Proposed Redevelopment of Gosford Hospital

Preliminary Aboriginal Heritage Assessment

Report to City Plan Heritage June 2015

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

City Plan Heritage has engaged Artefact Heritage to prepare a Preliminary Aboriginal Heritage Assessment for the proposed redevelopment of Gosford Hospital (the study area). The study area includes land bounded by Racecourse Road to the north, Showground Road to the east, Faunce Street to the south and Cape Street/Beane Street to the west. The aims of this report are to identify any Aboriginal sites which may be present within the study area and to assess the potential for as yet unidentified Aboriginal archaeology to be present within the study area.

The background research indicates that the geology of the study area consists of Terrigal Formation deposits, which supported a rich array of flora and fauna. Narara Creek is located 600 metres to the north-west of the study area; which drains directly into Brisbane Water to the south. Therefore the area would have had a large array of subsistence resources available to Aboriginal people. The study area is located on a ridge top, which offers an elevated, dry camping location, surrounded by numerous subsistence resources.

No previously recorded Aboriginal sites were located within the study area. An extensive search of the Aboriginal Heritage Information System (AHIMS) indicated that forty-one Aboriginal sites were located in the surrounding region. The AHIMS search revealed that spatial patterning of sites in the region are situated outside of the Gosford developed areas; located within surrounding bushland. However rock shelter and art sites tend to be associated with sloping land with sandstone outcropping, while artefact and shell sites tend to be located close to waterlines.

A survey of the study area was conducted on the 21 November 2014. The survey team included two archaeologists from Artefact Heritage, Alexander Timms and Andrew Crisp. A representative was invited from the Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council to attend the survey; however due to time schedule clashes, no representative was available. The survey identified that a majority of the study area has been impacted by the development of the Gosford Hospital Precinct, residential dwellings and roads. All of these features would have required significant ground modifications prior to construction, due to the sloping terrain.

No Aboriginal sites or areas where Aboriginal objects are likely to occur beneath the ground surface were identified within the proposed impact areas during the site inspection. It is concluded that the study area has low archaeological potential.

It is therefore recommended that there are no known Aboriginal archaeological constraints on the proposed development.

A draft version of this document was issued to Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council (DLALC) for review and comment on 21 January 2015. The DLALC sent a letter on 30 January 2015, confirming they were satisfied with the assessment and had no further recommendations (Appendix A).

If unforseen Aboriginal objects are uncovered during development, work should cease and a heritage consultant, Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) and the Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council should be informed. If human remains are found, work should cease, the site should be secured and the NSW Police and the OEH should be notified.

If changes are made to the development proposal that may result in impacts to areas not covered by this assessment, further archaeological assessment will be required.

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CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction and Background ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 The Study Area ...... 1 1.3 The Proposal ...... 2 1.4 Objectives of the Assessment ...... 5 1.5 Aboriginal consultation ...... 6 1.6 Investigator and Contributions ...... 6 2.0 Legislative Context ...... 7 3.0 Environmental Context ...... 9 3.1 Landform and Geology ...... 9 3.2 Hydrology ...... 9 3.3 Natural Resources ...... 9 3.4 Land use History ...... 12 4.0 Aboriginal Historical and Archaeological Context ...... 15 4.1 Aboriginal Material Culture ...... 15 4.2 Aboriginal Histories of the Locality ...... 15 4.3 Registered Aboriginal sites in the local area – AHIMS search results ...... 16 4.4 Previous Archaeological Investigations ...... 19 5.0 Predictions ...... 20 5.1 Aboriginal Land Use ...... 20 5.2 Site Types ...... 20 5.3 Predictive Model ...... 21 6.0 Site Survey ...... 23 6.1 Survey methodology ...... 23 6.2 Survey Results...... 23 6.2.1 West portion ...... 25 6.2.2 Central Portion ...... 26 6.2.3 East Portion ...... 27 6.3 Survey Conclusion ...... 28 7.0 Archaeological Potential ...... 29 7.1 Assessment of Archaeological Potential ...... 29 8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 30 9.0 References ...... 31 Appendix A: Letter from DLALC ...... 33

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FIGURES

Figure 1: Location of Study Area ...... 4 Figure 2: Plan of current scope of works...... 5 Figure 3: Geology of the Study Area ...... 11 Figure 4: 1893 Map. Town of Gosford (Historical Land Records Online)...... 13 Figure 5: 1922 Map. Town of Gosford (Historical Land Records Online)...... 13 Figure 6: 1958 Map. Town of Gosford (Historical Land Records Online)...... 14 Figure 7: Results of AHIMS Search ...... 18 Figure 8: Survey portions ...... 24 Figure 9: Sloping land, looking across Racecourse Road. North-east aspect...... 25 Figure 10: Open grassed area along west side. East aspect...... 25 Figure 11: Upslope along road into car park. East aspect...... 25 Figure 12: Significant terracing at the Health Services building. East aspect...... 25 Figure 13: Entrance to main hospital building. West aspect...... 26 Figure 14: Terraced retaining wall adjacent Holden Steet. West aspect...... 26 Figure 15: Terracing on the west side of main building. North-east aspect ...... 26 Figure 16: Modified levelled land surfaces near the Bloodbank. West aspect...... 26 Figure 17: Staggered slope behind the multi- storey car park. South-east aspect...... 27 Figure 18: Grassed area, corner of Racecourse Road and Holden Street. North-west aspect...... 27 Figure 19: Looking upslope towards hospital, along Beane Street. West aspect...... 27 Figure 20: Terraced land alomng edge of Showground Road. South aspect...... 27 Figure 21: Pads created for construction of houses on the slope. South-east aspect...... 28 Figure 22: Block of units have excavated into hill to form multi-terrace garden. East aspect...... 28

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TABLES

Table 1: Frequency of site features from AHIMS data ...... 16

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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

City Plan Heritage has engaged Artefact Heritage to prepare an Preliminary Aboriginal Heritage Assessment for the proposed redevelopment of Gosford Hospital and the Health and Wellbeing Precinct; encompassing an area bounded by Racecourse Road to the north, Showground Road to the east, Faunce Street to the south and Cape Street/Beane Street to the west (Figure 1).The aims of this report are to identify any Aboriginal sites which may be present within the study area and to assess the potential for as yet unidentified Aboriginal archaeology to be present within the study area. As such, this report provides a high level constraints analysis of the Aboriginal heritage of the Gosford Hospital study area.

