NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 10, Oct. -2020
ISSUES OF COVERAGE OF CENTRAL ASIA IN THE RESEARCH OF ARAB GEOGRAPHER SCIENTISTS (OH THE EXAMPLE OF IBN BATTUTA)
QARSHIBOYEV ANVAR QAMBAR OGLI Chilanzir District 114-School History Teacher, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
ABSTRACT: )ä9µä+≤°£®´Ø∂≥´©π ≥°©§ °¢Øµ¥ )¢Æ "°¥¥µ¥° ò¥®• This article covers the trip of the last greatest tourist who came out of all Muslim Moroccan scientist Ibn Battuta to Central £ØµÆ¥≤©•≥ó he confessed. Indeed, Ibn Battuta Asia and the lifestyle, traditions, economy, has left many countries and admired the people culture of the peoples of the region, as well ض ¥®• ∑Ø≤¨§ ∑©¥® ®©≥ ò4≤°∂•¨Øßµ•óá ∑®©£® ©≥ as cities and rivers of the country. Sources considered a unique masterpiece of the genre written in the genre of travel (rihlat), such of rihlat (rihlat in Arabic means trip, travel; it as Ibn Battuta, play an important role in the also means departure (migration)). Ibn coverage of the history of Central Asia of the "°¥¥µ¥°®≥ ò4≤°∂•¨Øßµ•ó ®°≥ ° ≥∞•£©°¨ ∞¨°£• ©Æ XIV century. We will analyze the history of the history of Arabic geographical literature. At our country in our article through Ibn the same time, it gives a geographical Battuta`s research òTuhfat an-nuzzor fi §•≥£≤©∞¥©ØÆ Ø¶ ¥®• £ØµÆ¥≤©•≥ òseen with their g`aroyib al-amsor va ajoyib al-asforóä Ø∑Æ •π•≥óä KEYWORDS: travel, judge, Andalusia, The genre of geographic literature - the Tarmashirin, dirham, dinar, Khanaqakh, first bright novel of rihlat was the research ò)¢Æ Khan, Mosque, Madrasa, tribe, numismatics, Fadlan`s Journey to the Volgaóá ∞µ¢lished in etymology. Baghdad in 992.
INTRODUCTION: RESEARCH METHODS: The wide spread of Islam in the Middle The study is conducted using objective, Ages from the Pyrenean peninsula to the analysis, synthesis, comparative, Chinese border, caused the growing interest of generalization, historical analysis, the musurman scholars in the way of living in generalization, historical evidence, these countries and their way of life. In the chronological methods. Arab-Muslim world, arab geographers such as Ibn Khurdodbek, al-Yaïqubi, al-Istakhri, al- THE MAIN PART: Muqaddas, al-Mas`udiy, Ibn Havqal, Ibn The full name of the Moraccan Ibn Khaldun, and Abu Hamid al-Gharnatiy, Ibn Battutais was Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Fadlan, Ibn Jubayr studied the distant lands. At Abdullah Al-Lavati at-Tanjiy, who was born on the same time, the services of the Moroccan Ibn February 24, 1304 in Tanja, Moracco (now Battuta in the arab-Muslim world are of Tangier) in the family of Qazi (Islamic lawyer) particular importance. Ibn Battuta`s Sheikh Abdullah al-Lavati. Since the ò4≤°∂•¨Øßµ•ó ©≥ §©≥¥©Æßµ©≥®•§ ¶≤Ø≠ Ø¥®•≤≥ ¢π ©¥≥ descendants of Ibn Battuta were from the tribe unique date on medieval countries, cities, the of the lavat of the barbarians (the people of culture of their peoples, their way of life, North Africa), they were used to adding the invaluable in many places. Even, Academician ratio of al-Lavati to their name. Ibn Battuta
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 10, Oct. -2020
