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The Astronomy and Songline Connections of the Saltwater Aboriginal Peoples of the New South Wales Coast

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The Astronomy and Songline Connections of the Saltwater Aboriginal Peoples of the New South Wales Coast The astronomy and songline connections of the saltwater Aboriginal peoples of the New South Wales coast Robert S. Fuller A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Languages Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences August 2020 Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname/Family Name : Fuller Given Name/s : Robert Stevens Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar : PhD Faculty : Arts and Social Sciences School : Humanities and Languages The astronomy and songline connections of the saltwater Aboriginal peoples Thesis Title : of the New South Wales coast Australian Aboriginal peoples, who arrived in what is now the Australian continent approximately 65,000 years ago, are now accepted as the modern peoples with the longest continuous culture on Earth. Their culture, which includes observational astronomy, has a strong connection to the night sky, which is represented in Aboriginal stories and traditional knowledge. The Aboriginal belief in ‘Country’, their connection to the land they have lived upon, extends to the songlines that crisscross Australia, and these songlines may be a means to encode memory of stories and resource management. Recent evidence points to the remarkable accuracy in such stories describing sea level rise from over 7000 years ago. In this study I examined the stories and knowledge of the Aboriginal peoples of the New South Wales coast (‘Saltwater’ peoples) through a historical archival study of available literature, and through ethnographic fieldwork with knowledge holders from over 20 communities. The resulting database included more than 200 literature and 300 ethnographic items, including stories, vocabulary and cultural knowledge. I analysed the data using a number of anthropological theoretical approaches, including a thematic analysis resulting in a ‘thick description’, and in a structuralist approach to create ‘mythemes’ which were subsequently analysed using a phylogenetic technique to determine connections between cultural stories and their possible transmission along songlines. Included in the study is a review of the history of the arrival of Australian Aboriginal peoples to Australia and what is known about their settling of the NSW coast. I further studied the history of Western knowledge of songlines and defined them for the purpose of this study, then described many local, and several long-distance songlines encountered in the area of the study. In this study, I have used a multi-disciplinary approach including anthropology, cultural astronomy, and the Western sciences of astronomy, archaeology and geography to describe the culture of the Aboriginal peoples of the area of this study. The results have shown a strong connection in culture up and down the NSW coast, and suggested connections which may point to the transmission of stories along the songlines described. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents a non-exclusive licence to archive and to make available (including to members of the public) my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known. I acknowledge that I retain all intellectual property rights which subsist in my thesis or dissertation, such as copyright and patent rights, subject to applicable law. I also retain the right to use all or part of my thesis or dissertation in future works (such as articles or books). …………………………………………………………… ……….……………………...…….… Signature Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years can be made when submitting the final copies of your thesis to the UNSW Library. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed …………………………………………….............. Date …………………………………………….............. INCLUSION OF PUBLICATIONS STATEMENT UNSW is supportive of candidates publishing their research results during their candidature as detailed in the UNSW Thesis Examination Procedure. Publications can be used in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter if: The candidate contributed greater than 50% of the content in the publication and is the “primary author”, ie. the candidate was responsible primarily for the planning, execution and preparation of the work for publication The candidate has approval to include the publication in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter from their supervisor and Postgraduate Coordinator. The publication is not subject to any obligations or contractual agreements with a third party that would constrain its inclusion in the thesis Please indicate whether this thesis contains published material or not: This thesis contains no publications, either published or submitted for publication ☐ (if this box is checked, you may delete all the material on page 2) Some of the work described in this thesis has been published and it has been documented in the relevant Chapters with acknowledgement ☒ (if this box is checked, you may delete all the material on page 2) This thesis has publications (either published or submitted for publication) ☐ incorporated into it in lieu of a chapter and the details are presented below CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I declare that: I have complied with the UNSW Thesis Examination Procedure where I have used a publication in lieu of a Chapter, the listed publication(s) below meet(s) the requirements to be included in the thesis. Candidate’s Name Signature Date (dd/mm/yy) COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents a non-exclusive licence to archive and to make available (including to members of the public) my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known. I acknowledge that I retain all intellectual property rights which subsist in my thesis or dissertation, such as copyright and patent rights, subject to applicable law. I also retain the right to use all or part of my thesis or dissertation in future works (such as articles or books).’ ‘For any substantial portions of copyright material used in this thesis, written permission for use has been obtained, or the copyright material is removed from the final public version of the thesis.’ Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date …………………………………………….............................. AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis.’ Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date …………………………………………….............................. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Leslie William (Les) Bursill (OAM) (1945-2019), Dharawal historian, archaeologist, anthropologist, and publisher. Les, who started as a participant in this study, became a friend, and through his research into the Aboriginal rock art of the Royal National Park, a major contributor to the study of the Black Duck songline. This thesis is also dedicated to the generations of Aboriginal Australians of the New South Wales coast whose cultures, land, and lives were damaged by European colonisation. I would also like to acknowledge and pay respect to the traditional owners of the land upon which UNSW stands; the Bedegal People of the Eora Nation. I also acknowledge Bedegal Elders past, present and into the future. Note to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Readers This thesis contains the names of people that have passed away. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my wife, Robyn, for her patience and support over the last seven years of my “late-life” conversion to an academic career. My supervisors, Daniel Robinson and Duane Hamacher, have patiently taught me what I needed to know to complete this study, and have supported me strongly throughout. My co-supervisors, Stephen Muecke and Reuben Bolt, have equally advised me when I have requested their help. I would also like to thank Ray Norris, who encouraged me into the field of cultural astronomy, and who, with Michelle Trudgett, was my MPhil supervisor. My colleagues Trevor Leaman, Carla Guedes, Willie Stevens, Hugh Cairns, Marcus Hughes, Bob Pankhurst, Michelle Gantevort, Dimitri Duchin, and Kirsten Banks have all encouraged me at times, and I thank them for their support. Special thanks to the Aboriginal elders and knowledge holders who participated in this study: Les Bursill, Carmel Charlton, Lois Cook, Lewis Cook, Marcus Ferguson, Mark Flanders, Dennis Foley, Warren Foster, Chris Griffiths, Max Harrison, John Heath,
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