1.2 The Study Area

The study area is defined by the area of proposed development (Figure 1). The proposed development relates to two (2) sites:

1. The central and southern parts of the existing Gosford Hospital; and 2. The proposed "Health and Well Being Precinct", which comprises land to the east of the existing hospital and includes 66-78 Showground Road (inclusive), 33 & 39 Beane Street West, 77-87 Holden Street (inclusive), part of the Holden Street carriageway, and the Beane Street West carriageway.

The land is legally described as follows:

Gosford Hospital

 Lot 1 DP 1076023  Lot 101 DP 1034362  Lot 1 DP 246244  Lot 100 DP 1028293

All of the above allotments are under the ownership of the Health Administration Corporation (HAC).

Proposed Health and Wellbeing Precinct

(note all relevant landowners are in the brackets below)

 Lots A and B DP 316723 (HAC)  Lot C DP 316723 (NSW Aboriginal Land Council)  Lot 1 DP 157518 (HAC)  Lot B DP 160507 (HAC)  Lot 1 DP 996187 (HAC)  Lot 1 DP 163187 (HAC)  Lots 31 and 32 DP 1074996 (Brocore Investments No. 2)

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 Lots 5, 6 and 7 DP 503890 (Land and Housing Corporation)  Lot 1 DP 1050222 (Herald)  Lots 8 and 9 DP 503890 (HAC)

The development proposed in the Health and Wellbeing Precinct will include the closure of Holden Street, and Beane Street West. These roads are under the ownership of Gosford City Council.

The study area is located within the parish of Gosford, county of Northumberland and is within the Gosford City Council local government area (LGA).

1.3 The Proposal

The subject SSDA seeks approval for the redevelopment of Gosford Hospital (refurbishment and build) and Stage 1 of the Health and Wellbeing Precinct. An overview of the redevelopment is below:

1. Redevelopment of the existing Gosford Hospital

 Demolition of existing buildings (education building, Harry Mattlocks building, ICT building and pathology/ambulatory care) and the existing fleet parking within the footprint of the redevelopment site;  Tree removal;  Site preparation works;  Closure of the central part of Hospital Road  Major and minor refurbishment works to existing buildings comprising approximately 8,700m² of existing gross floor area;  New building works that will "link in" to the refurbished existing hospital areas (listed above). The proposed new building will comprise 11 levels;  A new helipad is proposed at Level 11 of the proposed new building. The existing Helipad at the southern end of the campus will be decommissioned;  Services relocation and the closure of part of Hospital Street;  Landscaping;  Staged demolition/construction of all of the above to allow the hospital to remain in operation during the redevelopment; and  Lot consolidation of the existing Gosford Hospital campus to rationalise land holdings.

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2. The Health and Wellbeing Precinct – Stage 1

 Demolition of all existing buildings and structures within the footprint of the redevelopment site;  Tree removal;  Site preparation works including bulk excavation;  Road and public domain works;  Construction of a new multi-storey carpark, covered pedestrian link between the Precinct and main hospital entrance and other ancillary health-related training/education uses and retail shops for the hospital;  Construction of two (2) office buildings for health and government related administration;  Closure of Beane Street West;  Closure of Holden Street (to accommodate appropriate access for emergency and service vehicles only); and  Lot consolidation and subdivision of the Health and Wellbeing Precinct.

The figure below (Figure 2) is a plan of the redevelopment.

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Figure 1: Location of Study Area

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Figure 2: Plan of current scope of works.

1.4 Objectives of the Assessment

This study has been undertaken within the context of the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) Due Diligence Code of Practice (2010) and Guidelines for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment and Community Consultation (2005). The main objectives of this study include providing:

 A description of the extent of the study area.  Discussion of the environmental context of the study area.  Discussion of the Aboriginal historical context of the study area.  A summary of the archaeological context of the study area including a discussion of previous archaeological work in the area.  Development of an archaeological predictive model.  Description and analysis of Aboriginal sites located within the study area.  Development of recommendations for whether further archaeological investigation is necessary.

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1.5 Aboriginal consultation

The study area is within the boundary of Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council (DLALC). A representative was invited from the DLALC to attend the survey; however at the time of the survey, no representatives were available. A draft version of this document was forwarded to DLALC for review and comment on 21 January 2015. The DLALC sent a letter on 30 January 2015, confirming they were satisfied with the assessment and had no further recommendations (Appendix A).

1.6 Investigator and Contributions

Archaeologist Alexander Timms prepared this report with management input and revision from Principal Archaeologist Dr Sandra Wallace.

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2.0 LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT

National Parks and Wildlife Act (1974) (NPW Act)

The NPW Act, administered by the OEH provides statutory protection for all Aboriginal ‘objects’ (consisting of any material evidence of the Aboriginal occupation of NSW) under Section 90 of the Act, and for ‘Aboriginal Places’ (areas of cultural significance to the Aboriginal community) under Section 84.

The protection provided to Aboriginal objects applies irrespective of the level of their significance or issues of land tenure. However, areas are only gazetted as Aboriginal Places if the Minister is satisfied that sufficient evidence exists to demonstrate that the location was and/or is, of special significance to Aboriginal culture.

The NPW Act was amended in 2010 and as a result the legislative structure for seeking permission to impact on heritage items has changed. A Section 90 permit is now the only Aboriginal Heritage Impact Permit (AHIP) available and is granted by the OEH. Various factors are considered by OEH in the AHIP application process, such as site significance, Aboriginal consultation requirements, ESD principles, project justification and consideration of alternatives. The penalties and fines for damaging or defacing an Aboriginal object have also increased.

As this project is being assessed under Part 4 Division 4.1 of the EP&A Act 1979 permits issued under the NPW Act 1974 are not required.

