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大气科学类词汇小词典made by Superjyq@Lilybbs 如有疏漏，敬请指正[A]

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大气科学类词汇小词典 Made by superjyq@lilybbs 如有疏漏，敬请指正 [A] a priori probability 先验机率 a priori reason 先验理由 A scope (indicator) A 示波器 Abbe number 阿贝数 ABC bucket ABC 吊桶 aberration 像差；光行差 aberwind 阿卑风 ablation 消冰；消冰量 ablation area 消冰区 abnormal 异常 abnormal lapse rate 异常直减率 abnormal propagation 异常传播 abnormal refraction 异常折射 abnormal weather 异常天气 abnormality 异常度；距平度 above normal 超常 Abraham's tree 亚伯拉罕树状卷云 abrego 阿勃列戈风 abroholos 亚伯落贺颮 Abrolhos squalls 亚伯落贺颮 abscissa 横坐标 absolute 绝对 absolute acceleration 绝对加速度 absolute altimeter 绝对高度计 absolute altitude 绝对高度 absolute angular momentum 绝对角动量 absolute annual range of temperature 温度绝对年较差 absolute black body 绝对黑体 absolute ceiling 绝对云幕高 absolute coordinate system 绝对坐标系 absolute drought 绝对乾旱 absolute error 绝对误差 absolute extremes 绝对极端值 absolute frequency 绝对频率 absolute gradient current 绝对梯度流 absolute humidity 绝对溼度 absolute index of refraction 绝对折射率 absolute instability 绝对不稳度 absolute instrument 绝对仪器 absolute isohypse 绝对等高线 absolute linear momentum 绝对线性动量 absolute momentum 绝对动量 absolute monthly maximum temperature 绝对月最高温 absolute monthly minimum temperature 绝对月最低温 absolute motion 绝对运动 absolute parallax 绝对视差 absolute parcel stability 绝对气块稳度 absolute potential vorticity 绝对位涡 absolute pyrheliometer 绝对日射强度计 absolute reference frame 绝对坐标系 absolute refractive index 绝对折射率 absolute scale 绝对标度 absolute scale of temperature 温度绝对标度 absolute stability 绝对稳度 absolute standard barometer 绝对标準气压计 absolute temperature 绝对温度 absolute temperature scale 绝对温标 absolute topography 绝对地形 absolute unit 绝对单位 absolute vacuum 绝对真空 absolute value 绝对值 absolute variability 绝对变率 absolute velocity 绝对速度 absolute vorticity 绝对涡度 absolute zero 绝对零度 absorbent solution 吸收溶液 absorber 吸收器；吸收体；吸收剂 absorbing agent 吸收剂 absorbing function 吸收函数 absorbing medium 吸收介质 absorbing power 吸收能力 absorptance 吸收比 absorption 吸收 absorption band 吸收带 absorption coefficient 吸收係数 absorption cross-section 吸收截面 absorption factor 吸收率 absorption function 吸收函数 absorption hygrometer 吸收溼度计 absorption length 吸收长度 absorption line 吸收线 absorption liquid 吸收液体 absorption spectrometer 吸收分光计 absorption spectrum 吸收谱 absorptive index 吸收指数 absorptive power 吸收率；吸收能力 absorptivity 吸收率 accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀 accelerating force 加速力 acceleration 加速度 acceleration of gravity 重力加速度 acceleration potential 加速位 acceleration spectrum 加速谱 accelerator 加速器；催速剂 accelerometer 加速计 acceptance region 容许范围 accessory cloud 附属云 accidental error 偶然误差 acclimate 适应气候 acclimation 气候适应 acclimatization 气候适应 accommodation 调节 accommodation coefficient 调节係数 accretion 撞冻；撞併 accretion efficiency 撞冻效率；撞併效率 accumulated temperature 积温 accumulated temperature curve 积温曲线 accumulation 积冰量 accumulation area 积冰区 accumulative raingauge 积雨器 accuracy 準确度；精密度 acdar 声达 acicular ice 丝状冰 acid deposition 酸性沉降 acid fog 酸雾 acid fume 酸烟 acid mist 酸靄 acid precipitation 酸性降水 acid rain 酸雨 acid-containing soot 含酸煤烟 acidification 酸化 acidity 酸度 aclinic line 磁倾赤道 acoustic (echo) sounder 声测器 acoustic (echo) sounding 声测 acoustic absorption 声吸收 acoustic admittance 声导纳 acoustic attenuation constant 声衰减常数 acoustic cloud 声反射云 acoustic detection and ranging (acdar) 声达 acoustic Doppler sounder 都卜勒声测器 acoustic Doppler system 都卜勒声测系统 acoustic emission monitoring 声发射监测 acoustic fluctuation 声变差 acoustic fog 声雾 acoustic frequency generator 音频发生器 acoustic navigation system 声导航系统 acoustic pollution 声污染 acoustic pressure 声压 acoustic radar 声达 acoustic reflection 声反射 acoustic refraction 声折射 acoustic scattering 声散射 acoustic thermometer 声波温度计 acoustic velocity 声速 acoustic wave 声波 acoustical scintillation 声闪烁 acoustic-gravity wave 声重力波 acoustic-microwave radar 声微波雷达 acoustics 声学 acquisition 收集 acquisition range 收集范围 acrocyanosis 冻疮 actinic 光化[性] actinic absorption 光化吸收 actinic balance 