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Succession of Nematodes During Composting Processess and Their Potential As Indicators of Compost Maturity

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Succession of Nematodes During Composting Processess and Their Potential As Indicators of Compost Maturity Succession of nematodes during composting processess and their potential as indicators of compost maturity Hanne Steel Promoters: Prof. dr. Wim Bert (UGent) Prof. dr. Tom Moens (UGent) Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of doctor in Sciences, Biology Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het bekomen van de graad van doctor in de Wetenschappen, Biologie Dit werk werd mogelijk gemaakt door een beurs van het Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- Vlaanderen (FWO) This work was supported by a grant of the Foundation for Scientific Research, Flanders (FWO) 3 Reading Committee: Prof. dr. Deborah Neher (University of Vermont, USA) Dr. Thomaé Kakouli-Duarte (Institute of Technology Carlow, Ireland) Prof. dr. Magda Vincx (Ghent University, Belgium) Dr. Eduardo de la Peña (Ghent University, Belgium) Examination Committee: Prof. dr. Koen Sabbe (chairman, Ghent University, Belgium) Prof. dr. Wim Bert (secretary, promotor, Ghent University, Belgium) Prof. dr. Tom Moens (promotor, Ghent University, Belgium) Prof. dr. Deborah Neher (University of Vermont, USA) Dr. Thomaé Kakouli-Duarte (Institute of Technology Carlow, Ireland) Prof. dr. Magda Vincx (Ghent University, Belgium) Prof. dr. Wilfrida Decraemer (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Belgium) Dr. Eduardo de la Peña (Ghent University, Belgium) Dr. Ir. Bart Vandecasteele (Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Belgium) 5 Acknowledgments Eindelijk is het zover! Ik mag mijn dankwoord schrijven, iets waar ik stiekem al heel lang naar uitkijk en dat alleen maar kan betekenen dat mijn doctoraat bijna klaar is. JOEPIE! De voorbije 5 jaar waren zonder twijfel leuk, leerrijk en ontzettend boeiend. Maar… jawel doctoreren is ook een project van lange adem, met vallen en opstaan, met zin en tegenzin, met geluk en tegenslag, met fantastische hoogtes maar soms ook laagtes….Nu ik er zo over nadenk en om in een vertrouwd thema te blijven: doctoreren verschilt eigenlijk niet zo gek veel van een composteringsproces, dat bij voorkeur trouwens ook veel adem (zuurstof) ter beschikking heeft. Het zijn beide processen waarop verschillende factoren een gunstig (of ongunstig) effect hebben en dat, indien nodig, bijgestuurd moet worden door drastische (of minder drastische) maatregelen om een zo goed mogelijk eindproduct te bekomen. Sommige van deze factoren zijn onmisbaar, andere hebben een klein maar veel betekenend effect. Laat één ding duidelijk zijn, dit proces is dus geen one-man show. Daarom wil ik heel graag een heleboel mensen bedanken, die hebben bijgedragen aan het welslagen van mijn doctorerings-proces. Eerst en vooral wil ik mijn promotoren Wim Bert en Tom Moens bedanken. Wim, met jou als promotor van mijn thesis ben ik in de nematodenwereld gerold. Daarna kreeg ik, dankzij jou, de kans om mijn onderzoek verder te zetten en te doctoreren. Je bent dan ook de vaste waarde in mijn nematoden- en compostverhaal. Ik wil je bedanken voor je eeuwige en aanstekelijke enthousiasme, je relativeringsvermogen wanneer nodig (dit was meermaals het geval), je wetenschappelijke ingesteldheid, maar ook voor de paraatheid waarmee je eigenlijk altijd tijd had voor vragen en uitleg, voor al het naleeswerk en voor de zeer fijne, menselijke en motiverende manier van samenwerken. Als laatste wil ik je nog ontzettend veel succes wensen met het uitbouwen van je relatief nieuwe carrière als prof van het labo Nematologie. Tom, hoewel je door omstandigheden een beetje later op de kar van mijn doctoraat sprong, was je bijdrage zeker niet minder belangrijk. Door je iets andere expertise had je vaak een verfrissende kijk op mijn onderzoek. Ik wil je dan ook bedanken voor je vaak kritische, maar terechte opmerkingen, voor al het naleeswerk dat mijn teksten naar een hoger niveau bracht en zeker ook voor je betrokkenheid. Pamela Fonderie wil ik bedanken voor de manier waarop we de voorbije jaren collega’s (en eigenlijk ondertussen ook vrienden) konden zijn. Hoewel onze onderwerpen inhoudelijk niet echt bij elkaar aansloten had ik toch het gevoel dat we een goed team waren. Jij was het eerste aanspreekpunt voor mijn preliminaire ideeën en gedachten, maar ook voor mijn frustraties en tegenslagen. Ik wil je dan ook bedanken voor je hulp op alle mogelijke gebieden en je vele 7 peptalks. Bij jou kon ik altijd terecht en we hebben samen ongelooflijk veel plezier gemaakt. Ik heb heel veel bewondering voor de manier, waarop jij je gezin met het maken van een doctoraat combineert. Daar kan ik nog veel van leren! Marjolein Couvreur en Dennis Vlaeminck wil ik bedanken voor alle, zeer welgekomen, technische ondersteuning. Jullie helpende handen en