Due Diligence Code of Practice for the Protection of Aboriginal Objects in New South Wales (2010) (Code of Practice)

The Code of Practice was introduced in October 2010 by the OEH (formerly the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water). The aim of the guidelines is to assist individuals and organisations to exercise due diligence when carrying out activities that may harm Aboriginal objects and to determine whether they should apply for consent in the form of an AHIP.

A due diligence assessment should take reasonable and practicable steps to ascertain whether there is a likelihood that Aboriginal sites will be disturbed or impacted during the proposed development. If it is assessed that sites exist or have a likelihood of existing within the development area and may be impacted by the proposed development, further archaeological investigations may be required along with an AHIP. If it is found to be unlikely that Aboriginal sites exist within the study area and the due diligence assessment has been conducted according to the Code of Practice, work may proceed without an AHIP.

As this project is being assessed under Part 4, Division 4.1 of the EP&A Act, it is not required to use the Code of Practice. However the Code of Practice has been used in the context of best practice to inform and structure the current study.

Environmental Planning & Assessment Act (1979) (EP&A Act)

The EP&A Act is administered by the Department of the Premier and Cabinet and provides planning controls and requirements for environmental assessment in the development approval process. This Act has three main parts of direct relevance to Aboriginal cultural heritage. Namely, Part 3 which governs the preparation of planning instruments, Part 4 which relates to development assessment process for local government (consent) authorities and Part 5 which relates to activity approvals by governing (determining) authorities.

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Planning decisions within Local Government Areas (LGAs) are guided by Local Environmental Plans (LEPs). Each LGA is required to develop and maintain an LEP that includes Aboriginal and historical heritage items which are protected under the EP&A Act 1979 and the Heritage Act 1977.

The study area is within the Gosford City Council LGA.

The Gosford LEP 2014 (Part 5, Clause 5.10) make standard provision for the protection of Aboriginal objects and Aboriginal places of heritage significance. There are no Aboriginal items within the study area that are listed in the Gosford LEP 2014.

The proposal will be assessed under Part 4, Division 4.1 of the EP&A Act, which establishes an assessment and approval regime for State Significant Development (SSD). Part 4, Division 4.1 applies to development that is declared to be SSD by a State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP). Section 89J of the EP&A Act specifies that approvals or permits under section 90 of the NPW Act 1974 are not required for approved SSD projects.

Aboriginal Land Rights Act (1983)

The Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 is administered by the NSW Department of Human Services - Aboriginal Affairs. This Act established Aboriginal Land Councils (at State and Local levels). These bodies have a statutory obligation under the Act to; (a) take action to protect the culture and heritage of Aboriginal persons in the council’s area, subject to any other law, and (b) promote awareness in the community of the culture and heritage of Aboriginal persons in the council’s area.

Native Title Act (1994)

The Native Title Act 1994 was introduced to work in conjunction with the Commonwealth Native Title Act. Native Title claims, registers and Indigenous Land Use Agreements are administered under the Act.

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3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

3.1 Landform and Geology

The study area is located within the Hunter Subregion of the Northern Sydney Basin Bioregion. The Hunter Subregion extends from the NSW coast (between Broken Bay and Newcastle) out to the Great Dividing Range to the west (Morgan 2001). The subregion is a complex of Permian shales, sandstones, conglomerates, volcanics and coal measures. The landforms within the subregion are characterised by rolling hills, wide valleys, with meandering catchment systems.

The geology underlying the study area within the Erina soil landscape consists of the Terrigal Formation of the Narrabeen Group (Figure 3). This is made up of lithic and quartz sandstone and siltstone, minor sedimentary breccia, claystone and conglomerate. Hawkesbury sandstone is located within the wider region; sandstone in this area can be highly weathered and friable (GLM Survey 2003).

The local topography consists of rolling rises and low hills with local relief at <60m and slopes <25%. Slopes are gently to moderately incline. Soils are moderately deep (100 >200 cm) within this area containing Yellow Podzolic Soils on fine grained bedrock.

3.2 Hydrology

Due to the elevation of the study area atop a hillcrest, there are no permanent water sources within the study area. Narara Creek is located 600 metres to the north-west of the study area (Figure 1). Narara Creek is a major water source in the region, which drains directly into Brisbane Water to the south. Brisbane Water is a barrier estuary, with its mouth to the southeast at Broken Bay.

3.3 Natural Resources

The vegetation within the study area would have originally comprised a combination of Sydney Coastal Dry Sclerophyll Forest and Sydney Coastal Heaths (Keith 2004). The Sydney Dry Sclerophyll Forest grows on sandstone landscapes in areas below 700m elevation, where average rainfall varies from 1000 to 1300 millimetres (Keith 2004:146). This vegetation type encompasses a wide range of related forest and woodland communities. The eucalypt canopy includes Sydney red gum, red bloodwood and Sydney peppermint, brown stringybark, broadleaved scribbly gum and old man banksia (Keith 2004:146). The prominent and diverse sclerophyll shrub understory is shorter and more open on ridges than in gullies, while the open ground layer is dominated by sclerophyll sedges.

The Sydney Coastal Heaths generally comprise a small overstorey of sparse red bloodwood, heart- leaved stringybark and yellow-top ash (Keith 2004:179). The low shrubby vegetation comprises a diverse array of sclerophyllous genera, and is interspersed with an equally rich complement of sedges and herbs, and a small number of grasses. Various plant species within the area were exploited for food, seeds, nectars, fruits, roots and tubers. For example, various species of native lilies with small tuberous roots were collected and eaten. The flower-cones of the Banksia were soaked in water in bark or wooden containers to extract the nectar to make sweet drinks. The hearts of the Grass Tree stems were eaten and the nectar from the spike flowers was also collected and eaten. They could also be utilised for making tools such as spears, shafts and handles for stone implements, as well as carrying vessels of bark and woven fibre, digging sticks and a variety of other items utilitarian and non-utilitarian. The dry flower-stems of the smaller Tree Grass species were used for spears.