热辐射计 actinic ray 光化射线 actinogram 日射自记图 actinograph 日射仪 actinometer 日射计 actinometry 日射测定术 actinon 錒射气 action center 活动中心 activation 活化 active (remote sensing) system 主动[遥测]系统 active (remote sensing) technique 主动[遥测]法 active accumulated temperature 有效积温 active anafront 活跃上滑锋 active aurora 活跃极光 active carbon 活性碳 active cavity radiometer (ACR) 主动腔体辐射计 active center 活跃中心 active day [地磁]扰动日 active front 活跃锋 active glacier 活冰川 active katafront 活跃下滑锋 active layer 活冻层 active monitoring system 主动监测系统 active monitoring technique 主动监测技术 active monsoon 活跃季风 active permafrost 活跃永冻层 active pollution 活性污染 active reaction 活性反应 active satellite 主动卫星 active scattering aerosol spectrometer probe (ASASP) 主动气[悬]胶径谱仪 active solar region 太阳活动区 active steering 主动驶引 active sun 活跃太阳 active surface 活动面 active volcano 活火山 activity of a foyer of atmospherics 天电源强度 actual elevation 实际高度 actual evapotranspiration 有效蒸散[量] actual flying weather 实际飞行天气 actual pressure 实际气压 actual time of observation 实际观测时间 acute pollution 急性污染 adaptation brightness 适应亮度 adaptation illuminance 适应亮度 adaptation level 适应亮度 adaptation luminance 适应亮度 adaptation process 适应过程 adaptive control 自适应控制 adaptive disease 水土病 adaptive filtering 自适应滤波 adfreezing 冰结 adhesion 附著力 adiabat 绝热线 adiabatic 绝热 adiabatic approximation 绝热近似 adiabatic ascending 绝热上升 adiabatic atmosphere 绝热大气 adiabatic change 绝热变化 adiabatic chart 绝热图 adiabatic compression 绝热压缩 adiabatic condensation 绝热凝结 adiabatic condensation point 绝热凝结点 adiabatic condensation pressure 绝热凝结气压 adiabatic condensation temperature 绝热凝结温度 adiabatic condition 绝热状态 adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却 adiabatic curve 绝热曲线 adiabatic diagram 绝热图 adiabatic effect 绝热效应 adiabatic equation 绝热方程 adiabatic equilibrium 绝热平衡 adiabatic equivalent temperature 绝热相当温度 adiabatic expansion 绝热膨胀 adiabatic gradient 绝热梯度 adiabatic invariant 绝热不变量 adiabatic lapse rate 绝热直减率 adiabatic law 绝热定律 adiabatic liquid water content 绝热液态水含量 adiabatic motion 绝热运动 adiabatic process 绝热过程 adiabatic psychrometer 绝热乾溼计 adiabatic region 绝热区 adiabatic saturation point 绝热饱和点 adiabatic saturation pressure 绝热饱和气压 adiabatic saturation temperature 绝热饱和温度 adiabatic sinking 绝热下捵沉 adiabatic temperature change 绝热温度变化 adiabatic trail 绝热凝结尾 adiabatic warming 绝热增温 adiabatic wet-bulb temperature 绝热溼球温度 adjacent field-of-view method 相邻视场法 adjoint 伴随 adjustable cistern barometer 调槽气压计 adjoint method 伴随法 adjoint technique 伴随法 adjustment 校正；调整 adjustment of long wave 长波调整 adjustment process 调整过程 adjustment time 调整时间 admissible error 容许误差 adret [山]向阳面 adsorbent 吸附剂 adsorption 吸附[作用] advanced atmospheric sounding and imaging radiometer (AASIR) 先进大气探测成像辐射 计 advanced cloud wind system 先进云风系统 advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU) 先进微波探测装置 advanced moisture and temperature sounder (AMTS) 先进温溼探测器 advanced TIROS-N 先进泰洛斯 N 卫星 advanced vidicon camera system 先进光电摄影系统 advection 平流 advection change 平流变化 advection effect 平流效应 advection effluent 平流流出[量] advection equation 平流方程 advection fog 平流雾 advection frost 平流霜 advection inversion 平流逆温 advection jet 平流喷流 advection process 平流过程 advection propagation 平流传播 advection scale 平流尺度 advection velocity 平流速度 advection-diffusion equation 平流扩散方程 advective boundary layer 平流边界层 advective change 平流变化 advective flux 平流通量 advective form 平流形式 advective hypothesis 平流假说 advective model 平流模式 advective pressure tendency 平流气压趋势 advective term 平流项 advective thunderstorm 平流雷雨；平流雷暴 advective time scale 平流时间尺度 advective-radiation fog 平流辐射雾 adverse factor 有害因子 adverse weather 不良天气 adverse weather condition 不良气象条件 adverse wind 逆风 advice 通告 advisory area 警示区 advisory forecast 警示预报 aeolian 风成 aeolian anemometer 风声风速计 aeolian sounds 风激声 aeolian tones 风音 aeration 通气 aeroclimatology 高空气候学 aerial 天空[的]；天线 aerial contaminant 空气污染物 aerial contamination 空气污染 aerial detection 空气检测；空中检测 aerial exploration 高空探测 aerial fog 气雾 aerial gain 天线增益 aerial photograph 航空摄影 