traveled to North Africa (The Land of the Great inhabitants are so numerous that it reminds Magreb(West)), the Middle East, Arabia, Iraq, ¥®• °ß©¥°¥•§ ≥•°åóä During this period, Iran, Afghanistan, East Africa, Asia Minor, Khorezm (the northern Khorezm subject to the Crimea, the Golden Horde, Central Asia, India, higher Golden Horde) was the ruler of Kutlug South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, Andalusia Temur (ibn Battuta called him Kutludumor), (southern Spain) and West Sudan (West The faithful Emir of the Golden Horde Khan Africa). He spent 28 years of his a life traveling Uzbek Khan (1312 1342). He has been in the these lands in 1325-1354. During this period, position of Khorezm. His wife Turabeka Khotun the tourist convered more than 120,000 (Turabek Khanim) also organized a number of kilometers on three continents of the world. events for Khorezm. For example, he built a When Ibn Battuta returned from a trip to huge mosque in Khorezm. Sudan (The Land of the Negroes) (1354), he Ibn Battuta visited Urgench, Samarkand, told all his travel impressions to the Granadian Bukhara, Naxshab (Karshi), Termiz and other (a city in southern Spain) the scientist Sheikh cities of Central Asia and managed to collect Ibn Juzai. In December 1355, Ibn Juzai valuable information about the life of these summarizes the memoirs of Ibn Battuta, made cities at that time. In particular, Ibn Battuta them into a single book. This was created the wrote such sentences about the people of classic book of the genre of rihlat (travel) òThe +®Ø≤•∫≠ ©Æ ®©≥ ¥≤°∂•¨ ¢ØØ´ã ò§µ≤©Æß ≠π ¥≤°∂•¨≥ Journey of Ibn Battutaóä 4®©≥ book was around the world, I did not meet people who translated into Latin in 1818, English in 1829, were more evangelical, noble and hospitable and later into the various languages of the than khorezms. They read the prayer in such world. Ø≤§•≤ ¥®°¥ ) ®°∂• ÆØ¥ ≥••Æ ©¥ °Æπ∑®•≤• •¨≥•óä Among the countries where Ibn Battuta Ibn Battuta has also covered a lot of traveled, it can be said that Central Asia also valuable information about the water bodies of played an important role and was very rich in Central Asia. In particular, Ibn Battuta says in interesting events. The reason is that the ®©≥ ò4≤°∂•¨Øßµ•ó °¢Øµ¥ !≠µ Daryoã òThe tourist writes about Central Asia, insisting that Jaikhun River flows near Khorezm. This river is this country is sharply different from other one of the four rivers that start from heaven. It countries. Even to Ibn Battuta, many tourists freezes in winter, like the Itil R©∂•≤åIn the came to Central Asia. One of them was the summer, ships sail along the river to the Venetian family of Polo. Termez, and if they sail along the stream from The research of Ibn Battuta there to bring oats and oats, it will take ten ò4≤°∂•¨Øßµ•ó £ØÆ≥©≥¥≥ ض s8 chapters, the ninth §°π≥ ¥Ø ∑Ø≤´ó. The Traveler also notes that chapter dedicated to Central Asia. According to Khorezm`s laws are spread all over the world it, in 1333 the tourist traveled to Khorezm °Æ§ ∑≤©¥•≥ ¥®°¥ä ò.•©¥®•≤ ©Æ ¥®• %°≥¥ ÆØ≤ ©Æ ¥®• through the Golden Horde and arrived in West (the Arab-Muslim world is caught in the Khorezm in a month. Ibn Battuta says in his Caspian) is it equal to the Khorezm melon. ≠•≠Ø©≤≥ °¢Øµ¥ +®Ø≤•∫≠ã òå∞°≥≥©Æß ¥®≤ص߮ Except Bukhara melon, after it stands Isfahan the desert we came to the Khorezm (Urgench). melon. It is interesting to note that just like This is a big, important, beautiful and glorious dried figs (shariqa) and figs of Malaga (in city of the Turks, it has wonderful markets, Spain) on our couch, these zucchini cut into wide streets, many buildings and attractive slices, dry in the sun, put them in a basket, take places of splendor. Life in this city is boiling, its
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 10, Oct. -2020