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The region surrounding the study area would have provided an abundance of native animals for not only as a food source, but for a number of other materials. Mammals such as kangaroos and wallabies and arboreal mammals such as possums can be used as a food source and also for tool making. For example, tail sinews are known to have been used as a fastening cord, whilst ‘bone points’ which would have functioned as awls or piercers are an often abundant part of the archaeological record (Attenbrow 2010:118). Ethnographic observations of early European settlers noted that Aboriginal people used a variety of animal parts; claws, talons, bone, skin, teeth, shell, fur and feathers for a variety of tools and non-utilitarian functions. The nearby coastline would have provided an abundance of marine resources, including eels, fish, shellfish and birds. In summary, the study area would have provided a variety of resource and suitable climatic conditions for year round occupation by traditional Aboriginal groups inhabiting the area.

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Figure 3: Geology of the Study Area

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3.4 Land use History

The region in the vicinity of Brisbane Water was first explored during 1788 and 1789, but it was not settled for many years due to its inaccessibility. Settlement in the Gosford district began slowly in the 1820s when its rich timber resources, combined with its relative proximity to Sydney, encouraged timber-getting (Strom 1982:6).

The heavily timbered lands along Erina and Narara Creeks were granted to wealthy and prominent settlers, the most notable of whom was Frederick Augustus Hely, who had been appointed Principal Superintendent of Convicts in 1823. Hely gradually purchased most of the land in the Narara Valley and was the largest landowner in the region during the early years of settlement. He established a farm called ‘Wyoming’, which gave its name to the current suburb of Wyoming (Strom 1982:9).

During the 1830s, the population of the area north of Brisbane Water was sparse, and it was not until 1839 that the ‘Town of Gosford’ was finally surveyed and named. The first sale of allotments did not take place until 1841. In 1865, Gosford Public School was established in a church building, followed by a purpose-built school which opened in 1877. The first purpose-built post office was built in 1882 (Gosford City Council 2012). By the time the railway arrived at Gosford in 1887, Gosford had become the administrative centre of the region.

Despite the growth of Gosford, the establishment of a local hospital took a number of years. An 1893 map of Gosford indicates that a number of small allotments (within the current study area) had been put aside for a hospital; on the corner of Etna Street (now Racecourse Road) and Holden Street (Figure 4). A parish map from 1922 indicates that the allotments had been consolidated into one for the proposed hospital site (Figure 5); however it appears vacant. It was not until 1936, that a decision was made to construct a hospital on the site:

HOSPITAL FOR GOSFORD. GOSFORD, Wednesday. It has been decided to construct a public hospital for Gosford on seven acres of land overlooking the golf links. Including nurses' quarters, X-ray room, hot and cold water system. The hospital will cost approximately £12,000. Already £5500 is in hand from subscriptions, which will be supplemented by a hospitals grant of a similar amount, leaving £1000 to be found, plus essential equipment. The Hospitals' Commission is to be asked for an estimate of the cost of equipment, and when this is forthcoming the committee will seek a further loan or grant to cover the added cost The Sydney Morning Herald: Thursday 19 November 1936, page 9

Despite the decision, Gosford Hospital was not officially opened until 26 May 1945; at a total cost of £50,000. The opening was overseen by Minister for Health, Mr. Kelly (Singleton Argus 1945:4). However further extensions to the hospital were completed, which provided more 200 more beds, as well as nurses’ quarters and administrative offices (Newcastle Morning Herald: 1954:5). The 1958 parish map shows that land had been acquired to the west (Figure 6), over Stephen Street (now Hospital Road), for hospital grounds. The Gosford Hospital Precinct has since been extended to the south, down to Ward Street.

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Figure 4: 1893 Map. Town of Gosford (Historical Land Records Online).

Figure 5: 1922 Map. Town of Gosford (Historical Land Records Online).

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Figure 6: 1958 Map. Town of Gosford (Historical Land Records Online).

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4.0 ABORIGINAL HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT

4.1 Aboriginal Material Culture

The oldest dated site in Central Coast region is 11,000 years before present (yBP), which was recorded in a rock shelter at Mangrove Creek, to the northwest of Gosford (Attenbrow, cited in Dallas and Bell 1989). Evidence of Aboriginal occupation has been found dated to 50-60,000 yBP at Lake Mungo in NSW, so it would be likely that Aboriginal people have lived in the region for even longer than indicated by the oldest recorded dates available at present. The archaeological material record provides evidence of this long occupation, but also provides evidence of a dynamic culture that has changed through time.

The existing archaeological record is limited to certain materials and objects that were able to withstand degradation and decay. As a result, the most common type of Aboriginal objects remaining in the archaeological record are stone artefacts. Archaeological analyses of these artefacts in their contexts have provided the basis for the interpretation of change in material culture over time. Technologies used for making tools changed, along with preference of raw material. Different types of tools appeared at certain times, for example ground stone hatchets are first observed in the archaeological record around 4,000yBP (years before present) in the Sydney region (Attenbrow 2010:102). It has been argued that these changes in material culture were an indication of changes in social organisation and behaviour.

The Eastern Regional Sequence was first developed by McCarthy in 1948 to explain the typological differences he was seeing in stone tool technology in different stratigraphic levels during excavations such as Lapstone Creek near the foot of the Blue Mountains (McCarthy 1948). The sequence had three phases that corresponded to different technologies and tool types (the Capertian, Bondaian and Eloueran). The categories have been refined through the interpretation of further excavation data and radiocarbon dates (Hiscock & Attenbrow 2005, JMcDCHM 2005). It is now thought that prior to 8,500 yBP tool technology remained fairly static with a preference for silicified tuff, quartz and some unheated silcrete. Bipolar flaking was rare with unifacial flaking predominant. No backed artefacts have been found of this antiquity. After 8,500 yBP silcrete was more dominant as a raw material, and bifacial flaking became the most common technique for tool manufacture. From about 4,000yBP to 1,000yBP backed artefacts appear more frequently. Tool manufacture techniques become more complex and bipolar flaking increases (JMcDCHM 2006). It has been argued that from 1,400 to 1,000 years before contact there is evidence of a decline in tool manufacture. This reduction may be the result of decreased tool making, an increase in the use of organic materials, changes in the way tools were made, or changes in what types of tools were preferred (Attenbrow 2010:102). The reduction in evidence coincides with the reduction in frequency of backed blades as a percentage of the assemblage.