aerial plankton 大气浮游生物 aerial reconnaissance 航空侦察 AERO code 航空天气电码 aerobiology 大气生物学 aerochemistry 气体化学 aerodrome elevation 机场标高 aerodrome forecast 机场[天气]预报 aerodrome meteorological minimum 机场最低气象条件 aerodynamic [空]气动力[的] aerodynamic balance [空]气动力秤 aerodynamic coefficient [空]气动力係数 aerodynamic contrail [空]气动力凝结尾 aerodynamic force [空]气动力 aerodynamic instability [空]气动力不稳度 aerodynamic laboratory [空]气动力实验室 aerodynamic method [空]气动力法 aerodynamic observatory [空]气动力实验室 aerodynamic resistance [空]气动力阻力 aerodynamic roughness [空]气动力粗糙度 aerodynamic smoothness [空]气动力平滑度 aerodynamic trail [空]气动力凝结尾 aerodynamically rough surface [空]气动力粗糙面 aerodynamically smooth surface [空]气动力平滑面 aerodynamics [空]气动力学 aeroembolism 高空病；气栓症 aerogel 气凝胶 aerogram 雷氏热力图；高空气象仪图 aerograph 高空气象仪 aerographical chart 高空气象图 aerolite 陨石 aerologation 测高航行 aerological 高空[的] aerological days 高空气象日 aerological station 高空站 aerological table 高空报表 aerology 高空气象学 aeromancy 航空天气预报 aerometeorograph 高空气象仪 aerometer 气体比重计 aeronautical climatology 航空气候[学] aeronautical meteorological service 航空气象服务 aeronautical meteorological station 航空气象站 aeronautical meteorology 航空气象学 aeronautics 航空学 aeronomosphere 特高层大气 aeronomy 高层大气物理学；气文学 aeropause 适航层顶 aerophotography 航空摄影学 aerophysics 航空物理学 aerosol 气[悬]胶 aerosol analyzer 气[悬]胶分析仪 aerosol climatic effect (ACE) 气[悬]胶气候效应 aerosol climatology 气[悬]胶气候[学] aerosol composition 气[悬]胶成分 aerosol detector 气[悬]胶侦测仪 aerosol electricity 气[悬]胶电[学] aerosol layer 气[悬]胶层 aerosol loading 气[悬]胶负载 aerosol optical thickness 气[悬]胶光学厚度 aerosol particle 气[悬]胶粒子 aerosol size distribution 气[悬]胶径谱 aerosoloscope 气[悬]胶仪 aerosolsonde 气[悬]胶送 aerosphere 气界；气圈 aerostat 气球；飞艇 aerostat meteorograph 气球气象仪 aerostatic balance 气静力秤 aerostatics 气体静力学 aerothermochemistry 空气热力化学 aerovane 舵式测风仪 aestival 夏季[的] aestivation 夏蛰；夏眠 Afer 阿非风 afforestation 造林 afghanets 阿富汗[强]风 African easterly jet (AEJ) 非洲东风喷流 African wave 非洲波 Africino 阿非风 Africo 阿非风 Africuo 阿非风 Africus veutus 阿非风 after image 留像 after summer 秋老虎 after-exercise chill 运动后寒冷 afterglow 餘辉；晚霞 afterheat 秋老虎 aftershock
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    Different ecological processes determined the alpha and beta components of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity for plant communities in dryland regions of Northwest China Jianming Wang1, Chen Chen1, Jingwen Li1, Yiming Feng2 and Qi Lu2 1 College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China 2 Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China ABSTRACT Drylands account for more than 30% of China’s terrestrial area, while the ecological drivers of taxonomic (TD), functional (FD) and phylogenetic (PD) diversity in dryland regions have not been explored simultaneously. Therefore, we selected 36 plots of desert and 32 plots of grassland (10 Â 10 m) from a typical dryland region of northwest China. We calculated the alpha and beta components of TD, FD and PD for 68 dryland plant communities using Rao quadratic entropy index, which included 233 plant species. Redundancy analyses and variation partitioning analyses were used to explore the relative influence of environmental and spatial factors on the above three facets of diversity, at the alpha and beta scales. We found that soil, climate, topography and spatial structures (principal coordinates of neighbor matrices) were significantly correlated with TD, FD and PD at both alpha and beta scales, implying that these diversity patterns are shaped by contemporary environment and spatial processes together. However, we also found that alpha diversity was predominantly regulated by spatial structure, whereas beta diversity was largely determined by environmental variables. Among environmental factors, TD was Submitted 10 June 2018 most strongly correlated with climatic factors at the alpha scale, while 5 December 2018 Accepted with soil factors at the beta scale.
  • New Cloud Types 2019

