of solar radiation ......................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Direct beam solar radiation .................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Diffuse solar radiation ............................................................................ 20 2.1.3 Global solar radiation ............................................................................. 21 2.2 Extra-terrestrial radiation ................................................................................. 23 2.3 Solar radiation measuring instrument (Radiometers) ...................................... 29 2.3.1 Pyrheliometer ......................................................................................... 29 2.3.2 Pyranometer ........................................................................................... 32 Principle component of pyranometer ........................................ 32 Physical properties of pyranometer: .......................................... 34 2.3.3 Shaded pyranometer ............................................................................... 38 2.4 Sky condition and cloud type ........................................................................... 38 2.5 Chapter summary ............................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................... 43 3. GROUND BASED MEASUREMENT OF THE SOLAR RADIATION USING PYRANOMETER NETWORK...………………………………………………………………………………43 3.1 Site description ................................................................................................. 43 3.2 Measurement of the solar radiation .................................................................. 44 3.3 The ground network of pyranometer in Matsuyama ........................................ 48 3.3.1 Calibration of the pyranometer .............................................................. 50 3.3.2 Sampling frequency................................................................................ 53 3.4 Clear sky rate ................................................................................................... 53 3.5 Temporal variation of the clear sky rate .......................................................... 55 3.5.1 Diurnal variation of the clear sky rate .................................................... 55 3.5.2 Monthly variation ................................................................................... 59 3.6 Spatial variation of the clear sky rate ............................................................... 60 3.6.1 One-hour time standard variation ........................................................... 60 3.6.2 Monthly spatial variation ....................................................................... 63 3.7 Whole sky photography ................................................................................... 69 3.8 Data validation ................................................................................................. 71 3.8.1 Model validation .................................................................................... 72 3.8.2 Whole-sky photography ......................................................................... 77 3.9 Effect of wind factor ........................................................................................ 93 3.10 Chapter summary ........................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................... 96 4. ESTIMATION OF THE POWER GENERATION USING SOLAR PANELS ............................... 96 4.1 Site Introduction ............................................................................................... 96 4.2 Instrumentation ................................................................................................ 97 4.2.1 Data Used .............................................................................................. 102 4.3 Estimation of global solar radiation ............................................................... 102 4.3.1 Conversion factor .................................................................................. 104 4.3.2 Horizontally installed panel .................................................................. 105 4.3.3 Solar panel installed at an angle ............................................................ 108 Separation model of solar radiation components .................... 108 Solar radiation on a slope ........................................................ 110 Global solar radiation on slope ................................................ 111 4.3.4 Photovoltaic network ............................................................................ 112 4.4 Comparison of the estimated and the measured global solar radiation.......... 114 4.4.1 Solar radiation in a horizontal surface .................................................. 114 4.4.2 Solar panels installed at an angle .......................................................... 122 4.4.3 Estimation of the global solar radiation using the photovoltaic network……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 125 4.5 Temporal standard variation of the clear sky rate .......................................... 134 4.6 Chapter summary ........................................................................................... 137 CHAPTER 5 ..................................................................................................................... 138 5. COMPARISON OF THE SOLAR RADIATION DATASET .................................................. 138 5.1 Distribution of the estimated global solar radiation ....................................... 138 5.2 Comparison of the measured and estimated global solar radiation
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