praktisch inzicht hebben mij enorm geholpen. Super bedankt daarvoor! David Buchan wil ik bedanken voor het aanleren van het PLFA-extractieprotocol, de bijhorende tips & tricks en voor de hulp bij de interpretatie van de data achteraf. Ook al had je het zelf ontzettend druk met je eigen doctoraat, je was altijd bereid te helpen waar je kom en dat heb ik enorm geapprecieerd. Bart Vandecasteele en Koen Willekens wil ik bedanken voor de talrijke compoststalen die ik mocht nemen van de professionele composteringsprocessen aan het ILVO en voor de uitwisseling van kennis en ideeën over allerlei compost-gerelateerde ontwerpen. Dankzij jullie voelde ik mij ook een beetje thuis op het ILVO. Bedankt voor de prettige samenwerking. Lien Boshof, Annelies Scholaert en Wim Vanbossel wil ik bedanken voor hun enorme inzet tijdens hun thesisjaar met een mooi eindresultaat tot gevolg en LiesbetColson voor de hulp bij het mee opzetten en opvolgen van de composteringsproef in de tuin van Wim. I would like to greatfully thank the members of the jury of my PhD: Prof. dr. Deborah Neher, dr. Thomaé Kakouli-Duarte, Prof. dr. Magda Vincx, Prof. dr. Wilfrida Decraemer, dr. Eduardo de la Peña, dr. Ir. Bart Vandecasteele, Prof. dr. Koen Sabbe. Thank you for your commitment to reading my thesis and for the insightful comments. Wilfrida Decraemer, Nic Smol en Inge Dehenin wil ik bedanken voor de vele uitnodigingen op, zowel wetenschappelijke, als iets minder wetenschappelijke activiteiten in het kader van de master-na-master in Nematology. Het was heel leuk om betrokken te worden bij de boeiende smeltkroes van culturen, ideeën en wetenschappelijke uitdagingen, die de cursus met zich meebrengt en zo ook een beetje deel uit te maken van die grote “familie” nematologen van over de hele wereld. Ook de niet eerder vernoemde collega’s en ex-collega’s verdienen mijn bijzondere dank. Wouter, Maxime, Stijn, Mieke, Freija en Myriam bedankt voor de gezellige babbels, de koffiepauzes (liefst met taart) en natuurlijk ook voor de uitzonderlijk fijne werksfeer, die ik waarschijnlijk niet meer veel zal tegenkomen. Barbara en Heleen bedankt voor het aangename 8 gezelschap tijdens mijn vele treinritten van en naar Gent. Ik heb jullie gemist de laatste maanden, maar ik hoop dat we nog lang onze traditie van uitstapjes en multiculturele etentjes zullen voortzetten. Mijn vrienden en vriendinnen wil ik vooral bedanken voor hun niet doctoraat-gerelateerde input waardoor ik naast mijn doctoraatswerk ook nog boeiende, leerrijke en leuke dingen te doen had en op tijd eens kon ontspannen om er daarna weer tegenaan te kunnen. Zonder de voortdurende steun en aanmoedigingen van mijn ouders en familie zou ik nooit geworden zijn wie ik nu ben en zou dit boekje er niet gelegen hebben.Voilà clichés zijn er om bevestigd te worden, want het is natuurlijk gewoon zo. Moeke, bedankt voor alles! Vake, Arne en Ken, de families Steel, Bergmans en Van Parijs: ik wil jullie bedanken voor jullie interesse in mijn doctoraat gedurende de voorbije jaren. Rune en Sita verdienen een pluimpje voor hun magische vermogen om alleen al via gedachten telkens weer een glimlach op mijn gezicht te toveren. Het laatste woord van dank heb ik bewaard voor Jan, wiens eeuwige enthousiasme voor mij aanstekelijk werkt. Jan, jouw liefde, gezelschap, vertrouwen en realiteitszin hebben van de voorbije jaren een super leuke en boeiende tijd gemaakt (en zo gaan er uiteraard nog veel volgen!). Bedankt om de voorbije maanden zowel de ideale huisman te zijn als te helpen waar je kon en mij altijd te blijven aanmoedigen. Het moet niet altijd even gemakkelijk geweest zijn om met een doctorandus samen te leven! 9 10 Table of contents 1. General Introduction _________________________________________________ 15 1.1 Concept of composting and practical use _____________________________________ 16 1.2 Parameters affecting composting processes __________________________________ 17 1.3. Compost maturity vs. stability _____________________________________________ 18 1.4. Compost biology and its potential as an indicator of the composting process status _ 19 1.4.1. State of the art _______________________________________________________________ 19 1.4.2. Mesofauna in compost ________________________________________________________ 20 1.4.3. Potential of mesofauna as ecological indicator in compost ____________________________ 23 1.4.4 Nematode feeding types ________________________________________________________ 26 1.5. Aims __________________________________________________________________ 27 1.6. Outline of this study _____________________________________________________ 28 1.7. References ____________________________________________________________ 29 2. Pilot study on the nematode community during composting _________________ 37 2.1. Abstract _______________________________________________________________ 38 2.2. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 38 2.3. Materials
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