    New Cloud Types 2019

    UPSC MAIN & PRELIMS NEW CLOUD TYPES 2019 BY : NEETU SINGH This is updated material for New Cloud Types, targeting both upcoming Prelims and Main Exams. Video is attached to provide you with the gist of content. https://youtu.be/01Ciwd9b470 New Cloud Types PRINCIPLES OF CLOUD CLASSIFICATION Useful concepts Height, altitude, vertical extent Clouds continuously evolve and appear in an infinite variety of forms. However, there is a limited number · Height: Vertical distance from the point of of characteristic forms frequently observed all over observation on the Earth's surface to the point the world, into which clouds can be broadly grouped being measured. in a classification scheme. The scheme uses · Altitude: Vertical distance from mean sea level to genera(defined according to their appearance and the point being measured. position in the sky), species(describing shape and · Height/Altitude of cloud base: For surface structure) and varieties(describing transparency and observations, height of the cloud base above arrangement).This is similar to the systems used in ground level; for aircraft observations, altitude of the classification of plants or animals, and similarly the cloud base above mean sea level. uses Latin names. · Vertical extent: Vertical distance from a cloud's There are some intermediate or transitional forms of base to its top. clouds that, although observed fairly frequently, are Levels not described in the classification scheme. The transitional forms are of little interest; they are less Clouds are generally encountered over a range of stable and in appearance are not very different from altitudes varying from sea level to the top of the the definitions of the characteristic forms.
  • Aviation Meteorology

    Aviation Meteorology

    International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS) Volume VI, Issue VIIIS, August 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540 Aviation Meteorology Yashmitha Kumaran, N. Sumathi Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract: - The purpose of this paper is to highlight the general atmosphere plays a major role in protecting the Earth‟s life terms and definitions that falls under the ‘common set’ in the forms from the solar radiations, cosmic rays and meteoroids. intersection of the sets Meteorology and Aerospace Engineering. It is also responsible for maintaining the Earth‟s global It begins with the universal explanations for the meteorological temperature by insolation, reflection and circulation, and for phenomena under the ‘common set’ followed by the the scattering of sunlight, which enables us to perceive categorization of clouds and their influences on the aerial various colours. vehicles, the instrumentation used in Aeronautics to determine the required Meteorological quantities, factors affecting aviation, Oceans have a diurnal variation of just 2 to 3C and they effects of aviation on the clouds, and the corresponding protocols consist of two separate layers of water, warm and cold. The involved in deciphering the ‘common set’ elements. layer of separation is called thermocline. The upper (warm) It also talks about the relation between airport construction and layer is a heat reservoir and is 150 to 200 meters deep. This is Geology prior to concluding with the uses and successes of the cause for the genesis of several aquatic circulations like Meteorology in the field of Aerospace. the cyclones, the hurricanes and the typhoons. The Earth is at an average distance of 149,600,000 km from I.
  • Meteorological Equipment Data Sheets

