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Lesson 6 Weather: Collecting Data GRADE 3-5 BACKGROUND Meteorologists Collect Weather Data Daily to Make Forecasts
Lesson 6 Weather: Collecting Data GRADE 3-5 BACKGROUND Meteorologists collect weather data daily to make forecasts. With the aid of high altitude weather balloons, weather equipment and gauges, satellites, and computers, accurate daily forecasts can be made. Collecting weather data in just one location and making a forecast requires a great deal of skill. Since air travels from one location to another, it is helpful to know what the approaching weather will be. In this investigation, the students will collect data for two weeks. At this time they will start seeing patterns in each of the areas. They can predict what the weather will be like the next day and for the next few days. They will also write if their predictions were correct from the previous day. Collecting the data for this lesson can be done instead of collecting the data separately in lesson 1-4. BASIC LESSON Objective(s) Students will be able to… Collect data for two weeks and use the information to detect patterns and predict weather around their location. State Science Content Standard(s) Standard 4. Students through the inquiry process, demonstrate knowledge of the composition, structures, processes and interactions of Earth's systems and other objects in space. A. 4.4 Observe and describe the water cycle and the local weather and demonstrate how weather conditions are measured. A. Record temperature B. Display data on a graph C. Interpret trends and patterns of data D. Identify and explain the use of a barometer, weather vane, and anemometer E. Collect, record and chart data from each weather instrument F. -
Radar Derived Rainfall and Rain Gauge Measurements at SRS
Radar Derived Rainfall and Rain Gauge Measurements at SRS A. M. Rivera-Giboyeaux February 2020 SRNL-STI-2019-00644, Revision 0 SRNL-STI-2019-00644 Revision 0 DISCLAIMER This work was prepared under an agreement with and funded by the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government or its employees, nor any of its contractors, subcontractors or their employees, makes any express or implied: 1. warranty or assumes any legal liability for the accuracy, completeness, or for the use or results of such use of any information, product, or process disclosed; or 2. representation that such use or results of such use would not infringe privately owned rights; or 3. endorsement or recommendation of any specifically identified commercial product, process, or service. Any views and opinions of authors expressed in this work do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, or its contractors, or subcontractors. Printed in the United States of America Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy ii SRNL-STI-2019-00644 Revision 0 Keywords: Rainfall, Radar, Rain Gauge, Measurements Retention: Permanent Radar Derived Rainfall and Rain Gauge Measurements at SRS A. M. Rivera-Giboyeaux February 2020 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC09-08SR22470. iii SRNL-STI-2019-00644 Revision 0 REVIEWS AND APPROVALS AUTHORS: ______________________________________________________________________________ A. M. Rivera-Giboyeaux, Atmospheric Technologies Group, SRNL Date TECHNICAL REVIEW: ______________________________________________________________________________ S. Weinbeck, Atmospheric Technologies Group, SRNL. Reviewed per E7 2.60 Date APPROVAL: ______________________________________________________________________________ C.H. Hunter, Manager Date Atmospheric Technologies Group iv SRNL-STI-2019-00644 Revision 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Over the years rainfall data for the Savannah River Site has been obtained from ground level measurements made by rain gauges. -
COOP Observer Manual (1).Pdf
National Weather Service WFO Mount Holly, NJ Cooperative Observation Program Observer Manual Updated: October 3, 2020 Table of Contents 1. Taking Observations a. Rainfall/Liquid Equivalent Precipitation i. Rainfall 1. Standard 8” Rain Gauge 2. Plastic 4” Rain Gauge ii. Snowfall/Frozen Precipitation Liquid Equivalent 1. Standard 8” Rain Gauge 2. Plastic 4” Rain Gauge b. Snowfall c. Snow Depth d. Maximum and Minimum Temperatures (if equipped) i. Digital Maximum/Minimum Sensor with Nimbus Display ii. Cotton Region Shelter with Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers 2. Reporting Observations a. WxCoder b. Things to Remember 1 1. Taking Observations Measuring precipitation is one of the most basic and useful forms of weather observations. It is important to note that observations will vary based on the type of precipitation that is expected to occur. If any frozen precipitation is forecast, it is important to remove the funnel top and inner tube from your gauge before precipitation begins. This will prevent damage to the equipment and ensure the most accurate measurements possible. Note that the inner tube of the rain gauge only holds a certain amount of precipitation until it begins to overflow into the outer can. If rain falls, but is not measurable inside of the gauge, this should be reported as a Trace (T) of rainfall. This includes sprinkles/drizzle and occurrences where there is some liquid in the inner tube, but it is not measurable on the measuring stick. During the cold season (generally November through early April), we recommend that observers leave their snowboards outside at all times, if possible. -
METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION N JO 7900.11 NOTICE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Effective Date: Air Traffic Organization Policy September 1, 2018 Cancellation Date: September 1, 2019 SUBJ: METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR) 1. Purpose of this Notice. This Notice coincides with a revision to the Federal Meteorological Handbook (FMH-1) that was effective on November 30, 2017. The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (OFCM) approved the changes to the reporting requirements of small hail and snow pellets in weather observations (METAR/SPECI) to assist commercial operators in deicing operations. 2. Audience. This order applies to all FAA and FAA-contract weather observers, Limited Aviation Weather Reporting Stations (LAWRS) personnel, and Non-Federal Observation (NF- OBS) Program personnel. 3. Where can I Find This Notice? This order is available on the FAA Web site at http://faa.gov/air_traffic/publications and http://employees.faa.gov/tools_resources/orders_notices/. 4. Cancellation. This notice will be cancelled with the publication of the next available change to FAA Order 7900.5D. 5. Procedures/Responsibilities/Action. This Notice amends the following paragraphs and tables in FAA Order 7900.5. Table 3-2: Remarks Section of Observation Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Volcanic eruptions must be reported whenever first noted. Pre-eruption activity must not be reported. (Use Volcanic Eruptions 14.20 X X PIREPs to report pre-eruption activity.) Encode volcanic eruptions as described in Chapter 14. Distribution: Electronic 1 Initiated By: AJT-2 09/01/2018 N JO 7900.11 Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Whenever tornadoes, funnel clouds, or waterspouts begin, are in progress, end, or disappear from sight, the event should be described directly after the "RMK" element. -
Ships Observing Marine Climate a Catalogue of the Voluntary
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPIDC COMMISSION (Of UNESCO) MARINE METEOROLOGY AND RELATED OCEANOGRAPHIC ACTIVITIES REPORT NO. 25 SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS PARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA WMO/TD-No. 456 1991 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression ofany opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of the World Meteorological Organization and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Editorial note: This publication is an offset reproduction of a typescript submitted by the authors and has been produced withoutadditional revision by the WMO and IOC Secretariats. SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS PARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA Elizabeth.C.Kent and Peter.K.Taylor .James .Rennell. centre for Ocean Circulation, Chilworth Research Park. Southampton. UK PREFACE Meteorological observations made onboard merchant vessels of the i'H) vollIDtary observing shipa (ves) scheme, when transmitted to shore in real-time:J are a substantial canponent of the Global Observing System of the World Weather Watch and are essential tc> the pr<>vision of marine lleteorological services ~ as well as tc> ID€:teorol.ogical analyses and forecasts generally. These observations are also recorded in ships r meteorological log1xx>ks:t for later exchange., archival and p:roc-essing -through the i'H) Marine CliJDa.tc>logical StlJllDa'ries Scheme, and as such. they conatitute an equally essential source of data for determining the cliJDa.tc>logy of the marineatlooaphere and ocean surface, and 'for OJIIIPUt.ing a variety of air-sea fluxes. -
Creating an Atmosphere for STEM Literacy in the Rural South Through
JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION 63, 105–115 (2015) Creating an Atmosphere for STEM Literacy in the Rural South Through Student-Collected Weather Data Lynn Clark,1,a Saswati Majumdar,1 Joydeep Bhattacharjee,2 and Anne Case Hanks3 ABSTRACT This paper is an examination of a teacher professional development program in northeast Louisiana, that provided 30 teachers and their students with the technology, skills, and content knowledge to collect data and explore weather trends. Data were collected from both continuous monitoring weather stations and simple school-based weather stations to better understand core disciplinary ideas connecting Life and Earth sciences. Using a curricular model that combines experiential and place-based educational approaches to create a rich and relevant atmosphere for STEM learning, the goal of the program was to empower teachers and their students to engage in ongoing data collection analysis that could contribute to greater understanding and ownership of the environment at the local and regional level. The program team used a mixed- methodological approach that examined implementation at the site level and student impact. Analysis of teacher and student surveys, teacher interviews and classroom observation data suggest that the level of implementation of the program related directly to the ways in which students were using the weather data to develop STEM literacy. In particular, making meaning out of the data by studying patterns, interpreting the numbers, and comparing with long-term data from other sites seemed to drive critical thinking and STEM literacy in those classrooms that fully implemented the program. Findings also suggest that the project has the potential to address the unique needs of traditionally underserved students in the rural south, most notably, those students in high-needs rural settings that rely on an agrarian economy. -