them to distant cities of India and China. Not all :°≤°¶≥®°Æ åäó䥮• ¥Øµ≤©≥¥ ∑°≥ •≥∞•£©°¨¨π ¶≤µ©¥≥ °≤• •±µ°¨ ©Æ ≠•¨ØÆ ∞••¨óä admired by the architectural monuments of Ibn Battuta wrote about the Khanaqakh Samarkand and in this regard he ≥°π≥ã ò≥µ£® of Sheikh Najmiddin Kubro and the mausoleum huge places and buildings on the banks of the of Imam Abul-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar az- river (Zarafshan) bear such high standarts that Zamakhshari, one of the sacred sites of they are highly skilled inhabitants of Khorezm. He travels to Bukhara through the 3°≠°≤´°Æ§å 4®• ≤•≥©§•Æ¥≥ ض 3°≠°≤´°Æ§ °≤• South Khorezm Center Kiyot, which is part of friendly with feudal latitude in relation to the Chigatoy ulus (state). Ibn Battuta crosses fore©ßÆ•≤≥óä the Kyzylkum Desert and reaches the city of The tourist`s next trip is organized by Vobkent. About Vobkent Ibn Battuta writes: the Termez. He describes the Termez like that: ò6Ø¢´•Æ¥ ©≥ ° ¢•°µ¥©¶µ¨ £©¥πä 4®• ß°≤§•Æ≥ ض ¥®• ò 4•≤≠•∫ ©≥ ° ¨°≤ß• £©¥π ∑©¥® ° ¨Ø¥ ض ¢•°µ¥©¶µ¨ ditches in it are abundant. Residents of the city buildings and markets, experiencing it will store grapes in the house all year round. They cross rivers, gardens are also very many. have a fruit called olu. The same fruits dry and Especially in vain with grapes is very sweet, ß≤©Æ§ °Æ§ ¥°´• ¥Ø )Ƨ©° °Æ§ #®©Æ°å 4®• fruit is ≠•°¥á ≠©¨´ ©≥ ∂•≤π °¢µÆ§°Æ¥äó 4®©≥ ©Æ¶Ø≤≠°¥©ØÆ very fertile and neither in Andalusia (southern about Termez explains how was the social 3∞°©Æ á ÆØ≤ ©Æ 3π≤©°á ) ®°∂• ≥••Æ ≥µ£® ° ¶≤µ©¥óä situation of the population and it`s economy. The tourist leaves leavesVobkent and goes to Ibn Battuta also mentions some information Bukhara. He describes Bukhari as follows: about the land of Khorasan in his reserch. Then ò"µ´®°≤© ©≥ ¥®• ®Ø≠•¨°Æ§ ض ¥®• ≠µ®°§§©≥ in 1333 he crossed the Hindu Kush Mountains Imam Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn al- and reached India. Ibn Battuta also draws Bukhari. This city was the capital of the land attention to the etymology of this mountain. ¢•®©Æ§ *°π®µÆåó Many merchants and other people crossed the Ibn Battuta will visit the mausoleum of Hindu Kush Mountains on their way to India or Sayfuddin al-Bokhorzi, the great saint of to come from India. Not everyone survived this Bukhara on the theme of Fathabad. Finally the trip. The reason was that there eas constant tourist is thrown towards the raging (against). rain in these high mountains. He brings the definition of Naxshab like that: Ibn Battuta, who devoted his life to ò4®• .°∏≥®°¢ ©≥ ¨©¥¥¨• ∑ØƧ•≤¶µ¨ £©¥π science and the history of nations on the basis ≥µ≤≤صƧ•§ ¢π ß°≤§•Æ≥ °Æ§ §©¥£®•≥óä )¢Æ of his own experiences, died in 1377 at the age Battuta also brings information about Kepak of of 74. Ibn Battuta is proud not only Khan and Tarmashirins from the Chigatay Moroccans, but of all Muslim countries. In Khans. For example, he said that he met order to perpetuate the name of the tourist, Tarmashirin`s brother Kepak Khan in the one of the largest shopping malls in Dubai was mosque and wants to emphasize that in this named after Ibn Battuta. some of the way he is Muslim. ©Æ¶Ø≤≠°¥©ØÆ ©Æ )¢Æ "°¥¥µ¥°®≥ ò4≤°∂•¨Øßµ•ó ®°≥ The trip to Samarkand in Ibn Battuta left aroused great interest among historians and ∂•≤π ß≤•°¥ ©≠∞≤•≥≥©ØÆä (• ∑≤©¥•≥ã ò) ≥°©§ numismatics. For example, Ibn Battuta writes goodbye to Sultan Tarmashirin and went to in his work that this Khorezm dirham is equal Samarkand. It is one of the very large and to three hundred western dinars. Numismatics incredibly beautiful cities. It is located on the scientist G.A.Fedorov Davidov based on this banks of the river Vodil-Khassarin information came to the conclusion that in the