    Meteorological Equipment Data Sheets

    TM 750-5-3 TECHNICAL MANUAL METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT DATA SHEETS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 30 APRIL 1973 *TM 750–5–3 TECHNICAL MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 750–5–3 WASHINGTON, D.C., 30 April 1973 METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT DATA SHEETS Paragraph Page SECTION I. INTRODUCTION Scope _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 3 Purpose _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 3 Organization of content _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3 3 US Army type classifications _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 3 Currency of information _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 4 Omitted data_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 4 II.
  • North Sea Barotropic Tides Abstract Strategy of Mixed Meshes

    North Sea Barotropic Tides Abstract Strategy of Mixed Meshes

    Modelling of coastal long-wave dynamics on unstructured mixed meshes under strong nonlinearity and pronounced baroclinity Alexey Androsov, Sergey Danilov, Vera Fofonova, Natalja Rakowsky, Karen Helen Wiltshire and Sven Harig Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Postfach 12-01-61, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany, ([email protected] +49(0471) 4831-2106)‏ Abstract Results: North Sea barotropic tides Numerical modelling of coastal zone dynamics provides basis for solving a wide range of hydrogeological, engineering and ecological problems. A novel three-dimensional unstructured-mesh model is applied to simulate the dynamics of the density field and turbulence characteristics. The model is based on a finite-volume discretization and works on mixed unstructured meshes composed of triangles and quads. Although triangular meshes are Fig. 1 Fragments of the quads (left) and mixed (right) mesh used in numerical simulations. most flexible geometrically, quads are more efficient numerically and do not support spurious Fig. 2 Tidal map of the M2 wave: the amplitude in cm and phase (solid line) in inertial modes of triangular cell-vertex discretization. Mixed meshes composed of triangles and Here we present results of simulations of M2 tide in the degrees. The triangles indicate the station locations. A dashed rectangle shows North Sea. A large amount of observations is available the domain where the mesh is refined; the transition zone is over its periphery. quads combine benefits of both. In particular, triangular transitional zones can be used to join for this region helping to validate the model. Computations have been performed on three meshes quadrilateral meshes of differing resolution.
  • Electricity and Magnetism (Cont'd), Light and Optics

    Electricity and Magnetism (Cont'd), Light and Optics

    Problems 931 53. Suppose you install a compass on the center of a car’s needle” is a magnetic compass mounted so that it can dashboard. (a) Assuming the dashboard is made rotate in a vertical north–south plane. At this location, mostly of plastic, compute an order-of-magnitude esti- a dip needle makes an angle of 13.08 from the vertical. mate for the magnetic field at this location produced What is the total magnitude of the Earth’s magnetic by the current when you switch on the car’s headlights. field at this location? (b) How does this estimate compare with the Earth’s 59. A very large parallel-plate capacitor has uniform magnetic field? S charge per unit area 1s on the upper plate and 2s 54. Why is the following situation impossible? The magnitude on the lower plate. The plates are horizontal, and both of the Earth’s magnetic field at either pole is approxi- move horizontally with speed v to the right. (a) What mately 7.00 3 1025 T. Suppose the field fades away to is the magnetic field between the plates? (b) What is zero before its next reversal. Several scientists propose the magnetic field just above or just below the plates? plans for artificially generating a replacement mag- (c) What are the magnitude and direction of the mag- netic field to assist with devices that depend on the netic force per unit area on the upper plate? (d) At presence of the field. The plan that is selected is to lay what extrapolated speed v will the magnetic force on a a copper wire around the equator and supply it with a plate balance the electric force on the plate? Suggestion: current that would generate a magnetic field of magni- Use Ampere’s law and choose a path that closes tude 7.00 3 1025 T at the poles.