Danish Meteorological Institute Ministry of Transport
DANISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT ——— TECHNICAL REPORT ——— 98-14 The Climate of The Faroe Islands - with Climatological Standard Normals, 1961-1990 John Cappelen and Ellen Vaarby Laursen COPENHAGEN 1998 Front cover picture Gásadalur located north west of Sørvágur on the western part of the island of Vágar. Heinanøv Fjeld, 813 m high can be seen in the north and Mykinesfjørdur in the west. The heliport is located to the right in the picture - near the river Dalsá. The photo was taken during a helicopter trip in May 1986. Photographer: Helge Faurby ISSN 0906-897X Contents 1. Introduction....................................................................................................3 2. Weather and climate in the Faroe Islands..................................................5 3. Observations and methods............................................................................9 3.1. General methods...................................................................9 3.2. Observations........................................................................9 4. Station history and metadata.......................................................................13 5. Standard Normal Homogeneity Test..........................................................15 5.1. Background.........................................................................15 5.2. Testing for homogeneity.....................................................15 6. Climatological normals.................................................................................17 -
Observer Bias in Daily Precipitation Measurements at United States Cooperative Network Stations
Observer Bias in Daily Precipitation Measurements at United States Cooperative Network Stations BY CHRISTOPHER DALY, WAYNE P. G IBSON, GEORGE H. TAYLOR, MATTHEW K. DOGGETT, AND JOSEPH I. SMITH The vast majority of United States cooperative observers introduce subjective biases into their measurements of daily precipitation. he Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) was the U.S. Historical Climate Network (USHCN). The established in the 1890s to make daily meteo- USHCN provides much of the country’s official data T rological observations across the United States, on climate trends and variability over the past century primarily for agricultural purposes. The COOP (Karl et al. 1990; Easterling et al. 1999; Williams et al. network has since become the backbone of tempera- 2004). ture and precipitation data that characterize means, Precipitation data (rain and melted snow) are trends, and extremes in U.S. climate. COOP data recorded manually every day by over 12,000 COOP are routinely used in a wide variety of applications, observers across the United States. The measuring such as agricultural planning, environmental impact equipment is very simple, and has not changed statements, road and dam safety regulations, building appreciably since the network was established. codes, forensic meteorology, water supply forecasting, Precipitation data from most COOP sites are read weather forecast model initialization, climate map- from a calibrated stick placed into a narrow tube ping, flood hazard assessment, and many others. A within an 8-in.-diameter rain gauge, much like subset of COOP stations with relatively complete, the oil level is measured in an automobile (Fig. 1). long periods of record, and few station moves forms The National Weather Service COOP Observing Handbook (NOAA–NWS 1989) describes the procedure for measuring precipitation from 8-in. -
Guide Wave Analysis and Forecasting
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 1998 (second edition) WMO-No. 702 WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 1998 (second edition) WMO-No. 702 Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization – Geneva – Switzerland 1998 © 1998, World Meteorological Organization ISBN 92-63-12702-6 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its fontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD . V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . VI INTRODUCTION . VII Chapter 1 – AN INTRODUCTION TO OCEAN WAVES 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 The simple linear wave . 1 1.3 Wave fields on the ocean . 6 Chapter 2 – OCEAN SURFACE WINDS 2.1 Introduction . 15 2.2 Sources of marine data . 16 2.3 Large-scale meteorological factors affecting ocean surface winds . 21 2.4 A marine boundary-layer parameterization . 27 2.5 Statistical methods . 32 Chapter 3 – WAVE GENERATION AND DECAY 3.1 Introduction . 35 3.2 Wind-wave growth . 35 3.3 Wave propagation . .36 3.4 Dissipation . 39 3.5 Non-linear interactions . .40 3.6 General notes on application . 41 Chapter 4 – WAVE FORECASTING BY MANUAL METHODS 4.1 Introduction . 43 4.2 Some empirical working procedures . 45 4.3 Computation of wind waves . 45 4.4 Computation of swell . 47 4.5 Manual computation of shallow-water effects . 52 Chapter 5 – INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL WAVE MODELLING 5.1 Introduction . -