4.2 Aboriginal Histories of the Locality

Prior to the appropriation of their land by Europeans, Aboriginal people lived in small family or clan groups that were associated with particular territories or places. It seems that territorial boundaries were fairly fluid, although details are not known. The language group spoken in the Gosford area is thought to have been Darkinjung (Tindale 1974). The Darkinjung language group borders closely with the Kuringai tribe who inhabited the land between along the coastline. The Darkinjung lands roughly extend from the Hawkesbury River northwards to Wollombi and the southern drainage of the Hunter River (Tindale 1974).

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Information gathered by R.H Matthews provides a valuable insight into the lives of the Darkinjung people, although this information was recorded within an already disjointed community. He stated that all members of the Darkinjung community were segregated into two moieties Dilbi and Kuparthin, and each moiety was further divided into two sections (Matthews 1897 in McDonald 1994:39). On the basis of these moieties and sections, totemic affiliation and marriage relations were determined. Totems consisted of animals or inanimate objects, such as animals, plants, heavenly bodies, the elements or seasons.

It has been suggested that the Darkinjung would move to the coast, within Kuringai territory during summer months, to exploit the abundant coastal resources, and the reverse was true for the Kuringai who moved inland during winter months to participate in ritual kangaroo hunts (Vinnicombe 1980).

4.3 Registered Aboriginal sites in the local area – AHIMS search results

An extensive search of the Aboriginal Heritage Information System (AHIMS) database was undertaken on the 20 November 2014.

An area within a one kilometre radius of the study area was searched in order to gain information on the archaeological context of the area, and to ascertain whether there are any previously recorded Aboriginal sites within the study area. The details of the AHIMS search parameters are as follows:

GDA 1994 MGA 56 343447 - 347810, 6298601 - 6303142, Buffer 200 m Number of sites 41 AHIMS Search ID 155144

A total of forty-one sites were identified by the extensive AHIMS search. The frequency of recorded site types is summarised in Table 1 below. The distribution of recorded sites within the AHIMS search area is shown in Figure 7.

The location of Aboriginal sites is considered culturally sensitive information. It is advised that this information, including the AHIMS data appearing on the heritage map for the proposal be removed from this report if it is to enter the public domain.

Table 1: Frequency of site features from AHIMS data

Site Types Frequency Percentage

Art (Pigment or Engraved) 4 10

Artefact 1 2

Artefact, Shell 6 15

Grinding Groove 7 17

Grinding Groove, Art (Pigment or Engraved) 5 12

Potential Archaeological Deposit (PAD) 1 2

Rock shelter 15 37

Shell 2 5

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The AHIMS search results reveal that a majority of site types in the area are rock shelter sites. Rock shelters within the region were associated with a number of different features, including: Art (n=5, 33%), Artefact, Shell (n=2, 13%), Shell (n=2, 13%), Shell, Artefact, Grinding Groove (n=2, 13%), Art, Grinding Groove (n=1, 7%), Artefact (n=1, 7%), Grinding Groove, Artefact (n=1, 7%) and PAD, Shell (n=1, 7%). A majority of the rock shelter sites were recorded on the western fringe of the Gosford town centre; which is related to the sloping, sandstone geological unit which provides natural rock shelters (Figure 3 and Figure 7). The AHIMS register indicates that there is an abundance of Aboriginal open grinding feature sites in the region; including Grinding Groove (n=7, 17% and Grinding Groove, Art (n=5, 12%). These sites are also generally associated with sandstone geological unit

A number of Artefact, Shell (n=6, 15%) and Shell (n=2, 5%) sites were identified within the search area. Sites with shell components are spatially associated with water bodies in the region; most notably Narara Creek (Figure 7). However there are examples of a shell/artefact and artefact site located on the ridgeline/crest within the East Gosford area.

The overall spatial patterning of sites indicate that most sites are situated outside of the Gosford developed areas; located within surrounding bushland (Figure 7)

The study area itself is located on Terrigal Formation geological unit, on a crest landform, with no adjacent waterlines (Figure 3 and Figure 7). The development of Gosford Hospital has also impacted the ground surface of the study area. Based on the AHIMS data, there is a very low potential for Aboriginal sites to occur within the study area.

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Figure 7: Results of AHIMS Search

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4.4 Previous Archaeological Investigations

Haglund (1983) completed an archaeological survey for the proposed Gosford sewage connection between Narara Creek and Kincumber Tunnel. The entire length of the proposed sewage alignment was inspected; with the exception of areas with surface water, bitumen or residential areas. Three Aboriginal midden sites were located near the proposed activity of works, on low sand ridges associated with adjacent creeks. All sites were described as shallow shell deposits (mostly cockle shells) within a black sandy deposit. The midden sites were located outside of the proposed pipeline that would not be affected. Therefore no further archaeological work was required for the sites.

Kelly (1980) conducted a survey for archaeological sites along the easement for the proposed Gosford-Ourimbah transmission lines 1 and 2. A total of 135 grinding grooves and 3 engraving sites were recorded. Most of these sites occurred within moderate to steep gullies, with exposed sandstone surfaces.

Vinnicombe (1980) completed an archaeological survey of the Gosford/Wyong region to determine site type and location patterns. The large scale assessment involved systematic survey of 10 km² locations within the estuarine zone. A subsequent survey included coastal areas. This survey work resulted in the recording of a number of middens, engravings and rock shelters. The assessment findings clearly identified a regional patterning for site types within the surveyed areas. These findings indicate seasonal exploitation of resources along the coast during the summer months and through the hinterland during the winter months.

Drew (1994) conducted an archaeological assessment of the emergency operations centre on Woy Woy Road, Kariong. The assessment involved the reassessment of a number of previously recorded sites and a survey for any new sites. One new Aboriginal archaeological site was recorded. This site is acknowledged as a mythological site associated with Aboriginal tradition, in particular, with ceremonial occasions. All sites that were located within the study area were considered to be of scientific and cultural value.

