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Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Their Management: a Review Review Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J Volume 16 Issue 2 - May 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Misgana Mitiku DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.16.555980 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and their Management: A Review Misgana Mitiku* Department of Plant Pathology, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Jinka, Ethiopia Submission: January 30,2018; Published: May 21, 2018 *Corresponding author: Misgana Mitiku, Department of Plant Pathology, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Jinka Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia, Email: Abstract Nowhere will the need to sustainably increase agricultural productivity in line with increasing demand be more pertinent than in resource poor areas of the world, especially Africa, where populations are most rapidly expanding. Although a 35% population increase is projected by frontier, optimal pest and disease management will be essential, especially as the proportional production of some commodities steadily shifts.2050. SignificantWith this in improvements mind, it is essential are consequently that the full necessaryspectrums in of terms crop productionof resource limitations use efficiency. are consideredIn moving cropappropriately, yields towards including an efficiencythe often overlooked nematode constraints about half of all nematode species are marine nematodes, 25% are free-living, soil inhabiting nematodes, I5% are animal and human parasites and l0% are plant parasites. Today, even with modern technology, 5-l0% of crop production is lost due to nematodes in developed countries. So, the aim of this work was to review some agricultural nematodes genera, species they contain and their management methods. In this review work the species, feeding habit, morphology, host and symptoms they show on the effected plant and management of eleven nematode genera was reviewed. The review result indicated that all of the reviewed nematodes were different in terms of the above mentioned character; some have wide host range like Aphelenchoide while some have generally narrow host range and specialized like Heterodera. Some are ecto-parasite and some are endo- parasite and some are both in different part of the plant in their feeding habit like Aphelenchoide agents Paecilomyces it is endoparasite lilacinus, Periodic in leaves, rotation, but fumigationalso feeds ecto-parasiticallyand using of clean on planting leaf and materials. flower buds in some plants. Most of them have large number of species. They can be managed by using different methods like; Sanitation of fields and equipment like Pots potting soil, bio-control Keywords: Nematodes; Aphelenchoide; Heterodera; Bio-control; Periodic rotation and rotation Introduction A major global challenge in the coming years will be to ensure Nematodes are the most abundant group of multicellular an- food security and to feed the increasing human population. No- imals on earth in terms of numbers of individuals. Although over where will the need to sustainably increase agricultural produc- tivity in line with increasing demand be more pertinent than in [3] new species are continually being described while others, pre- 4,100 species of plant-parasitic nematodes have been identified resource poor areas of the world, especially Africa, where popu- viously viewed as benign or non-damaging, are becoming pests as lations are most rapidly expanding. Although a 35% population cropping patterns change [4]. However, the plant parasitic nem- increase is projected by 2050 [1] an increase in food demand in atodes of economic importance can be grouped into relatively the order of 75% is anticipated, due to economic development and restricted specialized groups that either cause direct damage to changes in their host or act as virus vectors. In a square meter of moderately fertile soil to 30 cm depth, there are about 50 million nematodes. - About half of all nematode species are marine nematodes, 25% are food preferences [2]. Significant improvements are conse free-living, soil inhabiting nematodes, I5% are animal and human - quently necessary in terms of resource use efficiency. In moving parasites and l0% are plant parasites. Today, even with modern ease management will be essential, especially as the proportional crop yields towards an efficiency frontier, optimal pest and dis technology, 5-l0% of crop production is lost due to nematodes in production of some commodities steadily shifts. With this in mind, developed countries. So, the aim of this work was to review some it is essential that the full spectrums of crop production limita- agricultural nematodes genera, species they contain and their tions are considered appropriately, including the often overlooked management methods. nematode constraints. Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 16(2): ARTOAJ.MS.ID.555980 (2018) 0030 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal Literature Review and nutrient stress symptoms, which are easily and often misdiag- nosed. On Musa spp. (bananas and plantains) nematode damage Impact of plant parasitic nematodes Although over 4,100 species of plant-parasitic nematodes root necrosis and death, undermining plant anchorage; heavily affects root efficiency on the one hand, but additionally leads to - infected bunch-bearing plants can topple due to poor root anchor- scribed while others, previously viewed as benign or non-damag- age leading to total loss of the unripe fruit [8]. The degree of dam- have been identified [3] new species are continually being de ing, are becoming pests as cropping patterns change [4]. Howev- age a nematode causes can also be dependent upon host and age. er, the plant parasitic nematodes of economic importance can be In addition, prevailing soil, environmental and climatic condi- grouped into relatively restricted specialized groups that either cause direct damage to their host or act as virus vectors. Most measurable damage occurs. For example, Tylenchorhynchus mar- affect crops through feeding on or in plant roots, whilst minori- tions all influence the threshold population density, above which tini causes damage on sugarcane at populations between 600 and ties are aerial feeders. In addition to direct feeding and migration 6,400/plant, whilst on onions just 5 individuals per seedling of damage, nematode feeding facilitates subsequent infestation by Pratylenchus penetrans will result in serious damage (www.encly- secondary pathogens, such as fungi and bacteria [5]. clopedialive.com). Although plant parasitic nematodes are among the most wide- Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes spread pests, and are frequently one of the most insidious and costly [6] data on their economic impact remain less than com- On a global scale the distribution of nematode species varies prehensive, especially for crops produced in resource poor areas. greatly. Some are cosmopolitan, such as certain Meloidogyne spp. In the tropical and sub-tropical climates, crop production losses while others are particularly restricted geographically e.g. Nacob- attributable to nematodes were estimated at 14.6% compared bus Heterodera carotae with 8.8% in developed countries. Perhaps more importantly, only which attacks only carrots. Some crops may have very few nem- spp. or are highly host specific, such as ~0.2% of the crop value lost to nematodes is used to fund nema- atode pests while others have a particularly wide range of genera and species associated with them, such as sugar cane and rice, assessing nematode impact is that damage resulting from nema- - tological research to address these losses [7]. One difficulty with tode infection is often less obvious than that caused by many other tion maps and host range data are available and updated regular- leading to difficulties for nematode control strategies. Distribu pests or diseases. Losses that result from nematode attack may ly as a useful source for determining nematode damage potential not necessarily be as a consequence of direct cell death, necrosis (http://www.cabi.org/dmpd). Although plant parasitic nema- or ‘diseased’ tissue but may derive from other more insidious as- todes are among the most widespread pests, and are frequently pects, such as interference with the root system, reducing their one of the most insidious and costly [6] data on their economic impact remain less than comprehensive, especially for crops pro- to the unaware, nematode-affected plants present typical drought duced in resource poor areas (Figure 1). efficiency in terms of access and uptake of nutrients and water; Figure 1: Morphology of Meloidogyne. Genera, species and management methods of some ag- A. confusus, A. vigor, A. dactylocercus, A. obtusus, A. parietinus, A. ricultural nematodes pusillus and A. sacchari Aphelenchoide: Is a genus of plant pathogenic foliar nema- Adaptation: Aphelenchoide is more commonly associated todes. with temperate climates, even though it can be found in both trop- ical and temperate localities. It is best suited to thrive and repro- List of species: A. besseyi, A. bicaudatus, A. centralis, A. clarus, How to cite this article: Misgana Mitiku. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and their Management: A Review. Agri Res & Tech :Open Access J. 2018; 16(2): 0031 555980. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.16.555980 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal duce when in highly humid environments, where it tends to be Host and symptom: About 2000 plants worldwide are sus- more active in infesting hosts than in dryer environments [9].The ceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes
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