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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 10, Oct. -2020
30s of the XIV century the ratio of gold to silver 2) Yakubi. History. Text and translation. Per. was 1:3,65. from Arabic P. To Zhuzs. Baku, 1927 (Materials on the history of Azerbaijan, CONCLUSION: Issues III-IV). It should be noted that Ibn Battuta, with 3) Al-Istakhri, - Abu Ishak al-Farisi al-Istakhri. his description of the countries, peoples and Kitab masa-lik wa-l-mamalik. Ed, M, J, De nations, the scale and diversity of customs and Geoje. Leiden, 1873. traditions, the simplicity of his statement, the 4) Al-Istakhri. Kitab al-Buldan, Ta'lif Ahmad closeness to the truth, and the fact that it is ibn Abi Yakub ibn Wadik al-Kitab al-ma'ruf based on evidence. The Travelogue is a unique bi-l-Yakubi. Ed. M. J. De Geoje. Leiden, 1967. work not only in the Arab-Muslim geographical 5) Al-Mukaddasi, Ahsan at-takasim fi ma'rifat literature up to the fourteenth century, but in al-akalim. Ed. M J, De Goeje. Leiden, 1967. the history of pictorial geographical literature 6) Ibn Hawqal. Kitab Surat al-Ard, Talif Abil- of the world as a whole. It is also a unique Qasim Ibn Haukal an-Pasnbi. Ed. J. H. masterpiece of the Muslim and non-Muslim Kramers. Leiden, 1967. world with its richness and accuracy of 7) Ibn Khaldun. Mukaddima. Cairo, 1322/1904 geographical, ethnographical, cultural, 8) Ibn Fadlan. Ibn Fadlan's journey to the economic, toponymic, anthropological, Volga. Translation and commentary by A.P. historical, religious, urban planning and other Kovalevsky, edited by Academician I. Yu. information. The play contains historical Krachkovsky. M L., 1939; ed. 2nd, information about ancient Khorezm, Bukhara, Kharkov, 1956. Samarkand, Nakhshab (Karshi) and Termez. 9) Ibn Jubair. Rihlat Ibn Jubair. Cairo, 1954. Well-known German geographer Richard Henn 10) Krachkovsky I.Yu. Arab geographers and praised the tourist`s services to scientist, he travelers. IRGO. 1937. ≥°π©Æßã òIbn Battuta, a Moraccan who lived in 11) Gadoyeva K, Berdiyeva S. Jahongashta the XIV century, is µÆ§Øµ¢¥•§¨πå¥Ø ¢• sayyoh-olimlar. - T .: "O'zbekiston", 2012. recognized as the greates of the tourists. Even 12) Ibn Battuta, Sayohatnoma "Tuhfat an- Marco Polo`s success is in the face of the nuzzor fi g'aroyib al-amsor va ajoyib al- amazing work that this travel fan has dedicated asfor." - T.: "Sharq", 2012. ®©≥ •Æ¥©≤• ¨©¶• ¥Ø å ©¥ ©≥ ÆØ •∏°ßß•≤°¥©ØÆ ¥Ø £°¨¨ 13) Fedorov-Davidov G.A. Numismatics of this Moroccan the greatest tourist of all time Kharezm of the Golden Ordian period. - ¢•¶Ø≤• -°ß•¨¨°Æóá - he said. Numismatics and epigraphy. M., 1965. For us, this work is a unique 14) Fedorov-Davydov G. A, Monetary system of masterpiece that provides information about Khorezm XIV century - Soviet archeology. the regions of our country, the economic 1957. activities of the population. The existence of 15) Henning R. Unknown lands. III zhld, - M., such works serves as an important basis for the 1962. study of our history.
REFERENCES: 1) Ibn Khordadbeh. Kitab al-masalik val- mamalik. Ed, M, J. De Goeje Leiden, 1967.
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