By: ESSA RAMADAN MOHAMMAD D F Superintendent of Stations Kuwait
By: ESSA RAMADAN MOHAMMAD Superintendent O f Stations Kuwait Met. Departmentt Geoggpyraphy and climate Kuwait consists mostly of desert and little difference in elevation. It has nine islands, the largest of which is Bubiyan, which is linked to the mainland by a concrete bridge. Summers (April to October) are extremely hot and dry with temperatures exceeding 51 °C(124°F) in Kuwait City several times during the hottest months of June, July and August. April and October are more moderate with temperatures over 40 °C uncommon . Winters (November through February) are cool with some precipitation and average temperatures around 13 °C(56°F) with extremes from ‐2 °Cto27°C. The spring season (Marc h) iswarmand pltleasant with occasilional thund ers torms. Surface coastal water temperatures range from 15 °C(59°F) in February to 35 °C(95°F) in August. The driest months are June through September, while the wettest are January through March. Thunderstorms and hailstorms are common in November, March and April when warm and moist Arabian Gulf air collides with cold air masses from Europe. One such thunderstorm in November 1997 dumped more than ten inches of rain on Kuwait. Kuwait Meteorology Dep artment Meteorological Department Forecasting Supervision Clima tes SiiSupervision Stations & Upper Air Supervision Communications Supervision Maintenance Supervision Stations and Upper air Supervision 1‐ SfSurface manned Sta tions & AWOS 2‐ upper air Stations & Ozone Kuwait Int. Airport Station In December 1962 one manned synoptic, climate, agro stations started to report on 24 hour basis and sending data to WMO Kuwait Int. Airport Station Kuwait started to observe and report meteorological data in the early 1940 with Kuwait Britsh oil company but most of the report were very limited. -
Rainfall Estimation from X-Band Polarimetric Radar And
Meteorology Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects 12-2016 Rainfall Estimation from X-band Polarimetric Radar and Disdrometer Observation Measurements Compared to NEXRAD Measurements: An Application of Rainfall Estimates Brady E. Newkirk Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/mteor_stheses Part of the Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Newkirk, Brady E., "Rainfall Estimation from X-band Polarimetric Radar and Disdrometer Observation Measurements Compared to NEXRAD Measurements: An Application of Rainfall Estimates" (2016). Meteorology Senior Theses. 6. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/mteor_stheses/6 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Meteorology Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rainfall Estimation from X-band Polarimetric Radar and Disdrometer Observation Measurements Compared to NEXRAD Measurements: An Application of Rainfall Estimates Brady E. Newkirk Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa James Aanstoos – Mentor Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa ABSTRACT This paper presents the comparison of rainfall estimation from X-band dual-polarization radar observations and NEXRAD observations to that of rain gauge observations. Data collected from three separate studies are used for X-band and rain gauge observations. NEXRAD observations were collected through the NCEI archived data base. Focus on the Kdp parameter for X-band radars was important for higher accuracy of rainfall estimations. -
National Report From
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (OF UNESCO) _____________ ___________ JCOMM SHIP OBSERVATIONS TEAM SECOND SESSION London, United Kingdom, 28 July – 1 August 2003 NATIONAL REPORTS OCA website only: http://www.wmo.ch/web/aom/marprog/Publications/publications.htm WMO/TD-No. 1170 2003 JCOMM Technical Report No. 20 C O N T E N T S Note: To go directly to a particular national report, click on the report in the "Contents". To return to "Contents", click on the return arrow ← in Word. Argentina......................................................................................................................................... 1 Australia .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Canada ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Croatia .......................................................................................................................................... 27 France........................................................................................................................................... 33 Germany ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Greece .........................................................................................................................................