Witter (1999) completed an archaeological survey of the proposed fibre optic cable line between Brooklyn and Woy Woy. Detailed background information on previously recorded sites was used to develop a site prediction model for the occurrence of Aboriginal sites within the proposed fibre optic cable route. Sites recorded during the field survey comprised primarily rock engravings, as predicted by previous work within the region. Witter’s study found that recorded engraving sites were confined to a small portion of rock surfaces; that historical information indicates a ritual context for the engraving sites; and that substantial engravings sites are situated on prominent places such as the top of ridge lines and hills. The presence of stone arrangements is also considered to be culturally significant, indicating considerable ceremonial activity along the ridge system overlooking Broken Bay, and along other ridgelines offering similar regional views. Witter also found that curtilage areas are often associated with the engraving and stone arrangement sites. These larger areas are known to be significant places where ritual activity occurred. These are what would be considered a sacred site (Witter 1999:34). ‘These areas presumably were restricted areas depending on sex and stage of initiation. Hunting, food gathering, and travel may have been under particular protocols to avoid these areas’.’ (Witter 1999:34) Restricted access to these sites may account for the apparent lack of flaked stone artefacts.

Hardy (2003) undertook an archaeological assessment for upgrades to the intersection of Avoca Drive and The Entrance Road at Erina. A survey was completed across the proposed impact areas. No Aboriginal objects or areas of archaeological potential were identified during the assessment. It was concluded that the absence of Aboriginal sites was a result of the significant disturbance that had previously occurred at the road intersection.

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5.0 PREDICTIONS

Predictive modelling informs an assessment of the archaeological potential of an area by drawing on the results of previous archaeological investigations from geographically and temporally comparable sites. This section will outline aboriginal land use and the site types generally encountered before detailing previous predictive models and forming a predictive model for the study area.

5.1 Aboriginal Land Use

Assumptions about Aboriginal land use patterns are made on the basis of archaeological information gained from the local area, from observations made by Europeans after settlement of the area, and from information known about available natural resources.

The ethno-historical information indicates that the Darkinjung clan was associated with the study area at the time of European settlement. Numerous freshwater sources and estuarine environments are located within the Gosford region and would have provided an abundance of resources for the local Aboriginal population to exploit. Rock shelter and shell midden assemblages have been previously recorded in the local region, providing evidence for Aboriginal occupation.

Archaeological data gathered in the locality suggests that Aboriginal sites would be found across the landscape; with concentrations expected in close proximity to water sources, located on slopes within the sandstone geological unit. The main limitations to the survivability of archaeological material in the study area include the impacts of extensive excavation and levelling activities associated with the hospital development.

5.2 Site Types

Material traces of Aboriginal occupation exist throughout the landscape and are known as Aboriginal sites. The primary site types that are found in the region are as follows:

 Stone artefacts – Flaked and ground stone artefacts are the most common trace of Aboriginal occupation in the region. Aboriginal people used particular techniques to flake stone and these changed over time. The approximate age of a tool can often be diagnosed by the way that it was made. Stone artefacts are most often found in scatters that may indicate an Aboriginal campsite was once present. Stone artefacts may also be found as isolated finds. Stone tools in the region are most often made from raw materials known as silcrete, tuff and quartz. These are all easily flaked and form sharp edges, which can be used for cutting or barbing spears. It is possible that stone artefacts, either on the surface, or buried, exist within the study area.  Rock shelters (and associated deposits) – Rock shelters were used by Aboriginal people for habitation, rest places and as art or ceremonial sites. Deposits can build up on the floor of these shelters over time and bury traces of Aboriginal occupation. If these deposits are not disturbed, rock shelters can provide an intact stratigraphy that can tell us about the way Aboriginal occupation changed through time. Due to the impact to the ground surface within the study area, there is extremely low potential for rock shelters to be present; this is bolstered by the lack of sandstone within the study area.

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 Shell middens – Shell middens are remains of campsites in which the primary traces are shell and/or bones of fish. Shell middens are often found close to rivers or streams and are either along banks or within enclosed shelters. Given the distance to Narara Creek, there is low potential for a shell midden to be present within the study area.  Rock engravings/Rock art – Rock engravings are often found in Hawkesbury geologies on flat sandstone platforms. Shapes of animals, ancestor figures or other symbols were carved into the sandstone. Weathering has affected the visibility of many rock engravings. Other rock art of various forms has also been recorded in the Gosford area. Stencils, charcoal drawings and paintings are examples of the techniques used by Aboriginal people. Rock art is relatively rare, but is more common on sandstone geologies. There is low potential for engravings to be present within the study area, due to the lack of sandstone outcropping.  Grinding grooves –grinding grooves are created by repeated movement of stone across an abrasive rock such as sandstone, often using water. Grinding was used for sharpening axes and other tools also forms them. Grinding is also used to process secondary material, such as grass seeds. Grinding grooves are often found on the banks of streams or rock pools. Grinding grooves are normally present within suitable sandstone outcropping. There is low potential for grinding features to be present within the study area, due to the lack of sandstone outcropping.  PAD – Areas are classified as PADs if there is a likelihood of archaeological material existing below the ground surface, or on the ground surface but obscured from view. An Aboriginal object does not need to be recorded for an area of PAD to be specified. It is possible that PADs are present within the study area.

5.3 Predictive Model

The predictive model comprises a series of statements about the nature and distribution of evidence of Aboriginal land use that is expected in the study area. These statements are based on the information gathered regarding:

 Landscape context and landform units.  Ethno historical evidence of Aboriginal land use.  Distribution of natural resources.  Results of previous archaeological work in the vicinity of the study area.

Predictive statements are as follows:

 Low density artefact scatters, isolated finds will be the most likely Aboriginal site type.  Aboriginal sites will be located in areas of least ground disturbance.

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The potential for Aboriginal sites is reduced by the high levels of ground surface disturbance across the study area.

Rock shelters and grinding features are unlikely to be present, as the study area is not situated on a sandstone geological unit and the area has been previously impacted. Shell deposits are unlikely to be located within the study area, as it is elevated land that is a significant distance from the nearest waterline. Scarred trees are unlikely to be present as almost all original vegetation has been cleared from the study area. Areas of PAD would not be identified across steep slopes and areas of significant impact.

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6.0 SITE SURVEY

6.1 Survey methodology

A survey of the study area was conducted on the 21 November 2014. The survey team included two archaeologists from Artefact Heritage, Alexander Timms and Andrew Crisp. A representative was invited from the Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council to attend the survey; however due to time schedule clashes, no representative was available. Full coverage of the study area was not possible due to the density of development and private property throughout the study area. Buildings, concrete and asphalt surfaces cover a great deal of the study area. As such, there was little to no visibility throughout the study area. However, site survey was useful in clarifying landform features and level of impact.

The survey was undertaken in accordance with the OEH Code of Practice (2010). A handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to track the path of the surveyors and to record site coordinates. An aerial map of the study area was also carried by members of the survey team in the field. All accessible sections of the study area were covered on foot and examined for traces of Aboriginal occupation. However no internal sections of the extant buildings were examined, only outdoor areas.

A photographic record was kept of all sections of the study area that were accessible. Photographs were taken to record landform units (where present) within the study area, vegetation, levels of disturbance, and areas of archaeological potential. Scales were used for photographs where appropriate.

6.2 Survey Results

The discussion of survey observations is divided into three sections:

 West portion: The west portion of the study area is the land located between Racecourse Road and Hospital Road (Figure 8).  Central portion: The central portion of the study area is the land located between Hospital Road and Holden Street (Figure 8).  East portion: The eastern portion of the study area is the land located between Holden Street and Showground Road (Figure 8).

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Figure 8: Survey portions

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6.2.1 West portion

The western portion of the study area currently contains the Health Services building, a number of other large structures, roads and car parks (Figure 8). The land in this area slopes from Hospital Road, downhill to Racecourse Road (Figure 9). The terrain flattens out further to the north-west, within the golf course.

There is an open grassed area running along the western edge of the area, which appears to be mostly unaltered (Figure 9 and Figure 10). However there is evidence of significant ground modification through terracing works at the edge of the Health Services building located within the northern part of the area (Figure 12). The grass was low and dense, which significantly affected ground visibility.

Extant structures, such as roads and car parks completely covered the ground surface in some areas. However impacts to the ground surface are evident in these locations; caused by the preparation and construction of built features (Figure 11).

Figure 9: Sloping land, looking across Racecourse Figure 10: Open grassed area along west side. Road. North-east aspect. East aspect.

Figure 11: Upslope along road into car park. Figure 12: Significant terracing at the Health East aspect. Services building. East aspect.

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6.2.2 Central Portion

The central portion of the study area currently contains the main hospital building, multi-storey car park, Central Coast Cancer Centre, Mental Health building, Bloodbank, BreastScreen NSW, a large docking area, roads, footpaths and open car parking areas (Figure 8). The central portion of the study area is located on a crest landform, which slopes down to the west, north and east. However the terrain rises towards the south of the study area, up to a peak within Waterview Park.

The central portion of the study area has been significantly impacted by the development of the Gosford Hospital Precinct. The land has been heavily modified to create flat pads for building construction, which has staggered the slope on all sides of the area.

Due to the built up nature of the study area, there was very few locations where the ground surface was visible, except for landscaped garden areas. There was a small grassed area on the northern end of the central portion of the study area, which appears to be intact. Some areas of light ground exposure were observed under tree drip lines.

Figure 13: Entrance to main hospital building. Figure 14: Terraced retaining wall adjacent Holden West aspect. Steet. West aspect.

Figure 15: Terracing on the west side of main Figure 16: Modified levelled land surfaces near the building. North-east aspect Bloodbank. West aspect.

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Figure 17: Staggered slope behind the multi- Figure 18: Grassed area, corner of Racecourse storey car park. South-east aspect. Road and Holden Street. North-west aspect.

6.2.3 East Portion

The east portion of the study area currently contains mostly residential style structures utilised for health facilities, Department of Housing, NSW Aboriginal Land Council and private residences. The land is situated on a steep slope. This is most evident at Beane Street, as the elevation drops around 18 m from Holden Street down to the base of the slope on Showground Road.

The slope has been heavily modified across the area, to incorporate the steep terrain in construction. Retaining walls and terraced land are evident across the sloping land within the east portion of the study area. All open areas within this portion were associated with front and rear yards of properties. Most of these areas were covered in dense grass or landscaped gardens with poor surface visibility.

Figure 19: Looking upslope towards hospital, Figure 20: Terraced land alomng edge of along Beane Street. West aspect. Showground Road. South aspect.

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Figure 21: Pads created for construction of Figure 22: Block of units have excavated into hill houses on the slope. South-east aspect. to form multi-terrace garden. East aspect.

6.3 Survey Conclusion

A majority of the study area has been impacted by the development of the Gosford Hospital Precinct, residential dwellings and roads. All of these features would have required significant ground modifications prior to construction, due to the sloping terrain.

Ridge top landforms are considered to hold archaeological potential under the Code of Practice. The central portion of the study area is located on the crest of a ridge top; which runs down from Waterview Park. This area represents the most impacted portion of the study area, as it is the most built-up area within the Gosford Hospital Precinct.

Sections in the north-west portion of the study area appear to be unmodified; however they are situated on a lower slope landform. The Code of Practice does not identify lower slopes as an archaeologically sensitive landform. Therefore these sections of the study area are considered to have low archaeological potential.

No Aboriginal objects or areas of archaeological potential were identified during the survey.

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7.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

7.1 Assessment of Archaeological Potential

Archaeological potential is closely related to the levels of ground disturbance within a given area. However, other factors are also taken into account when assessing archaeological potential, such as whether artefacts were located on the surface, and whether the area is within a sensitive landform unit according to the predictive statements.

This assessment has identified that a large portion of the study area has been subject to past ground disturbance. The Code of Practice defines what comprises disturbed land:

(4) For the purposes of this clause, land is disturbed if it is has been the subject of human activity that has changed the lands surface, being changes that remain clear and observable.

This includes disturbed land via:

(d) clearing of vegetation,

(e) construction of buildings and the erection of other structures,

(f) construction or installation of utilities and other similar services (such as above or below ground electrical infrastructure, water or sewerage pipelines, stormwater drainage and other similar infrastructure),

(h) construction of earthworks associated with anything referred to in paragraphs (a)-(g).

The study area has been subject to extensive land disturbance activities as described by the Code of Practice. A majority of the area has been disturbed via the development of existing structures, roads and subsurface utilities. The slopes present within the study area have been cut and filled to create flat terrace land for construction. This would have impacted the ground at varying depths, over most of the study area.

The central portion of the study area is located on the crest of a ridge top; which runs down from Waterview Park. A ridge top is recognised as archaeologically sensitive landform within the Code of Practice. However the Central Portion of the study area is the most heavily impacted portion of the study area. The intense development associated with the construction of the Gosford Hospital Precinct would have damaged or removed archaeological deposits.

Based on this background information, Aboriginal site distributions in the region, known levels of disturbance at the site, it is considered that the study area has a low potential to contain Aboriginal objects or archaeological deposits.

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8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The background research indicates that the geology of the study area consists of Terrigal Formation deposits, which supported a rich array of flora and fauna. Narara Creek is located 600 metres to the north-west of the study area; which drains directly into Brisbane Water to the south. Therefore the area would have a large array of subsistence resources available to Aboriginal people.

The AHIMS search revealed that spatial patterning of sites in the region are situated outside of the Gosford developed areas; located within surrounding bushland. However rock shelter and art sites tend to be associated with sloping land with sandstone outcropping, while artefact and shell sites tend to located close to waterlines.

The study area is positioned on a ridge top landform, which is considered an archaeologically sensitive landform by the Code of Practice; however the results of the survey indicate that the area has been heavily impacted by past development of the Gosford Hospital Precinct.

It is therefore recommended that there are no known Aboriginal archaeological constraints on the proposed development.

A draft version of this document was forwarded to Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council for review and comment on 21 January 2015. The DLALC sent a letter on 30 January 2015, confirming they were satisfied with the assessment and had no further recommendations (Appendix A).

If unforseen Aboriginal objects are uncovered during development, work should cease and a heritage consultant, OEH and the Darkinjung Local Aboriginal Land Council should be informed. If human remains are found, work should cease, the site should be secured and the NSW Police and the OEH should be notified.

If changes are made to the development proposal that may result in impacts to areas not covered by this assessment, further archaeological assessment will be required.

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9.0 REFERENCES

Attenbrow, V. 2010 Sydney’s Aboriginal Past: Investigating the archaeological and historical records. UNSW Press.

Butlin, N. 1983 Our original aggression: Aboriginal populations in southeastern Australia 1810-150, Melbourne, Cambridge University Press.

Dallas, M. and Bell, D. 1989. Gosford City Aboriginal Heritage Planning Study. Report for Gosford City Council.

Drew, J. 1994, Archaeological Assessment of the Emergency Operations Centre, Woy Woy Road, Kariong. Unpublished report to Mark Lawler Architects.

Gosford City Council. 2012. http://www.gosford.nsw.gov.au/library/local_history/suburbs/documents/history.html

GLM Survey, Gosford-Lake Macquarie. 2003. 1:100 000 Geological Sheets 9131 & 9231, provisional edition, Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney

Hiscock, P. and Attenbrow, V. 2005. Australia’s Eastern Regional Sequence Revisited: Technology and Change at Capertee 3. Oxford: BAR Monograph Series 1397 Archaeopress.

Jo McDonald CHM Pty Ltd. 2005. Archaeological salvage excavation of site CG1 (NPWS #45-5- 2648), at the corner of Charles and George Streets, Parramatta, NSW. Report for Meriton Apartments Pty Ltd.

Jo McDonald CHM Pty Ltd. 2006. Archaeological Salvage Excavation of the Colebee Release Area, Schofields, NSW, Volume 1. Report prepared for Medallist Golf Holdings Pty Ltd.

Kelly, A. 1980. Archaeological Survey for Proposed Gosford-Ourimbah Transmission Line. Report to Electricity Commission of NSW, Transmission Division.

Matthews, R.H. 1897. The Burbung of the Darkinung Tribes, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 10, 1: 1–12.

McCarthy, F. D., Brammell, E., and Noone, H. V. V. 1948. The stone implements of Australia. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 9, 1-94

Morgan, G. 2001. Delineation and description of the Eastern Environmental Subregions (provinces) in New South Wales Study. NSWNPWS, Hurstville

Nanson, G.C., Young, R.W., & Stockton, E.D. 1987. Chronology and palaeoenvironment of the Cranebrook Terrace (near Sydney) containing artefacts more than 40,000 years old. Archaeology in Oceania, 22 (2):72-78.

Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. Gosford Hospital Extensions. Tuesday 30 November 1954, page 5.

Hardy, V. 2003. The Entrance Road and Avoca Drive Intersection Upgrade – Archaeological Assessment. Report for Sinclair Knight Merz

Karskens, G. 2010. The Colony: A history of Early Sydney. Allen & Unwin.

Keith, D. 2004, Ocean Shores to Desert Dunes: The Native Vegetation of New South Wales and the ACT, Department of Environment and Conservation NSW, Sydney.

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Singleton Argus. £50,000 Hospital at Gosford. Friday 25 May 1945, page 4.

Strom 1982, Gosford/Wyong History and Heritage (Gosford District Historical Research and Heritage Association).

Sydney Morning Herald. Hospital for Gosford. Thursday 19 November 1936, page 9

Tindale, N. B. 1974. Aboriginal tribes of Australia: their terrain, environmental controls, distribution, limits, and proper names. Berkeley: University of California Press.

McDonald, J (1994) ‘Dreamtime Superhighway: an analysis of Sydney Basin rock art and prehistoric information exchange’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Canberra: Australian National University.

Vinnicombe, P. 1980. Predilection and prediction: a study of Aboriginal sites in the Gosford-Wyong region. Report to NSW NPWS.

Witter, D. 1999, Archaeological survey Brooklyn-Woy Woy (SYD-BRIS 3) proposed Fibre Optic Cable.

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APPENDIX A: LETTER FROM DLALC

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